High-rise Houses Research Articles

ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ПОЖАРНОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ МНОГОЭТАЖНЫХ ЗДАНИЙ ИЗ ДЕРЕВЯННЫХ КОНСТРУКЦИЙ

Проведен обзор современного деревянного домостроения в России и за рубежом. Проанализированы результаты испытаний строительных материалов из древесины на пожарную опасность, а также деревянных строительных конструкций различных типов на огнестойкость и пожарную опасность как без огнезащиты, так и с огнезащитой различных видов. Разработаны предложения в нормативные документы. Намечены направления дополнительных исследований пожарной опасности зданий из деревянных конструкций. The paper considers the issues of ensuring fire safety of multi-storey buildings made of timber frame construction. At present, wooden houses in Russia are built mainly in the individual housing sector and account for 22% of the total construction volume, while industrial wooden houses account for no more than 3% of the wooden houses built annually. Abroad, wood is also widely used in the construction of buildings of various functional purposes: hotels, sports facilities, public and administrative buildings, low-rise and multi-storey buildings. The achievements of science, technology and engineering in the field of timber construction make it possible to design and build buildings of any type and purpose. Modern technology makes it possible to build high-rise timber houses. For example, high-strength composite materials based on wood are used for the construction of multi-storey buildings, in particular LVL beams and CLT panels. Numerous tests carried out at VNIIPO on load-bearing elements made of solid wood (frames, beams) and load-bearing structures made of CLT panels (walls, ceilings) have shown that they provide a significant limit of fire resistance in terms of load-bearing capacity. It is well known that wood is a highly flammable material (G4). This circumstance significantly complicates the use of various building structures in construction from the point of view of ensuring fire safety requirements, including in multi-storey buildings. A set of necessary engineering, technical and organisational measures to ensure fire safety has been developed for buildings with wooden structures up to 4 storeys. Based on the results of these tests, there have been developed proposals to include fire technical parameters in the regulatory requirements for buildings of classes I–III of fire resistance and structural fire hazard class C3. Further research is necessary to develop proposals for inclusion in the regulatory documents for fire safety of multi-storey residential and public buildings made of timber structures up to 28 metres in height.

Dwelling characteristics and mental well-being in older adults: A systematic review

The increasing prevalence of mental health challenges in older adults underscores the need for a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between dwelling characteristics and mental health outcomes. This systematic review aims to investigate house characteristics associated with mental well-being in older adults. The review meticulously explores existing literature from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Google Scholar search engine. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was utilized to assess the quality of the included articles. Out of an initial 1182 references, 21 pertinent articles published between 2002 and 2023 were included in the study. While the geographical scope was global, a notable concentration of studies was observed in China. The synthesis of studies reveals that specific attributes of dwelling characteristics, such as high-rise and multi-floor houses, larger house size, high house quality, bathing facilities, and the use of clean fuels for heating and cooking, positively impact mental health outcomes in older adults. However, inconsistent results were found regarding the impact of construction materials on mental health outcomes. Further research is warranted to deepen our understanding of the intricate relationship between construction materials and mental health outcomes. These findings underscore the importance of considering specific dwelling characteristics in designing interventions to enhance the mental well-being of older adults, necessitating targeted strategies for creating age-friendly living environments.

Reducing residential cooling demand in a sprawling desert city through vertical urban densification

Traditional desert cities used a compact urban form since it provides benefits in terms of thermal comfort both in urban and interior spaces. However, many current desert cities have shifted to a sprawling model with isolated low-rise buildings, leading to longer travel distances, increased land use, inadequate public space, and higher demand for building cooling. Our study aims to investigate how vertical urban densification can reduce residential cooling demand in hot-dry regions. To achieve this, we compared single-family houses with high-rise multi-family houses in Hermosillo, Mexico. Eight case studies of real houses were selected, representing the city's building stock, including one- and two-story single-family houses, and high-rise multi-family houses. We use dynamic energy simulations to assess the effectiveness of changing building's shape against improving its insulation. Our results indicate that increasing vertical density leads to a reduction in the envelope-to-volume ratio, resulting in a significant decrease in cooling demand. Moving from a one-story single-family house to a high-rise multi-family house can lead to a 72 % reduction in annual cooling demand. Matching the façade material properties of single-family houses and multi-family houses reduces the cooling demands of the single-family houses by 16 %–31 %. However, they still have higher cooling demands compared to high-rise multi-family houses, suggesting that building form has a greater impact on cooling than thermal insulation. Our findings highlight the substantial energy savings achievable by transitioning from detached single-family houses to high-rise multi-family developments in desert cities.

Paper: Modeling and scenario analysis of residential building energy conservation in cities of different weather

Building models are used to predict energy consumption and CO2 emissions under current and future conditions and serve as a basis for building design. The most important energy saving potentials in buildings can be achieved by improving the thermal performance of building and the efficiency of the district heating system. This study investigated energy savings in buildings in cold and hot regions of China and Africa and developed a modeling approach for energy savings in heating and cooling of residential buildings. We have provided an overview of long-term scenarios for energy demand and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Using the industry-renowned software RETScreen, parameter simulations and optimizations are performed over the three time periods (currently 2030 and 2050). As a result, it was found that energy consumption has also increased and the comfort level of high-rise houses is about 10–21% higher than that of cold regions. The comfortable temperature range in these different cities is between 20°C and 29°C. We have showed the difference between the observed values and the model simulations (model bias) for HDD and CDD in cold and hot regions of China and Africa. This model represents spatial patterns and scales observed in Harbin, Shenzhen and South Africa. These features are characterized by an increased north-south gradient in eastern China, a topographically dependent distribution in western China and an associated increase in average temperature. The most commonly used types of heating in residential areas are heat pumps (31%) and district heating (21%). This is also the preferred case for condensing boilers (17%). In non-residential areas, heat pumps (32%), district heating (27%) and condensing boilers (11%) are the most commonly used heating systems. The total energy demand in Africa and China will be increased from 2020 to 2050. It is expected that the total demand for primary energy in China will be 8770 Mtoe in 2050, which corresponds to an increase in demand for primary energy of 1.9%, while Africa will see an increase of 2.7%. Final energy consumption in China and Africa will be 5776 Mtoe and 970 Mtoe respectively.

Оценка интенсивности движения индивидуального транспорта к жилым объектам высокой этажности в г. Иркутске

The study of transport demand as well as identification of correlation of quantitative characteristics of the high-rise residential buildings` functioning are significantly important aspects in the design of street and road network facilities and transport interchanges. The article considers the factors influencing the project characteristics of high-rise apartment houses on the example of a 17-storey residential building in Irkutsk. All stages of implementing the study are described, from the planning stage to the final stage of processing the data obtained. The study will help to identify the quantitative characteristics of the functioning of high-rise housing and, already at the stage of making urban planning and transport decisions, to improve the quality of transport services for residents of high-rise buildings.

공동주택의 주거환경 요인과 지각 가치가 주거 만족도에 미치는 영향분석

Since the 1970s, rapid economic growth and urban concentration of the population have caused serious housing shortages in urban areas, and the government has implemented a policy to build and distribute high-rise apartment houses in large quantities. However, as the living standard of the people improves along with economic development, residents' interest in improving the quality of the residential environment is increasing, and it is necessary to find a strategy to improve the quality of apartment houses and to improve the quality of life. Therefore, this study investigated the residential environment factors of apartments that affect residents' housing satisfaction and the perceived value of residents, and identified the mediating role of perceived value in the relationship between the residential environment factors of apartments as follows. First, among the residential environment factors, safety, health, and economy were found to have a positive effect on the residential satisfaction of apartment houses, and among the residential environment factors, safety, convenience, health, economy, aesthetics, and sociality had a significant positive effect on the perceived value of apartment houses. In addition, the perceived value of apartment houses was found to have a significant positive effect on housing satisfaction, and the perceived value of apartment houses played a significant mediating role in the gap between the residential environment factors of apartment houses and housing satisfaction.

Spatial Efficiency Evaluation for Outdoor Environment in High-Rise Residential Area: An Data Envelopment Analysis Approach

In this paper, the data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach is put forward to deal with the spatial efficiency evaluation issue for the outdoor environment in high-rise residential (HRR) areas in China. The principles of quantifiable and objectivity are utilized to empirically research for the area of 10 high-rise residential houses. For the outdoor environment in HRR areas, our aim is to take appropriate optimization suggestions that not only satisfy the different conditions of the outdoor environment but also improve the efficiency of site space. By resorting to the data envelopment analysis technique, some practical methods are acquired for evaluating the outdoor environment for HRR areas.

Near-surface wind profile test based on accuracy verification of UAV anemometer lifting height in an urban fringe built-up area.

Multirotor UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) have been widely used in urban vertical wind environment testing, whereas less attention has been given to the accuracy of wind speed captured by anemometers as drones fly. This paper aims to identify the ideal location of the anemometer on the UAV to obtain more accurate wind speeds and to assess the variation characteristics of wind speed in different spatial types in urban fringe areas. Accuracy verification of the lifting height of the anemometer in the UAV and wind profile test was carried out at three locations (a tennis court, a residential area, and a green park) on the iHarbour campus of Xi'an Jiaotong University. The following results were obtained: (1) the background wind speed was captured more accurately (R = 0.727, P = 0.001) when the lifting height of the anemometer was 0.00m (as the height of the anemometer was the same as the rotors) and when the multirotor UAV was hovering in the air. However, this optimal lifting height lost 29.6% of the accuracy for capturing the background wind speed. Interestingly, when the lifting height was 0.75m, the anemometer captured by the anemometer on the drone showed a significant negative correlation (R = - 0.682, P = 0.005) with the background wind speed. (2) The wind speed at an altitude of 1.5m in the residential area was significantly lower than that noted at other heights, and the wind speed at 24m was significantly lower than that at 100m. (3) In addition, a sudden increase in wind speeds was always observed near the surface of 12m inside the campus, which may be due to the interaction of hot surface air in this newly built-up area with the cool rural winds around it. The study presents methods and quantitative references for the application of multirotor UAVs in urban vertical wind environment testing and the evaluation of ventilation performance at different heights inside high-rise houses in urban fringe areas.

THE RESEARCH ON QUALITY INSPECTION OF LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION BASED ON LIDAR

Abstract. Aiming at the quality inspection of land cover classification in natural resources investigation and monitoring, a method and process for quickly inspecting land cover misclassification and omission by using airborne Lidar data are proposed. Firstly, the ground objects are separated from laser feet points by post-processing such as gross error elimination, multi echo analysis and filtering of airborne Lidar data. Secondly, the elevation information is used to distinguish the easily confused ground objects with the similar spectral characteristics, such as forest land and shrub grass, the building area and road, high-rise houses and low-rise houses. Finally, overlay and compare the classified laser feet points with land cover achieving the misclassification. Experiments shows the effectiveness of this method, improve the quality inspection efficiency of land cover classification results, reduce the workload of field data collection, and improve the accuracy of quality inspection.

The Factors Associated with Prevention and Control Practices against Zika Virus Infection among Pregnant Women in Malaysia, a Dengue-Endemic Country.

The aim of this study was to analyze the prevention and control practices against Zika virus (ZIKV) infection among pregnant women in Malaysia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant women who received antenatal care. Only 7.8% reported that they abstained from sex or used barrier methods during sexual intercourse to prevent ZIKV transmission. The odds of abstaining from sex or using barrier methods were significantly higher among the Chinese ethnic group than the Malay ethnic group (odds ratio [OR] = 4.569; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.696-7.743). A total ZIKV knowledge score of 12-24 was also significantly associated with higher odds of abstaining from sex or using barrier methods than a score of 0-11 (OR = 2.819; 95% CI: 1.682-4.725). In total, 38.6% of women had a higher mean total score for all the current mosquito control practices than they did before hearing of ZIKV. Participants living in bungalows or village houses (OR = 2.006; 95% CI: 1.023-3.936) and low-rise houses (OR = 1.566; 95% CI: 1.109-2.212) were more likely to have a higher mean total score of current mosquito control practices than the practices before hearing of ZIKV compared to those in high-rise houses. The lack of ZIKV knowledge and control practices provides insight for the pre-emptive and prompt development of health education systems for pregnant women during antenatal care visits.

Перспективы развития высотного деревянного домостроения в России на примере зарубежного опыта

Wood-based building materials meet the basic requirements of environmentally friendly construction, which is becoming increasingly important in the modern world. However, until recently, they were rarely used in high-rise construction in Russia. CLT became a revolutionary technology, it has proven itself in countries such as Switzerland, Norway, the U.S. and others. In Russia, it has not yet found widespread use, and CLT-panels are in demand only at the market of individual housing construction. Nevertheless, taking into account the positive foreign experience can be an example and become an incentive for more active implementation of modern environmentally friendly materials and technologies in Russia. The aim of the article is to study the possibilities of high-rise wooden house building in Russia based on world practice.

Ammonia Concentrations and Emissions at Two Commercial Manure-Belt Layer Houses with Mixed Tunnel and Cross Ventilation

HighlightsAnnual average NH3 concentrations in two retrofitted manure-belt layer houses were 4.0 ±3.3 and 5.2 ±3.0 ppmv.Seasonal and diurnal variations were observed for NH3 concentrations (higher in colder seasons and early morning).Annual average NH3 emission rates from the two layer houses were 0.081 ±0.004 and 0.099 ±0.004 g d-1 hen-1.No consistent pattern was found for either seasonal or diurnal variations in NH3 emission rates.Abstract. Ammonia emission measurements at poultry houses are necessary to assess air quality and emission factors associated with poultry operations, but no data have been reported for manure-belt layer houses retrofitted from high-rise layer houses. Two commercial retrofitted manure-belt layer houses (both 121.9 m long, 19.5 m wide, and 7.7 m high; 170,000 bird nominal capacity each) in Ohio with mixed usage of tunnel and cross ventilation systems were continuously monitored for one year. The daily averages of the exhaust NH3 concentrations varied from 0.03 to 17.7 ppmv in house 1 and 0.37 to 14.4 ppmv in house 2 with annual means (±SD) of 4.0 ±3.3 and 5.2 ±3.0 ppmv, respectively. The NH3 emission factors based on the full year of data for houses 1 and 2 were 0.081 ±0.004 and 0.099 ±0.004 g d-1 hen-1 (12.5 ±10.1 and 15.2 ±10.6 kg d-1 house-1 or 24.9 ±20.0 and 31.1 ±23.4 g d-1 AU-1), respectively. Seasonal variations were observed for NH3 concentrations, with higher concentrations in winter and lower concentrations in summer. Within a day, NH3 concentrations were highest from 4:00 to 8:00 and lowest from 16:00 to 20:00. No consistent pattern was observed for seasonal or diurnal variations of NH3 emission rates. Higher NH3 concentrations and emissions were observed at the east and west exhaust air streams of the houses compared to the north and south exhaust air streams due to the unique configuration of the ventilation systems. NH3 emission was correlated with exhaust absolute humidity, hen caloric intake, feed consumption, and protein percentage of feed. Keywords: Ammonia emission factor, Diurnal variation, High-rise, Retrofitted poultry house, Seasonal variation, Spatial variation.

Energetische upgrading van Nederlandse Wederopbouw flats

Energetische upgrading van Nederlandse Wederopbouw flats

Indoor air quality and self-reported multiple chemical sensitivity in newly constructed apartments in Indonesia

There is a possibility that sick building syndrome has already spread widely among newly constructed residential buildings in developing countries. This study investigates the current conditions of IAQ and their effects on health among occupants in two representative types of residential buildings in Jakarta and Surabaya: high-rise apartments and traditional landed houses. A total of 707 respondents were interviewed and 125 rooms were measured during 2017–2018. The results indicated that approximately 40–50% of the respondents in the newly constructed apartments showed some degrees of MCS risk. Formaldehyde and TVOC concentrations in apartments were especially critical. Furthermore, the respondents with a higher MCS risk were found to be exposed to increased TVOC concentrations in the apartments. Other than the IAQ, higher levels of stress are probably one of the most influential factors, followed by gender (females), occupation, window-opening, frequency of cleaning, the prevalence of allergic diseases and possession of AC.

Energetische upgrading van Nederlandse Wederopbouw flats

Energetische upgrading van Nederlandse Wederopbouw flats

Architecture of Concrete Prefabricated Apartment Houses in Slovakia in Relation to the Nesting Habits of Delichon Urbicum

Czechoslovak Republic faced the serious need of dwellings for more numerous post-war generations in 50´s up to 70´s of the 20th century. New technology of the modular concrete high-rise apartment houses enabled an extensive mass construction. From 90´s of the 20th cent. increasingly more strict demands regarding thermal insulation properties were applied and the most frequently chosen technology to deal with them was ETICS added to concrete external walls. Interaction of various bird species and insulated façades, not limited to failure or damage, are interesting theme. This research deal with the nesting preferences of Delichon urbicum species in relation to the characteristics of architecture. The housing estate Solinky in Žilina in the northern Slovakia was a locality chosen for monitoring and analysis as housing estates belong to the important nesting/breeding grounds of the several bird species. In order to maintain ecological balance, necessary architectonical features should be provided as nesting sites in context of the topology of houses and paper identifies them. Future lies in solutions for coexistence of apartment dwellers and bird species in urban space.

Thermal bridging analysis of connections in cross-laminated timber buildings based on ISO 10211

Cross-laminated timber (CLT), developed in Europe for the utilization of low-grade wood, is an engineered wood product (EWP) with high carbon storage and low carbon emissions. CLT wooden houses have advantages such as reduction of greenhouse gases, shortening of construction period through precast and modular construction, improved of insulation performance and airtight performance, the realization of the high-rise wooden house. In this study, ply-laminate cross-laminated timber (ply-lam CLT) was prepared using domestic plywood as the core material of CLT, and the thermal properties and heat transfer performance of ply-lam CLT were analyzed. The thermal conductivities of the ply-lam CLT in the radial, tangential, and longitudinal directions were 0.104 W/(m K), 0.111 W/(m K), and 0.122 W/(m K), respectively. The results of the heat transfer analysis through ISO 10211 indicated that the ply-lam CLT walls had lower thermal bridges than wood frame structure walls. Moreover, the ply-lam CLT walls with exterior insulation had lower thermal bridges. In addition, the self-tapping screw (STS) joining method on all connections was able to maintain excellent insulation performance because of low thermal transmittance coefficient. In addition, it should be noted that the STS applied from inside overlapped with the geometric thermal bridges.

CFD modeling of airflow, thermal environment, and ammonia concentration distribution in a commercial manure-belt layer house with mixed ventilation systems

Ammonia (NH3) is a major gaseous pollutant in poultry houses and adversely affects production performance and the health of layers and workers. Knowledge of three-dimensional (3D) spatial distribution and seasonal variation of indoor environment inside layer houses is crucial to assess the risks and seek for optimization. This study developed a 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model and simulated the airflow, thermal environment, and NH3 concentration distributions inside a commercial manure-belt layer house retrofitted from a high-rise deep-pit layer house. With current ventilation, the average air temperatures in bird zone were 31.9 ± 2.2°C, 30.4 ± 2.5°C, and 29.1 ± 4.3°C; the average ammonia concentrations were 5.27±2.88, 3.37±0.94, and 7.13±2.02 ppm; and heat stress was found in 100%, 87.7%, and 62.9% cages in summer, fall, and winter, respectively. Higher temperatures and NH3 concentrations were observed in air stagnation zones, such as centers of circulating airflows and the spaces near the end walls. The layers stocked on the lower floor were exposed to 1.1–2.7 °C higher temperature and 22–43% higher NH3 level than those on the upper floor due to 33–94% larger local mean age of air (LMA) caused by a concrete middle floor. The locations of operating exhaust fans were found to significantly affect the indoor environmental conditions. Regarding NH3 exposure, the layers were safe in all seasons according to 25 ppm threshold concentration recommended by United Egg Producers. Workers were safe for a 15-min exposure but might be at potential risks in winter with an 8-hr exposure based on threshold of 35 ppm during any 15-min period and 25 ppm for 8-hr exposure suggested by NIOSH. These results can be used to establish operation guideline for retrofitted layer houses to enhance the health of birds and farmers and egg production performance.

Design and analysis of phase change material based floor heating system for thermal energy storage

Pleasant interior space is essential for modern people who spend considerably more time in the buildings than they did in the past. To achieve this, one aspect includes an ambient temperature that maintains the thermal equilibrium of the human body. The construction of wood framed buildings is becoming increasingly popular worldwide, and there have been recent trends toward constructing high-rise wooden houses. In this respect, heating methods appropriate for use in wooden buildings are being studied. Dry floor heating systems are predominantly used in wooden houses, but they provide a poor heat storage performance, which is not conducive to saving energy. In this study, the effects of thermal comfort and energy savings were analyzed after applying a phase change material (PCM) to floor heating, which can be used to reduce the peak temperature and contribute to energy savings. To enable shape stabilization, this study used Macro-Packed PCM (MPPCM), as shape stabilization is necessary when applying PCM. The heat storage performance was improved by applying MPPCM to a dry floor heating system. Paraffin-based PCMs, such as n-octadecane, n-eicosane, and n-docosane, were used to obtain a comfortable floor temperature range. Experimental temperatures ranged from 28 °C to 35 °C, with an entire temperature range of 7 °C. Experimental results showed that the heat storage performance of MPPCM reduced the amount of energy used for heating by 43%, and n-eicosane was the most effective PCM for use in floor heating with respect to obtaining a comfortable floor temperature.

既存高層ストック集合住宅における浴室系統雑排水管の排水性能に関する実験研究 （その1）浴槽等の雑排水系統の器具排水特性データの収集と排水負荷算定

既存高層ストック集合住宅における浴室系統雑排水管の排水性能に関する実験研究 （その1）浴槽等の雑排水系統の器具排水特性データの収集と排水負荷算定