High-rise Houses Research Articles

Lab-Scale Assessment of Gaseous Emissions from Laying-Hen Manure Storage as Affected by Physical and Environmental Factors

Manure-belt (MB) and high-rise (HR) laying-hen houses are the two predominant housing types in the U.S. Compared with HR houses, MB houses have better indoor air quality and lower aerial emissions as a result of frequent (every 1 to 4 d) manure removal from the hen houses into separate manure storage. However, emissions from on-farm manure storage are integral parts of the whole-farm emissions and need to be quantified. This series of lab-scale studies assesses emission rates (ER) of ammonia (NH3) and greenhouse gases (CH4, CO2, and N2O) from stored laying-hen manure as affected by the following physical and environmental factors: air exchange rate (10 or 20 air changes per hour, or ACH), manure stacking configuration expressed as surface area to stack volume ratio (SVR at 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 m-1), air temperature (constant at 25°C or diurnal cyclic from 21°C to 32°C), manure moisture content (MC, 50% or 77%), and periodic addition of new manure to the existing stack. Results of the studies showed the following: (1) air exchange rate of 10 or 20 ACH had no apparent effects on the gaseous emissions; (2) SVR significantly affected emissions, with larger SVR leading to higher NH3 and CO2 ERs but lower CH4 ER on per kg manure basis; (3) emissions were positively related to air temperature; and (4) laying-hen manure with 77% MC had higher emissions than that with 50% MC. At the storage condition of 25°C air temperature, 20 ACH, every 2 d addition of 120 kg (5 cm thick layer) manure at 75% MC (equivalent to 2 d manure production of 682 laying hens) to the flat base area of 2.8 m2, the daily gaseous ERs per hen were 0.06 to 0.22 g NH3, 1.6 to 4.8 g CO2, and 7.4 to 32 mg CH4 (0.18 to 0.8 g CO2e). N2O concentrations from the stored manure were below the detection limit (0.03 ppm) of the measurement instrument; hence, N2O emission was omitted from the presentation.

Approaches to the design of sustainable housing with low CO 2 emission in Denmark

Over the last year there has been a remarkable change in politicians' attitudes within Denmark and EU member states to the issue of climate change. This change in the political mindset is a result of the increasing frequency of high winds and flooding in Denmark and Europe, as well as in many other places around the world in recent years. This has resulted in an increasing challenge in terms of the planning, design and building of more sustainable buildings in order to reduce the use of energy for heating and cooling in new housing projects by bringing down the emission of CO 2 by reducing the amount of fossil fuel consumed by the built environment. This is crucial since carbon dioxide is one of the so-called greenhouse gases that is playing a major role in global warming. There is thus an increased focus on reducing the CO 2 level on a national and global scale. This article will look at the architectural and legislative changes in Denmark in relation to the increased political interest in the consequences of climate change. The article also discusses a survey of different types of approaches to the sustainable design of buildings and shows examples of new Danish housing projects that can minimise the use of energy for heating and cooling in the shape of detached houses, as well as a master thesis on high-rise houses.

Salmonella Populations and Prevalence in Layer Feces from Commercial High-Rise Houses and Characterization of the Salmonella Isolates by Serotyping, Antibiotic Resistance Analysis, and Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis

Salmonella species are recognized as a major cause of foodborne illnesses that are closely associated with the consumption of contaminated poultry and egg products. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the Salmonella populations and prevalence in layer feces during the laying cycle and molting of the hen and to characterize the layer fecal Salmonella isolates by serotyping, antibiotic resistance analysis, and pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Fecal samples were collected from a commercial layer complex consisting of 12 houses. Composite fecal samples across each row were collected as a function of bird age [18 wk (at placement), 25 to 28 wk (first peak of production cycle), 66 to 74 wk (molting), and 75 to 78 wk (second peak of production cycle)]. Bird ages and molting practice did not significantly affect (P > 0.05) Salmonella populations with an average of 1.25, 1.27, 1.20, and 1.14 log most probable number/g for the 18-, 25- to 28-, 66- to 74-, and 75- to 7-wk birds, respectively. However, the 18-wk birds had the highest prevalence of Salmonella (55.6%), followed by the 25- to 28-wk birds (41.7%), 75- to 78-wk birds (16.7%), and 66- to 74-wk birds (5.5%). Of the 45 Salmonella isolates characterized, the most predominant serovar was Salmonella Kentucky (62%). Thirty-five percent of the Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least 1 antibiotic. As expected, considerable genetic diversity was observed within and across the different serovars.

EFFECTS OF MEASUREMENT INTERVALS ON ESTIMATION OF AMMONIA EMISSIONS FROM LAYER HOUSES

Continuous quantification of aerial emissions from animal feeding operations over an extended time period islabor and resource intensive. Strategically reducing measurement time to achieve comparable emission results is thus highlydesirable. This article delineates the effects of measurement intervals on estimation of annual mean and maximum dailyammonia emission rate (ER) of high-rise (HR) and manure-belt (MB) layer houses. The full dataset consisted of 318 dailyER values of four HR houses from weekly 48 h continuous measurement and 112 daily ER values of two MB houses frombi-weekly 48 h continuous measurements over one-year period. Each full dataset was sampled to yield subsets of daily ERat different intervals, i.e., one week (HR houses only), two weeks, one month, two months, or three months. The correspondingestimates of annual ammonia ER from the subsets were computed and compared with that of the full dataset. The resultsindicate that the annual mean daily ER values derived from the subsets progressively deviated from that of the full datasetby 3% to 37% for the HR houses and by 6% to 41% for the MB houses. The augmented measurement intervals (i.e., greaterthan bi-weekly for the HR houses and greater than monthly for the MB houses) led to considerable underestimation of thedaily maximum ER values, and thus are not recommended when daily maximum emission values are to be assessed.

AMMONIA EMISSIONS FROM U.S. LAYING HEN HOUSES IN IOWA AND PENNSYLVANIA

Ammonia (NH3) emission rates (ER) of ten commercial layer houses (six high-rise or HR houses and four manure-belt or MB houses) with different manure handling or dietary schemes were monitored for one year in Iowa (IA) and Pennsylvania(PA). Gaseous (NH3 and CO2) concentrations of incoming and exhaust air streams were measured usingcustom-designed portable monitoring units that shared similar performance to EPA-approved measurement apparatus.Building ventilation rates were determined by calibrated CO2 mass balance using the latest metabolic rate data for modernlaying hens. The field monitoring involved a total of 386 and 164 house-day measurements or 18,528 and 7,872 30-min emissiondata points for the HR houses and the MB houses, respectively. The ER showed considerable diurnal and seasonal variations.The annual mean ERs (g NH3 hen-1 d-1) and standard errors were 0.90 0.027 for IA-HR houses with standard diet, 0.810.02 for IA-HR houses with a nutritionally balanced 1% lower crude protein diet, 0.83 0.070 for PA-HR houses with standarddiet, 0.054 0.0035 for IA-MB houses with daily manure removal, and 0.094 0.006 for PA-MB houses with twice a weekmanure removal. Mass balance of nitrogen (N) intake and output performed for IA-HR houses revealed a total N intake recoveryof 94% to 101%, further verifying the certainty of the NH3 ER measurements. Results of the study contribute to the U.S.national inventory on NH3 emissions from animal feeding operations, particularly laying hen facilities as affected by housingtype, manure handling scheme, crude protein content of the diet, and geographical location.

Performance Evaluation Method for Drainage Piping Systems with Food Disposers in Actual High-Rise Apartment Houses

Regarding drainage piping systems with food disposers in actual super high-rise apartment houses with a height 100m, results were acquired from the experiments for the initial performance evaluation before habitation as well as the running performance evaluation by drainage load prediction after habitation. The knowledge, which contributed to a performance test, was also acquired. Before habitation, the maximum number of 6 simultaneous units of garbage wastewater, bowl flushing water, etc. was loaded. The maximum and minimum air pressure values in pipes were checked in line with the performance criteria of SHASE-S, and the safety of the initial performance was also verified. After habitation, the maximum number of simultaneous drainages was predicted and it was found that the figure recorded at the time of the initial performance verification was satisfactory. Moreover, the running pressure values in 99% of the occurrence probability were acquired, and the safety of running performance was also verified. Furthermore, the relation between the house drain′s water level as a drainage load index and the pressure was determined, and as a result of comparison of pre-habitation and post-habitation, it was confirmed that there was no significant performance deterioration caused by long-term use.

무창산란계사의 환경분석에 관한 연구

This study was carried out to analyze the environmental variation of layer house at Iowa State in the USA. The analyzed seasons for this study were summer and winter. Analyzing factors are inside temperature and relative humidity, carbon dioxide concentration, ammonia concentration and emission. All factors were collected every 30 second from each house with portable monitoring units. In this study, two types of laying hen houses were monitored at the same season. One was a manure belt house, the other was a high-rise house. In order to estimate the ventilation rates of the laying hen houses, carbon dioxide concentration balance was used in this study. Ammonia concentrations and emission rates of the manure belt house are much lower than those of the high rise house. Daily mean ammonia concentrations in the manure belt house and high-rise house ranged from 3 to 7 ppm and 5 to 34 ppm, respectively. The daily ammonia emission rates averaged 0.68g/h<TEX>$\cdot$</TEX>500kg and 0.73g/h<TEX>$\cdot$</TEX>500kg for the manure belt house and 0.93g/h<TEX>$\cdot$</TEX>500kg and 2.89g/h<TEX>$\cdot$</TEX>500kg for the high-rise house in summertime and wintertime, respectively. Summertime is associated with much higher ammonia emission rates than wintertime because of much higher ventilation rates and ambient air temperature, even though the concentrations may be lower.

風圧力発生頻度に基づく常時換気システムの設備された集合住宅の換気量充足度評価に関する研究 : 第1報-センターコア型超高層集合住宅に対する検討

風圧力発生頻度に基づく常時換気システムの設備された集合住宅の換気量充足度評価に関する研究 : 第1報-センターコア型超高層集合住宅に対する検討

Evaluation of Instrumentation for Measuring Aerial Ammonia in Poultry Houses

The study objective was identification of affordable instrumentation capable of continuous and reliable ammonia sampling in a unit that remained calibrated for unattended remote operation during field trials. An electrochemical unit was successful at a reasonable cost for research or demonstration projects. A secondary objective was evaluation of lower cost alternatives for field professional use. Pull tubes and passive dosimeter tubes were compared to the electrochemical sensor performance under three test sites/situations: three commercial high-rise layer houses; three environmental control chambers; and a laboratory. Both hand-held instruments provided an indication of ammonia level, but accuracy was questionable in the relatively dirty and low ammonia level environment found in the commercial poultry houses. All three sensor types performed accurately in the relatively clean laboratory setting with 50-ppm ammonia calibration gas.

Temperatures and Performance in a Tunnel-Ventilated, High-Rise Layer House

Temperatures were recorded from winter to summer in a high-rise, bidirectionally tunnel-ventilated commercial layer house. In cool weather, the house was ventilated through side wall baffle inlets and a series of ceiling inlets. The temperature sensors were located in the vicinity of the tunnel inlets (CENTER sites) near the ends of the house where the exhaust fans were located (END sites), and midway between these locations (INTERMEDIATE sites). Hens and eggs were weighed, and eggs samples for specific gravity determinations, once a month at the sites of the temperature sensors. In winter, the CENTER sites were coolest and the INTERMEDIATE sites tended to be warmest. In spring, there were no differences among areas in average daily temperature. During summer, CENTER sensors were again coolest and END sensors were warmest. CENTER sites had the largest eggs during the winter and summer months. INTERMEDIATE sites tended to have the smallest eggs from January to March. Egg size variation among different areas might have been minimized in winter by covering the tunnel curtain inlet, and in summer by using only information from the sensors nearest the fans to control fan operation when in tunnel ventilation mode. Hens in the lowest tier of cages consistently produced the largest eggs.

Failure of Hydrotaea aenescens, a larval predator of the housefly, Musca domestica, to establish in wet poultry manure on a commercial farm in Florida, USA.

Hydrotaea aenescens (Weidemann) (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae and pupae were released in high-rise pullet houses in Pascoe County, Florida, U.S.A., for biological control of houseflies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), in three separate tests during a 14-month period (April 1994-May 1995) and did not become established. However, H. aenescens believed to be from our releases did become established at a caged-layer farm 0.3 km from the release farm. Moisture in pullet house manure generally exceeded 80%, which is above the level at which H. aenescens is reared in colony. Caged-layer manure was also very wet, but crusted areas provided sites for H. aenescens larval development. Results demonstrate that H. aenescens adults will disperse from release sites and populate preferred sites without becoming a nuisance.

MANURE PRODUCTION AND NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS FROM HIGH-RISE LAYER HOUSES

Four commercial high-rise layer houses were monitored for a year to determine manure production andnutrient concentration characteristics. Each house contained 80,400 to 124,500 mature Hy-Line W-36 birds. The solidmanure collected as it accumulated beneath the cages for a year prior to being hauled out. The objective of the researchwas to accurately characterize the manure production to facilitate better nutrient planning. Manure volume and bulkdensity were measured and samples were collected monthly and analyzed for moisture, Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonia,phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and other chemical constituents. The measured manure production averaged 5.6 Mg(or 6.2 ton)(1000 birds) 1 (year 1 on a dry basis. On a wet (as-is) basis the measured production was 9.52 Mg(or 10.5 ton)(1000 birds) 1 (year 1 at 41% moisture. The measured manure N-P 2 O 5 -K 2 O contents were 18.5-41.0-26.0 kg/Mg (37-82-52 lb/ton) on an as-is basis or 30.8-69.0-44.0 kg/Mg (62-138-88 lb/ton) on a dry basis. Whenmanure production and nutrient concentrations were combined, measured nitrogen production was 52.8% less,phosphorus was 29.5% greater, and potassium was 27.8% greater, than the respective current Iowa estimates. Theaverage calcium concentration for all four sites studied for the year was 10.0% (as-is basis). The manure handling systemhad a significant impact on manure characteristics. Scraper systems had a lower moisture content and a lower percentageof the nitrogen in ammonia form (29.8% moisture, NH 3 = 20% of TKN) than systems that dropped the manure intostorage immediately (46.9% moisture, NH 3 = 30% TKN).

In-House Composting to Reduce Larval House Fly, Musca domestica L., Populations

Hen manure from high-rise houses was treated biweekly with mechanical agitation alone or in combination with added cardboard, hay, or sawdust. Compared to non-agitated, non-treated control manure, house fly numbers were reduced in agitated treatments and in those with added carbon sources in concert with lower manure moisture, higher manure temperature, and greater ammonia levels. Chemical composition of the manure was altered by the agitation and addition of composting materials, increasing dry matter, and decreasing the nitrogen concentration. Adding hay or sawdust increased both the carbon and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of the final products. All the composted and agitated manure treatments appeared to reduce the bulk density and improve the consistency of raw manure; however, ammonia respiratory protection for the skid loader operator is necessary during in-house agitation, and may be a health concern for the hens as well.

Channel Measurement, Characterization, and Modeling for Wireless Local Loops

The aim of the work presented in this paper wasto produce measurement-based wideband channel models forwireless local loops (WLL). The paper describes thefield measurements, the resulting channelcharacteristics, and the channel models based on the results.The impulse response measurements were performed at 1.28GHz in three different environments, namely urban,suburban high-rise, and suburban small house. At each site several rooms were selected, and ineach room a burst of impulse responses was recorded atseveral transmitter antenna positions. A long-termrecording was also performed in one location at each site. The multipath characteristics of theurban and suburban high-rise environments are verysimilar, with rms delay spreads of below 280 ns at 90%of positions. The suburban small-house environment can be expected to show less severe multipathpropagation. In general the multipath characteristicscan vary significantly even within a single room. Also,the long-term variation of the channel characteristics is significant. The results were combined intosix channel models, each with a different delay powerspectrum. The amplitude fading for all these ischaracterized by a Rician distribution with the Rician factor varying between 3 and 18 dB, thelevel-crossing rate between 0.1 and 0.51/s, and the fadedurations between 0.25 and 20 s.

シリカフュームを用いた&lt;I&gt;F&lt;SUB&gt;c&lt;/SUB&gt;&lt;/I&gt;=600kgf/cm2の高強度コンクリートの高層RC集合住宅の施工

シリカフュームを用いた&lt;I&gt;F&lt;SUB&gt;c&lt;/SUB&gt;&lt;/I&gt;=600kgf/cm2の高強度コンクリートの高層RC集合住宅の施工

Effects of the corner shape of high-rise buildings on the pedestrian-level wind environment with consideration for mean and fluctuating wind speeds

A series of wind-tunnel experiments have been carried out on the effects of the corner shape of high-rise buildings on the pedestrian-level wind environment around them. This study is concerned with high-rise apartment houses which have often been constructed in suburban areas of Japan. Four types of corner shapes were tested. The distributions of the mean and rms wind speeds around each model were measured by a hot-wire anemometer for various wind directions at the pedestrian level in a turbulent boundary layer. The wind environment was evaluated based on the distribution of an “ effective wind speed” in which both the effects of the mean and the fluctuating wind speed are considered. The results inducate that the flow characteristics around the building generally change with a small change of the building's corner shape, and that the degree of the effect depends on the wind direction. The most desirable corner shape regarding the wind environment was suggested for each wind direction.

Commercial High Rise Houses

Ophyra aenescens (Weidemann), a facultative predator, was mass reared at a commercial egg farm and released into the manure pits of six high rise controlled environment cage layer poultry houses as part of a four year/five phase integrated pest management (IPM) program to control house flies. The phases included: 1) monitoring house flies in each house to determine when the house fly population exceeded a fly nuisance threshold (FNT); 2) manure management; 3) release of mass reared predators; 4) use of insecticide bait panels containing 1% methomyl; and 5) treatment of feed with cyromazine if the FNT was exceeded. The IPM program was implemented from April 1987 to September 1990. It was compared to a standard control program used in 1986, in which synergized pyrethrin sprays, fly baits and cyromazine feed additives were applied to four houses. The cost of this latter program was $15,689.63. the cost of the IPM program was $3,082.10 per year for all six houses. It was concluded that on site mass rearing of O. aenescens was a feasible and economical program to help control house flies in commercial high rise poultry houses.

Accident risks during handling of materials at building construction sites

The aim of the study was to analyse factors influencing the occurrence of accidents in materials handling. The supervisors’ and workers’ opinions about deficiencies and problems in the accident prevention during materials handling were surveyed. Materials handling in this study will mean all internal transfers at the construction site, work site storage, installation and removal of formwork, and installation of pre-cast concrete units. Altogether 422 accident report forms were analysed. Sixty-four per cent of the accidentsthat occurred at office and public building construction sites took place during construction of theframework. The corresponding percentage for accidents occurring during construction of the framework of high-rise apartment houses was 44%, that for terrace houses was 40%, for industrial sites 55%, and for building repair and renovation 50%. In the questionnaire study the data obtained from the site supervisors can be used to search for the basic reasons behind the problems. The opinions ...

Effects of Poultry Manure Moisture and Poultry House Construction Materials on Movements of the Lesser Mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), a Structural Insect Pest in High Rise Caged Layer Houses

Observations were made on the effect of manure moisture and high rise caged layer house manure pit wall construction on adult and larval lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) dispersal behavior. Larvae preferred to remain in manure habitats of 30 and 40% moisture, and dispersal from the manure significantly increased when manure moisture was increased to 50 and 60% levels. Adults were more active than larvae in the 30 and 40% manure moisture treatments, and the adult rate of dispersal also significantly increased with increased manure moisture levels. Larvae could climb a significantly greater distance up a vertical wooden surface than up a vertical concrete block surface. These data suggest that high rise houses built with wood pit walls and support beams that are set directly into the ground are predisposed to greater levels of insulation damage than houses built with concrete block foundations.

Manure Pit Temperatures and Relative Humidity of Pennsylvania High-Rise Poultry Houses and Their Relationship to Arthropod Population Development

Air temperature and relative humidity (RH) in the manure pits of five central Pennsylvania high-rise poultry houses were measured for at least one year to evaluate the role of the pit environment in the development of manure breeding flies and litter beetles. Pit air temperatures had weekly means ranging between 18.1 and 22.2 C. Seasonal temperature trends were similar at all farms, decreasing in winter and rising in summer. Maximum pit temperatures ranged from 31.7 to 33.3 C and minimum temperatures from .6 to 5.6 C, but these extremes were rare. Three houses had weekly mean RH ca 65%, one ca 61%, and one ca 72%. No seasonal RH trends were evident. Daily temperature fluctuations were lowest at ca 0600 to 0700 h, peaked ca 1700 h, and varied inversely with RH. Pit air temperatures dropped below house fly reproductive thresholds for several weeks during the winter, but were adequate for their survival all year around.Manure temperatures were affected by the shape of the manure pile, depth of the manure, and seasonal air temperature patterns. Manure temperatures differed significantly between houses with either shallow (without scraper boards, χ̄ ca 16 to 19 C) or deep (with scraper boards, χ̄ ca 30 to 40 C) manure profiles. Shallow manure profile temperatures severely limit fly larvae and litter beetle development.