High-resolution X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Research Articles

Investigation on the structural, morphological and magnetic properties of Ca1-xEuxFe12-yTiyO19 hexaferrite system

M-type hexaferrites have a significant economic impact, due to their permanent magnet behaviour which plays key role in the conversion of renewable and green energy. The present investigation focuses on the synthesis of M-type Ca1-xEuxFe12-yTiyO19 hexaferrite (0.00 ≤ x, y ≤ 0.07) through the solid-state reaction method. The X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared spectra and Raman spectroscopy confirms the presence of an M-type hexagonal structure unequivocally with the minor impurity of α-Fe2O3. Using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy images reflects the surface morphology and anticipated grain size was within the range of 1.65–2.26 μm. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and High-Resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HRXPS) confirms the elemental composition and the oxidation states of the elements by HRXPS. The magnetic characteristics is focused around the examination of physical phenomena and rigorous application of theoretical calculations of coercivity Hc, remanent magnetization Mr, saturation magnetization Ms, magneton number ηβ, squareness ratio (SQR) Mr/Ms ≤ 0.5 and Anisotropy constant Ka. The obtained samples exhibit a notable phenomenon of inter-grain group interaction and the compatibility of the material under investigation with high-frequency devices and its potential as high-density recording media.

Bromine Adsorption and Thermal Stability on Rh(111): A Combined XPS, LEED and DFT Study.

This study addresses a fundamental question in surface science: the adsorption of halogens on metal surfaces. Using synchrotron radiation-based high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), temperature-programmed XPS, low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we investigated the adsorption and thermal stability of bromine on Rh(111) in detail. The adsorption of elemental bromine on Rh(111) at 170 K was followed in situ by XPS in the Br 3d region, revealing two individual, coverage-dependent species, which we assign to fcc hollow- and bridge-bound atomic bromine. In addition, we find a significant shift in binding energy upon increasing coverage due to adsorbate-adsorbate interactions. Subsequent heating shows a high thermal stability of bromine on Rh(111) up to above 1000 K, indicating strong covalent bonding. To complement the XPS data, LEED was used to study the long-range order of bromine on Rh(111): we observe a (√3×√3)R30° structure for low coverages (≤0.33 ML) and a star-shaped compression structure for higher coverages (0.33-0.43 ML). Combining LEED and DFT calculations, we were able to visualize bromine adsorption on Rh(111) in real space for varying coverages.

Electrodes with excellent capacitance: Influence of micro-mesoporosity in derived bituminous carbon

Mexican bituminous carbon (MXBC) was the subject of a study to investigate whether its performance as an electrical capacitor is comparable to that of other carbon sources. Furthermore, we investigated the role of mesopores, micropores, and surface oxygenated functional group (OFG) populations induced by chemical activation processes that favor a higher capacitance. The proposed activation methodology includes different mass ratios (KOH:MXBC) and N2 thermal treatment. This increases the surface area and modulates the pore size, as determined by N2 isotherms, PXRD, SEM, and Raman studies. The chemical environment was elucidated using high-resolution XPS analysis and electrochemical studies, including EIS, CV (in different electrolytes), and charge/discharge cycles. The obtained materials showed values of capacitance (F g−1): 120 (MXCB), 135.87 (1:1), 152.48 (2:1) and 177.78 (3:1), superior to that reported for Vulcan carbon. The best material features are the following: BET surface of 1196 m2 g−1, micropore volume (Vmic) of 0.15 cm3 g−1 and mesopore-macropore volume of 0.57 cm3 g−1, the greatest homogeneity (C-CO) and several oxygenated functional groups (CO, CO, COO) quantified by XPS, along with the lowest resistivity to ionic transport obtained from electrical equivalent circuit model.

Functionalization and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles recovered from acid mine drainage and application in the enhanced oil recovery

Oil is one of the most intensively used energy sources in the world and, as a fossil fuel, it is a finite resource. Different methods have been explored to increase oil recovery from mature fields, particularly using enhanced oil recovery (EOR) with the help of nanofluids. This study performed EOR tests using iron oxide nanoparticles added to brine and sodium dodecyl sulfate solutions. Three types of iron oxide nanoparticles were examined: commercial (IO), derived from the acid drainage of an underground coal mine (SIO), and temperature-sensitive functionalized (TSIO). The nanoparticles were well characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The nanofluids were evaluated through dynamic light scattering measurements and determination of the viscosity, turbidity, contact angle and surface tension. There was not significant variation in the surface tension of the samples, which ranged between 25.46 and 28.28 mN m−1. However, the contact angle exhibited notable fluctuations depending on the nanoparticles concentration, ranging from 7.39° to 24.43°. Furthermore, the zeta potential suggests that the stability of the nanofluid samples falls within the moderate to medium range. An improvement in oil recovery reached 10% with the commercial nanoparticles (0.50 wt%), followed by 8.5% using the synthesized (0.25 wt%) and 7.5% using the functionalized (0.25 wt%). Moreover, all nanofluids showed good stability for up to 30 days, and their viscosity showed a direct relationship with the enhancement in oil recovery.

Interface Energy Alignment between Lead Halide Perovskite Single Crystals and TIPS-Pentacene.

At present, there is a huge development in optoelectronic applications using lead halide perovskites. Considering that device performance is largely governed by the transport of charges across interfaces and, therefore, the interfacial electronic structure, fundamental investigations of perovskite interfaces are highly necessary. In this study, we use high-resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy based on synchrotron radiation to explore the interfacial energetics for the molecular layer of TIPS-pentacene and lead halide perovskite single crystals. We perform ultrahigh vacuum studies on multiple thicknesses of an in situ formed interface of TIPS-pentacene with four different in situ cleaved perovskite single crystals (MAPbI3, MAPbBr3, FAPbBr3, and CsxFA1-xPbBryI3-y). Our findings reveal a substantial shift of the TIPS-pentacene energy levels toward higher binding energies with increasing thickness, while the perovskite energy levels remain largely unaffected regardless of their composition. These shifts can be interpreted as band bending in the TIPS-pentacene, and such effects should be considered when assessing the energy alignment at perovskite/organic transport material interfaces. Furthermore, we were able to follow a reorganization on the MAPbI3 surface with the transformation of the surface C 1s into bulk C 1s.

Enhanced Antibacterial Activity at Ag-Cu Nanojunctions: Unveiling the Mechanism with Simple Surfaces of CuNPs-on-Ag Films.

Deposition of CuNPs on silver film gives rise to the formation of active Ag-Cu interfaces leading to dramatic enhancements in antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) analyses reveal that CuNPs are covered in a thin Cu2O shell, while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements (XPS) reveal that the Ag film samples contain significant amounts of Ag2O. XPS analyses show that the deposition of CuNPs on Ag films leads to the formation of a photoactive Ag2O-Cu2O heterostructure. Following a Z-scheme mechanism, electrons from the conduction band of Ag2O recombine with photogenerated holes from the valence band of Cu2O. Consequently, electrons at Cu2O's conduction band render Cu reduced and cause reductive activation of surface oxygen species on Cu forming reactive oxygen species (ROS). Interaction between metallic Cu and ROS species leads to the formation of a Cu(OH)2 phase. Both ROS and Cu(OH)2 species have previously been reported to lead to enhanced antibacterial properties. Holes on Ag2O produce a highly oxidized AgO phase, a phase reported to exhibit excellent antibacterial properties. Quantitative analysis of Cu and Ag high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HR-XPS) spectra directly reveals several-fold increases in these active phases in full agreement with the observed increase in antibacterial activities. This study provides insight and surface design parameters by elucidating the important roles of Ag and Cu's bifunctionality as active antibacterial materials.

Highly defective graphene quantum dots-doped 1T/2H-MoS2 as an efficient composite catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction

We present a new composite catalyst system of highly defective graphene quantum dots (HDGQDs)-doped 1T/2H-MoS2 for efficient hydrogen evolution reactions (HER). The high electrocatalytic activity, represented by an overpotential of 136.9 mV and a Tafel slope of 57.1 mV/decade, is due to improved conductivity, a larger number of active sites in 1T-MoS2 compared to that in 2H-MoS2, and additional defects introduced by HDGQDs. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Raman spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize both the 1T/2H-MoS2 and GQDs components while Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to identify the functional groups on the edge and defect sites in the HDGQDs. The morphology of the composite catalyst was also examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). All experimental data demonstrated that each component contributes unique advantages that synergistically lead to the significantly improved electrocatalytic activity for HER in the composite catalyst system.

Preparation of Multifunctional Nano-Molybdenum Disulfide and Its Tribological Properties in Water-Based Cutting Fluids.

In order to meet the advanced requirements of the manufacturing industry, the use of water-based cutting fluids (WCFs) in metal processing is gradually increasing. However, their lubrication performance still needs to be improved considerably. Therefore, new multifunctional molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles (m-MoS2 NPs) were developed to improve the lubricating properties of WCFs. M-MoS2 NPs modified with silver nanoparticles were prepared by an in situ surface modification. The morphology and chemical composition of the m-MoS2 NPs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Furthermore, the dispersion and bactericidal properties of m-MoS2 NPs with different weight percents in WCFs were also studied experimentally. The effect of m-MoS2 NPs concentration on friction properties and their friction mechanism were investigated in this research. The results revealed that the prepared m-MoS2 NPs were all nanoscale particles with a layered structure. The dispersion and bactericidal properties of m-MoS2 NPs in WCFs were better than those of MoS2 NPs. The best dispersion and bactericidal properties were observed with 1 wt % MoS2 NPs, as well as friction reduction and antiwear properties. During friction, the two friction surfaces were in the boundary lubrication state,and the prepared m-MoS2 NPs entered the friction contact zone along with the WCFs. A friction chemical reaction film rich in MoS2 and Ag NPs was formed on the friction surface to fill and repair the worn surface, exerting a good lubrication effect.

Plasma-Activated Solutions Regulate Surface-Terminating Groups Enhancing Pseudocapacitive Ti3 C2 Tx Electrode Performance.

2D transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) are actively pursued as pseudocapacitive materials for supercapacitors owing to their advantages in electronic conductivity and surface reactivity. Increasing the fraction of ─O terminal groups in Ti3 C2 Tx is a promising approach to improve the pseudocapacitive charge storage in H2 SO4 electrolytes, but it suffers from a lack of effective functionalization methods and stability of the groups in practical operation. Here a low-temperature and environment-friendly approach via the interaction of nonequilibrium plasmas with Ti3 C2 Tx dispersion is demonstrated to generate abundant and stable surface-terminating O groups. The impact of the discharge environment (Ar, O2 , and H2 ) on the structural characteristics and electrochemical performance of Ti3 C2 Tx nanosheets is studied. The Ti3 C2 Tx modified in Ar and H2 maintains their original morphology but a significantly lower F content. Consequently, an extraordinarily high content (78.5%) of surface-terminating O groups is revealed by the high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra for the Ti3 C2 Tx samples modified in H2 plasma-treated solutions. Additionally, the Ti3 C2 Tx treated using H2 plasmas exhibits the best capacitive performance of 418.3 F g-1 at 2mV s-1 , which can maintain 95.88% capacity after 10000 cycles. These results contribute to the development of advanced nanostructured pseudocapacitive electrode materials for renewable energy storage applications.

Zein-Bioactive Glass nanocomposite Coating on Magnesium Alloy Substrate for Orthopedic Applications

Excellent mechanical strength and biodegradable characteristics of magnesium alloys have sparked considerable interest in orthopedic applications. The utilization of magnesium alloys in orthopedic applications has been restricted due to their brittleness caused by high corrosion rate in biological environments. One of the best techniques for increasing corrosion resistance of these alloys is surface coating. For the first time, the present work aims to dip-coat zein-bioactive glass (BG) nanocomposite on AZ31B magnesium alloy. The alloy surface was also coated by native zein as a control coating. BG nanoparticles required for zein and BG (zein_BG) composite were synthesized by a bio-inspired method using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a template. The formation of BG particles was affirmed by FTIR showing characteristic Si-O-Si and Si-O– peaks. Nano-size of BG particles with an average diameter of 6.67 ± 0.06 nm was reported by TEM. SEM micrographs revealed successful deposition of zein and zein_BG coatings on the magnesium alloy surfaces. High-resolution XPS analysis on zein_BG-coated Mg alloy immersed in HBSS revealed the corrosion deposition of Mg(OH)2, MgHPO4.H2O, CaHPO4.H2O, SiO2, MgCO3, and CaCO3 on the substrate surface. More than twofold wettability, 95% adhesion strength and 14-fold increase in surface roughness were reported for zein_BG-coated magnesium alloy compared to the bare surface. Measurements of weight loss in zein and zein_BG-coated alloy substrates in Hanks Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) for 10 d at 37°C showed a drastic decrease in weight loss of substrates after coating. As a result, zein_BG-coated substrate was observed to possess the maximum protective efficacy (95.99%) against corrosion. Interestingly, electrochemical measurements revealed a vast decrease in corrosion current density (2.41 E−6 A.cm−2) of zein_BG-coated substrate compared to the uncoated substrate (3.04 E−4 A.cm−2). Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) confirmed capacitive behavior of zein_BG-coated alloy substrate. These findings demonstrated that simple zein_BG composite dip coating was a successful corrosion-resistant implant coating on magnesium alloy surface for orthopedic applications.

Nickel Based Ni–Ce<sub>1–<i>x</i></sub>Zr<sub><i>x</i></sub>O<sub>2</sub> Catalysts Prepared by Pechini Method for CO<sub>2</sub> Methanation

Nickel-based Ni–Ce1 – xZrxO2 catalysts were prepared by Pechini method and their catalytic performance towards CO2 methanation reaction was studied. It was shown that the catalysts exhibit high catalytic activity comparable to the activity of industrial methanation catalyst NIAP-07-05. The catalysts were characterized using a complex of X-ray diffraction methods with experiments on synchrotron radiation, high-resolution electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It is shown that the preparation method makes it possible to achieve a high dispersion of nickel-containing particles formed during the decomposition of the Ni–Ce–Zr–O substitutional solid solution obtained during the synthesis. However, due to the decorating effect, the surface of nickel-containing particles is poorly accessible to reagents. For this reason, the Ni–Ce1 – xZrxO2 catalysts obtained by the Pechini method are less active than the supported Ni/Ce1 – xZrxO2 catalysts.

(Invited) Innovative Membrane Electrode Assemblies for the Next Generation Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers

The Hydrogen Economy (HE) is the economy of the near future and is the only viable alternative to the current fossil fuel-based economy. This future green economy will eliminate the greenhouse gas emissions and stop the imminent global warming and climate change. The HE implementation relies on the development of zero-carbon emission technologies for Hydrogen (H2) production. “Green” hydrogen can be produced at large scale by integration of water electrolyzers (WEs) with renewable energy sources. Currently, the proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs) are considered to be the most advanced WEs that can be integrated with solar panels and wind turbines to produce large quantities of green H2. The main challenges that the state-of-the-art membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) for PEMWEs are currently facing are: (i) high cost because of the high platinum group metals (PGM) loadings in their catalysts layers (2-3 mgPGM/cm2 in each electrode), and time consuming and expensive multi-step fabrication processes associated with their manufacturing; (ii) limited durability caused by the instability of the catalysts and the other cell components, and (iii) safety concerns associated with the hydrogen gas crossover and the absence of technologies that can effectively keep it below the safety level of the lower flammability limit (LFL) [1, 2, 3].In this work, we demonstrate the capabilities of a unique methodology for fabrication of advanced catalysts, catalyst layers, and MEAs for PEMWEs, known as Reactive Spray Deposition Technology (RSDT). The RSDT is a flame assisted method [4, 5] that combines the catalysts synthesis and deposition directly on the PEM membrane in one-step, which results in fast and facile fabrication of large scale (up to 1000 cm2) MEAs for application in PEM fuel cells and water electrolyzers [5, 6]. This technology allows precise control of the composition, morphology, and particle size distribution of a wide range of nanoparticles, supported and unsupported on carbon, and ensures fine tuning of the catalysts’ activity and durability. MEAs with geometric areas of 86 cm2 and 680 cm2, both with one order of magnitude lower PGM loading in their catalyst layers in comparison to the state-of-the-art MEAs for PEM water electrolyzers [6,7], are fabricated by the RSDT and evaluated for up to 5000 hours at current density of 1.8 A cm-2, 50 oC, and 400 psi differential hydrogen pressure. Diagnostic tests that include polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear sweep voltammetry, and hydrogen crossover measurements are performed periodically in order to evaluate the cell performance change during the long-term durability test. After the test, the MEAs are disassembled and subjected to comprehensive post test analysis. A wide range of techniques, including high-resolution TEM, STEM, EDS, SEM, ICP, XCT, XPS, and digital optical microscopy, have been used to study the degradation mechanisms governing the performance loss in the MEAs during the long-term steady state operation. The results from these tests will be presented and discussed in detail in this talk.References https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/05/f34/fcto_myrdd_fuel_cells.pdf https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/06/f23/fcto_myrdd_production.pdfKlose, P. Trinke, T. Böhm, B. Bensmann, S. Vierrath, R. Hanke-Rauschenbach, and S. Thiele, J. Electrochem. Soc., 165, F1271–F1277 (2018).Kim, S., Myles, Maric, R., et al. Electrochimica Acta, 177, 190-200 (2015).Yu, H., Baricci, A., Bisello, A., Bonville, L., Maric, R., et al. Electrochimica Acta, 247, 1155-1168 (2017).Mirshekari, G., Ouimet, R., Zeng, Z, Yu, H., Bliznakov, S., Bonville, L., Niedzwiecki, A., Errico, S., Capuano, C., Mani, P., Ayers, K., Maric, R. International Journal for Hydrogen Energy, 46(2), 2021, pp. 1526-1539 (2021).Ayers, K. Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, 18, 9–15 (2019).

(Digital Presentation) Mo Doped Nickel Sulfide with Enhanced Electrochemical Activity for Hybrid Supercapacitors

Global energy depletion has become an irreversible fact. Researchers have vigorously pursued the development of renewable energy sources. It is well known that once renewable energy is produced, energy storage devices are needed to store the energy. Supercapacitor (SC) is considered to be a very promising energy storage device because of its long cycle life, high performance, and cost-effectiveness. As emerging SC devices, a battery-type electrode and a double-layer capacitor-type electrode as the anode and the cathode assembles a hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) well [1, 2]. Using anode materials to provide high capacitance, the purpose of the high energy density of HSC devices is achieved [3]. Nickel sulfide (Ni3S2) has tremendous potential for energy storage and conversion due to its impressive theoretical capacitance and high redox rate. Previous studies have demonstrated that optimizing the electronic structure can enhance the electrical conductivity of transition metal sulfides [4]. Aggrandizing surface defects and introducing impurities are effective strategies to modulate the electronic structure. Interestingly, the generation of sulfur vacancies on metal sulfides can modulate their electronic structure and elevate electrical conductivity. On the other hand, introducing foreign metals into Ni3S2 materials is another promising strategy to modulate the electronic structure [5]. The doping of molybdenum ions can optimize the electronic structure configuration. Mo doping works in concert with the vacancies to achieve a dual regulation of the electronic structure. However, few reports have been devoted to modulating the electronic structure by combining the two effective strategies mentioned above. To our knowledge, studies on the optimal amount of Mo doping to achieve the best electrochemical properties in the synthesis of Ni3S2 have not been adequately considered so far [6].[Figure insert] Figure. 1 (a) Crystal structures of NS and MNS, (b) ESR spectra of 0.75-MNS, (c) Comparative plots of the split peaks of the Ni 2p curves of 0.5-MNS, 0.75-MNS and 1.0-MNS, (d) High resolution XPS spectra of Mo 3d, (e) CV curves at 2 mV s−1, (f) GCD curves at 1 A g− 1, and (g) Ragone plot.Here, we propose that prepared Mo-doped Ni3S2 (denoted as MNS) by a one-pot hydrothermal method, which achieves the simultaneous two strategies of introducing impurities and increasing surface defects and attains a double optimization of the electronic structure of Ni3S2 materials (Fig. 1). To further shorten the charge transfer distance, the MNS is grown on nickel foam while avoiding the need for large amounts of conductive additives and adhesives. The prepared MNS microscopic features exhibit coral-like nanoclusters with a specific capacitance of 1531.2 C g−1 at 1 A g−1 when the Mo salt is added at 0.75 mmol. Furthermore, an HSC device was fabricated by utilizing the activated carbon (AC) electrode and MNS electrode, showing satisfying energy density (32.85 Wh kg−1 at 800 W kg−1). This work demonstrates the potential of MNS electrodes as anodes for HSC.

Supercapacitive performance of cobalt-loaded amorphous zeolite for energy storage applications

Co-loaded amorphous zeolite has been prepared, characterized and tested as an electrochemical supercapacitor. Amorphous zeolite (AZ) and H-amorphous zeolite were prepared using the steam assisted crystallization method; the H+ was added on AZ via ion exchange with NH4NO3 to evaluate the supercapacitive difference between AZ and H-AZ. Co was loaded into the AZ and H-AZ by the impregnation method to enhance the redox properties. The physico-chemical properties of the AZ, H-AZ, Co/AZ and Co/H-AZ were investigated using various analytical characterization techniques, namely X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy (HRSEM), N2 physisorption and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The materials were subsequently drop-cast into a Ni foam and evaluated for supercapacitive properties. Notably, the resulting electrode materials exhibit supercapacitive behaviour that is effective over a potential window from −0.1 to +0.7 V in a potassium hydroxide (1 M KOH) aqueous electrolyte. A relatively high specific capacitance of 550 F/g at 1 A/g was calculated from Galvanometric Charge Discharge (GCD) analysis for the Co/H-AZ electrode with a Coulombic efficiency of 98% after 2000 cycles and a capacitance retention of 91.6%, while the value calculated for Co/AZ was 400 F/g with a Coulombic efficiency of 96% after 2000 cycles and a capacitance retention of 75.5%. The energy density and power density for Co/H-AZ were 19.09 W h/kg and 250 W/kg respectively, while the energy density and power density for Co/AZ were 13.88 W/kg and 248 W h/kg respectively. The difference in the performance of Co/H-AZ and Co/AZ can be attributed to the effect of H+ ions at the electrode/electrolyte interface.

Sonication to remove organic dyes with the aid of NH2-MIL-125(Ti) and carbonization derivatives

Sonication provides a green and sustainable strategy to remove the organic dye pollutants in the environment. In this study, the NH2-MIL-125(Ti) and carbonization derivatives were prepared successfully, aiming to assist the sonochemical removal of organic dyes. By comparison, the NH2-MIL-125(Ti) had a structured cylinder while the carbonization derivatives were irregular in shape, and the NH2-MIL-125(Ti) had much larger specific surface area than the carbonization derivatives, even though the carbonization lowered the band gap. Moreover, the high-resolution XPS spectra showed that the NH2-MIL-125(Ti) had abundant Ti-Ox bonds and vigorous electron transfer, and the PL spectra suggested that the carbonization derivatives with narrow band gap caused the fast recombination of free electrons and holes. According to the observations on the dye removal experiments, the NH2-MIL-125(Ti) showed better catalytic activity under ultrasound irradiation, and the removal rate to Rhodamine B could reach about 80 % within 60 min, even almost 100 % in the presence of peroxydisulfate. Through the qualitative and quantitative analysis, an adsorption/degradation mechanism was proposed and demonstrated for the NH2-MIL-125(Ti)-mediated sonication. Thus, the catalyst-aided sonochemical processes will have attractive application prospect in the removal of industrial organic dyes.

High energy x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) Cr Kα measurement of bulk bismuth

A bismuth foil was analyzed using high-resolution high energy x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES). The HAXPES spectra of bismuth obtained using monochromatic Cr Kα radiation at 5414.8 eV include survey scan and high-resolution spectra of Bi 2p3/2, Bi 3d5/2, Bi 4s, Bi 4p3/2, Bi 4d5/2, and Bi 4f.

High energy x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) Cr Kα measurement of bulk gold

Bulk gold was analyzed using high-resolution high energy x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES). The HAXPES spectra of gold obtained using monochromatic Cr Kα radiation at 5414.8 eV include survey scan and high-resolution spectra of Au 5p, Au 5s, Au 4f, Au 4d, Au 4p3/2, Au 4s, Au 3d5/2, and Au 3p3/2.

High energy x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) Cr Kα measurement of bulk copper

Copper was analyzed using high-resolution high energy x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES). The HAXPES spectra of copper obtained using monochromatic Cr Kα radiation at 5414.8 eV include survey scan and high-resolution spectra of Cu 2s, Cu 2p3/2, Cu 3s, Cu 3p, Cu LMM, and Ar 1s.

High-energy x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Cr Kα measurement of bulk iron

Iron was analyzed using high-resolution high-energy x-ray photoelectron Spectroscopy (HAXPES). The HAXPES spectra of iron obtained using monochromatic Cr Kα radiation at 5414.8 eV include survey scan and high-resolution spectra of Fe 2s, Fe 2p, Fe 3s, and Fe 3p.

XPS Al Kα and high energy x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) Cr Kα measurement of bulk boron

Bulk boron was analyzed using both XPS and high-resolution high energy x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The spectra of boron obtained using monochromatic Al Kα radiation include survey scan and high-resolution spectra of B 1s, O 1s, N 1s, C 1s, and Ar 2p. The Cr Kα spectra with radiation at 5414.8 eV include survey scan and high-resolution spectra of B 1s, O 1s, N 1s, C 1s, Ar 2p, and Ar 1s.