High-resolution Infrared Spectra Research Articles

Millimeter-wave and high-resolution infrared spectroscopy of the low-lying vibrational states of pyridazine isotopologues.

The gas-phase rotational spectrum from 8 to 750GHz and the high-resolution infrared (IR) spectrum of pyridazine (o-C4H4N2) have been analyzed for the ground and four lowest-energy vibrationally excited states. A combined global fit of the rotational and IR data has been obtained using a sextic, centrifugally distorted-rotor Hamiltonian with Coriolis coupling between appropriate states. Coriolis coupling has been addressed in the two lowest-energy coupled dyads (ν16, ν13 and ν24, ν9). Utilizing the Coriolis coupling between the vibrational states of each dyad and the analysis of the IR spectrum for ν16 and ν9, we have determined precise band origins for each of these fundamental states: ν16 (B1) = 361.213 292 7 (17) cm-1, ν13 (A2) = 361.284 082 4 (17) cm-1, ν24 (B2) = 618.969 096 (26) cm-1, and ν9 (A1) = 664.723 378 4 (27) cm-1. Notably, the energy separation in the ν16-ν13 Coriolis-coupled dyad is one of the smallest spectroscopically measured energy separations between vibrational states: 2122.222 (72) MHz or 0.070 789 7 (24) cm-1. Despite ν13 being IR inactive and ν24 having an impractically low-intensity IR intensity, the band origins of all four vibrational states were measured, showcasing the power of combining the data provided by millimeter-wave and high-resolution IR spectra. Additionally, the spectra of pyridazine-dx isotopologues generated for a previous semi-experimental equilibrium structure (reSE) determination allowed us to analyze the two lowest-energy vibrational states of pyridazine for all nine pyridazine-dx isotopologues. Coriolis-coupling terms have been measured for analogous vibrational states across seven isotopologues, both enabling their comparison and providing a new benchmark for computational chemistry.

The influence of magnetic anisotropy on the Zeeman spectra of lanthanide doped nanoparticles

High-resolution infra-red spectra of KY3F10 nanoparticles doped with Nd3+ and Er3+ are measured in magnetic fields of up to 4T. A simple model of the magnetic splittings of the ground and excited states is used to show that the presence or absence of observable splittings depends on the anisotropy of the response to the magnetic field. Detailed crystal-field calculations accurately model the spectra, including nonlinear effects.

Infrared spectra of complex organic molecules in astronomically relevant ice mixtures

Context. In the near future, high spatial and spectral infrared (IR) data of star-forming regions obtained by the James Webb Space Telescope may reveal new solid-state features of various species, including more intriguing classes of chemical compounds. The identification of complex organic molecules (COMs) in the upcoming data will only be possible when laboratory IR ice spectra of these species under astronomically relevant conditions are available for comparison. For this purpose, systematic series of laboratory measurements are performed, providing high-resolution IR spectra of COMs. Here, spectra of pure methylamine (CH3NH2) and methylamine-containing ices are discussed. Aims. The work is aimed at characterizing the mid-IR (500–4000 cm−1, 20–2.5 μm) spectra of methylamine in pure and mixed ices to provide accurate spectroscopic data of vibrational bands that are most suited to trace this species in interstellar ices. Methods. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is used to record spectra of CH3NH2 in the pure form and mixed with H2O, CH4, and NH3, for temperatures ranging from 15 to 160 K. The IR spectra in combination with HeNe laser (632.8 nm) interference data of pure CH3NH2 ice was used to derive the IR band strengths of methylamine in pure and mixed ices. Results. The refractive index of amorphous methylamine ice at 15 K was determined as being 1.30 ± 0.01. Accurate spectroscopic information and band strength values are systematically presented for a large set of methylamine-containing ices and different temperatures. Selected bands are characterized and their use as methylamine tracers is discussed. The selected bands include the following: the CH3 antisymmetric stretch band at 2881.3 cm−1 (3.471 μm), the CH3 symmetric stretch band at 2791.9 cm−1 (3.582 μm), the CH3 antisymmetric deformation bands, at 1455.0 and 1478.6 cm−1 (6.873 and 6.761 μm), the CH3 symmetric deformation band at 1420.3 cm−1 (7.042 μm), and the CH3 rock at 1159.2 cm−1 (8.621 μm). Using the laboratory data recorded in this work and ground-based spectra of ices toward YSOs (Young Stellar Objects), upper-limits for the methylamine ice abundances are derived. In some of these YSOs, the methylamine abundance is less than 4% relative to H2O.

EISRP: Efficient infrared signal restoration processing for object tracking in human-robot interaction

Infrared (IR) imaging spectral signal can accurately distinguish different industrial metal materials in the robot vision sensing. The novel IR imaging system can assist the robot limb to gasp the object in the human-robot interaction processing. However, the low-resolution problem is often existed in the IR spectral signals. To solve this issue, we present a novel IR spectral deconvolution method via total variation regularization for robust spectral signal recognition. To reveal the properties of high-resolution IR spectrum, the histogram of spectral gradients is computed and fitted by the logarithmic function. Then, the low-resolution and high-resolution IR spectra can be distinguished by total variation-regularized prior property. To optimize the non-convex deconvolution model, alternating minimization algorithm is introduced to ensure that the instrument function and high-resolution spectral signals converge quickly. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated on the simulated IR spectrum and real spectrum. A large number of quantitative and qualitative experimental results verify that the proposed method can obtain robust results and significantly outperform the existing state-of-the-art spectral deconvolution method. The high-resolution IR spectrum promotes the development of IR spectral recognition in human-robot interaction.

Angular Effect of Undetected Clouds in Infrared Window Radiance Observations: Aircraft Experimental Analyses

Abstract This paper furthers previous investigations into the zenith angular effect of cloud contamination within infrared (IR) window radiance observations commonly used in the retrieval of environmental data records (EDRs). Here analyses were performed of clear-sky forward radiance calculations versus observations obtained under clear to partly cloudy conditions over ocean. The authors utilized high-resolution IR spectra observed by the aircraft-based National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (NPP) Aircraft Sounder Test Bed-Interferometer (NAST-I) during the Joint Airborne Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) Validation Experiment (JAIVEx) and performed forward calculations using collocated dropsondes. An aerosol optical depth EDR product derived from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) was then applied to detect clouds within NAST-I fields of view (FOVs). To calculate the angular variation of clouds, expressions were derived for estimating cloud aspect ratios from visible imagery where cloud shadow lengths can be estimated relative to cloud horizontal diameters. In agreement with sensitivity calculations, it was found that a small cloud fraction within window radiance observations can have a measurable impact on the angular agreement with clear-sky calculations on the order of 0.1–0.4 K in brightness temperature. It was also found that systematic sun-glint contamination can likewise have an impact on the order of 0.1 K. These results are germane to IR sensor data record (SDR) calibration/validation and EDR retrieval schemes depending upon clear-sky SDRs, as well as radiative transfer modeling involving randomly distributed broken cloud fields.

Formation and infrared absorption of protonated naphthalenes (1-C10H9+and 2-C10H9+) and their neutral counterparts in solid para-hydrogen

Protonated naphthalene (C(10)H(9)(+)) and its neutral counterparts (hydronaphthyl radicals, C(10)H(9)) are important intermediates in the reactions of aromatic compounds and in understanding the unidentified infrared (IR) emissions from interstellar media. We report the IR spectra of 1-C(10)H(9)(+), 2-C(10)H(9)(+), 1-C(10)H(9), and 2-C(10)H(9) trapped in solid para-hydrogen (p-H(2)); the latter three are new. These species were produced upon electron bombardment of a mixture of naphthalene (C(10)H(8)) and p-H(2) during matrix deposition. The intensities of IR features of 1-C(10)H(9)(+) decreased after the matrix was maintained in darkness for 19 h, whereas those of 1-C(10)H(9) and 2-C(10)H(9) increased. Irradiation of this matrix sample with light at 365 nm diminished lines of 1-C(10)H(9)(+) and 2-C(10)H(9) and enhanced lines of 1-C(10)H(9) and 2-C(10)H(9)(+); the latter species was unstable and converted to 1-C(10)H(9)(+) in less than 30 min and 2-C(10)H(9) was converted to 1-C(10)H(9) at 365 nm. Observed wavenumbers and relative intensities of these species agree satisfactorily with the anharmonic vibrational wavenumbers and IR intensities predicted with the B3PW91/6-311++G(2d,2p) method. Compared with spectra recorded previously with IR photodissociation of Ar-tagged C(10)H(9)(+) or IR multiphoton dissociation of C(10)H(9)(+), our method has the advantages of producing high-resolution IR spectra with a wide spectral coverage, true IR intensity and excellent ratio of signal to noise; both protonated species and their neutral counterparts are produced with little interference from other fragments. With these advantages, the IR spectra of 1-C(10)H(9)(+), 2-C(10)H(9)(+), 1-C(10)H(9), and 2-C(10)H(9) are here clearly characterized.

Rotationally resolved infrared spectroscopy of adamantane

We present the first rotationally resolved spectra of adamantane (C(10)H(16)) applying gas-phase Fourier transform infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy. High-resolution IR spectra are recorded in the 33-4500 cm(-1)range using as source of IR radiation both synchrotron radiation (at the AILES beamline of the SOLEIL synchrotron) as well as a classical globar. Adamantane is a spherical top molecule with tetrahedral symmetry (T(d) point group) and has no permanent dipole moment in its vibronic ground state. Of the 72 fundamental vibrational modes in adamantane, only 11 are IR active. Here we present rotationally resolved spectra for seven of them: ν(30), ν(28), ν(27), ν(26), ν(25), ν(24), and ν(23). The typical rotational structure of spherical tops is observed and analyzed using the STDS software developed in the Dijon group, which provides the first accurate energy levels and rotational constants for seven fundamental modes. Rotational levels with quantum numbers as high as J = 107 have been identified and included in the fit leading to a typical standard deviation of about 10(-3) cm(-1).

High-Resolution Infrared-Vacuum Ultraviolet Photoion and Pulsed Field Ionization-Photoelectron Methods for Spectroscopic Studies of Neutrals and Cations

We show that by scanning the frequency of a single mode infrared (IR) optical parametric oscillator (IR-OPO) laser to excite the molecular species of interest and fixing the frequency of a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) laser to photoionize the IR excited species, high-resolution IR spectra of polyatomic neutrals can be obtained with high sensitivity. The fact that this IR-VUV-photoion (IR-VUV-PI) method is based on VUV photoionization probe, and thus, allows the identification of the neutral IR absorber, makes it applicable for IR spectroscopy measurements of isotopemers, radicals, and clusters, which usually exist as impure samples. The highly resolved IR-VUV-PI measurements achieved using the single mode IR-OPO laser have made possible the selection of single rovibrational states of CH3X (X = Br and I), C2H4, and C3H4 for VUV-pulsed field ionization-photoelectron (VUV-PFI-PE) measurements, resulting in rovibrationally resolved photoelectron spectra for these polyatomic molecules. These experiments show that the signal-to-noise ratios of the IR-VUV-PI and IR-VUV-PFI-PE spectra obtained by employing the high-resolution IR-OPO laser are significantly higher than those observed in previous IR-VUV-PI and IR-VUV-PFI-PE studies using a low-resolution IR-OPO laser. Further improvement in sensitivity of IR-VUV-PI and IR-VUV-PFI-PE measurements by using the collinear arrangement of IR-VUV lasers and molecular beam is discussed.

Spinning a pseudorotating molecular top by means of a circularly polarized infrared laser pulse: Quantum simulations for 114CdH 2

A circularly polarized infrared (IR) laser pulse which propagates along the axis of a pre-aligned linear polyatomic molecule may excite unidirectional pseudorotations corresponding to excitation of the molecular bend and rotation of the bent molecule around that axis. This preparation and spinning a molecular top is, in part, analogous to the generation of unidirectional electron circulation in molecules by means of circularly polarized ultraviolet (UV) laser pulses [I. Barth, J. Manz, Angew. Chem. 118 (2006) 3028; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 45 (2006) 2962], allowing to apply similar methods for the laser driven wavepacket dynamics. It is demonstrated here by means of quantum simulations of the laser driven wavefunction Ψ ( t ) of the model system 114 CdH 2 ( X 1 Σ g + ) , where Ψ ( t ) is expanded in terms of vibrational eigenfunctions Ψ vl which are labeled by quantum numbers v , l = ( v s = 0 , v b l , v a = 0 ) for the vibrations ( v) including the symmetric stretch ( s), bend ( b), antisymmetric stretch ( a), and for the pseudorotation ( l). The corresponding vibrational and pseudorotational eigenenergies and matrix elements for the model 114 CdH 2 are adapted as approximations from accurate values which have been determined previously, for simulations of high resolution IR spectra. These dipole matrix elements and related selection or propensity rules imply dominant ladder climbing v b l = 0 0 → 1 1 → 2 2 → ⋯ or 0 0 → 1 - 1 → 2 - 2 → ⋯ , i.e., sequential populations of the states with increasing quantum numbers for the bends and pseudorotations v b l , where l = + v b or l = - v b depending on the right (+) or left ( - ) circular polarization of the IR laser pulse, respectively.

Rotational analysis of bands in the high-resolution infrared spectra of the three species of butadiene-1,4- d2; refinement of the assignments of the vibrational fundamentals

Samples of trans, trans and cis, cis forms of butadiene-1,4- d 2 have been synthesized and found to contain useful amounts of the cis, trans species as a contaminant. Assignments of fundamental frequencies for the three isotopomers of butadiene-1,4- d 2 have been extended and improved from investigations of their Raman spectra as well as their infrared (IR) spectra. High-resolution IR spectra have been recorded for the three isotopomers, and a rotational analysis has been completed for strong bands of each species. Ground state and some upper state rotational constants have been fit. Corresponding ground state moments of inertia compare favorably with equilibrium moments of inertia obtained from B3LYP/6-311++G** theory. Two 13C isotopomers are being prepared, and an improved structural analysis of butadiene will soon be available to assess how π-electron delocalization affects its structure.

Analysis of the rotational structure in bands in the high-resolution infrared spectra of butadiene and butadiene-2,3-d2: refinement in assignments of fundamentals*1

Rotational constants for butadiene and butadiene-2,3- d 2 are derived from the analysis of the rotational structure of bands in the high-resolution infrared (IR) spectra. Corresponding moments of inertia computed from three quantum chemical calculations agree acceptably with the experimental values. Evidence is growing that the CC bond lengthens some and the C–C bond shortens some in support of partial π-electron delocalization in butadiene. Refinements are made in the assignment of vibrational fundamentals of butadiene and butadiene-2,3- d 2 from new observations of IR and Raman spectra of these species.

Analysis of the rotational structure in bands in the high-resolution infrared spectra of butadiene and butadiene-2,3- d2: refinement in assignments of fundamentals

Rotational constants for butadiene and butadiene-2,3- d 2 are derived from the analysis of the rotational structure of bands in the high-resolution infrared (IR) spectra. Corresponding moments of inertia computed from three quantum chemical calculations agree acceptably with the experimental values. Evidence is growing that the CC bond lengthens some and the C–C bond shortens some in support of partial π-electron delocalization in butadiene. Refinements are made in the assignment of vibrational fundamentals of butadiene and butadiene-2,3- d 2 from new observations of IR and Raman spectra of these species.

Multi-property predictions from recent He-CO potential energy surfaces and related comments on the nature of heteronuclear-rare gas interactions

Recently two potential energy surfaces, an empirical potential V (3,3,3) and a potential of the exchange-Coulomb (XC) form, have been determined by fitting their adjustable parameters to the observed line positions of the same high resolution infra-red spectra of He–CO. Both yield results for the IR spectra in excellent agreement with experiment and with each other but, interestingly, there are significant differences between the XC and V (3,3,3) potentials as a function of relative orientation and interspecies distance for all regions of configuration space, and not just for the repulsive walls. In this paper several properties of the He–CO dimer, second virial, binary diffusion and shear viscosity (both interaction and mixture) coefficients, are used to discriminate between XC, V (3,3,3) and several other literature potentials. The explicit calculations of the transport properties are carried out in the Mason–Monchik approximation and then scaled to give good estimates of close coupling classical trajec...

Modeling of aircraft exhaust emissions and infrared spectra for remote measurement of nitrogen oxides

Abstract. Infrared (IR) molecular spectroscopy is proposed to perform remote measurements of NOx concentrations in the exhaust plume and wake of aircraft. The computer model NIRATAM is applied to simulate the physical and chemical properties of the exhaust plume and to generate low resolution IR spectra and synthetical thermal images of the aircraft in its natural surroundings. High-resolution IR spectra of the plume, including atmospheric absorption and emission, are simulated using the molecular line-by-line radiation model FASCODE2. Simulated IR spectra of a Boeing 747-400 at cruising altitude for different axial and radial positions in the jet region of the exhaust plume are presented. A number of spectral lines of NO can be identified that can be discriminated from lines of other exhaust gases and the natural atmospheric background in the region around 5.2 µm. These lines can be used to determine NO concentration profiles in the plume. The possibility of measuring nitrogen dioxide NO2 is also discussed briefly, although measurements turn out to be substantially less likely than those of NO. This feasibility study compiles fundamental data for the optical and radiometric design of an airborne Fourier transform spectrometer and the preparation of in-flight measurements for monitoring of aircraft pollutants.

ChemInform Abstract: THE HIGH‐RESOLUTION INFRARED SPECTRUM OF THE ν10, ν14, AND ν13 BANDS IN ALLENE‐1,1‐D2

Chemischer InformationsdienstVolume 16, Issue 29 Physical Organic Chemistry ChemInform Abstract: THE HIGH-RESOLUTION INFRARED SPECTRUM OF THE ν10, ν14, AND ν13 BANDS IN ALLENE-1,1-D2 F. HEGELUND, F. HEGELUNDSearch for more papers by this authorJ. KAUPPINEN, J. KAUPPINENSearch for more papers by this author F. HEGELUND, F. HEGELUNDSearch for more papers by this authorJ. KAUPPINEN, J. KAUPPINENSearch for more papers by this author First published: July 23, 1985 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.198529048AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume16, Issue29July 23, 1985 RelatedInformation

ChemInform Abstract: HIGH‐RESOLUTION INFRARED SPECTRUM AND STRUCTURE DETERMINATION FOR CARBON DISELENIDE (CSE2)

Chemischer InformationsdienstVolume 13, Issue 12 Physical Organic Chemistry ChemInform Abstract: HIGH-RESOLUTION INFRARED SPECTRUM AND STRUCTURE DETERMINATION FOR CARBON DISELENIDE (CSE2) A. G. MAKI, A. G. MAKISearch for more papers by this authorR. L. SAMS, R. L. SAMSSearch for more papers by this author A. G. MAKI, A. G. MAKISearch for more papers by this authorR. L. SAMS, R. L. SAMSSearch for more papers by this author First published: March 23, 1982 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.198212048AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume13, Issue12March 23, 1982 RelatedInformation

ChemInform Abstract: THE HIGH‐RESOLUTION INFRARED SPECTRUM OF THE ν7 BAND AND THE GROUND‐STATE CONSTANTS OF ALLENE‐D4

Chemischer InformationsdienstVolume 12, Issue 47 Physical Organic Chemistry ChemInform Abstract: THE HIGH-RESOLUTION INFRARED SPECTRUM OF THE ν7 BAND AND THE GROUND-STATE CONSTANTS OF ALLENE-D4 R. ANTTILA, Search for more papers by this authorM. KOIVUSAARI, Search for more papers by this authorJ. KAUPPINEN, Search for more papers by this authorF. HEGELUND, Search for more papers by this author R. ANTTILA, Search for more papers by this authorM. KOIVUSAARI, Search for more papers by this authorJ. KAUPPINEN, Search for more papers by this authorF. HEGELUND, Search for more papers by this author First published: November 24, 1981 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.198147044AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume12, Issue47November 24, 1981 RelatedInformation

ChemInform Abstract: HIGH RESOLUTION INFRARED SPECTRUM OF CARBON‐13 DISULFIDE BETWEEN 250 AND 430 CM‐1

Chemischer InformationsdienstVolume 12, Issue 29 Physical Organic Chemistry ChemInform Abstract: HIGH RESOLUTION INFRARED SPECTRUM OF CARBON-13 DISULFIDE BETWEEN 250 AND 430 CM-1 J. KAUPPINEN, J. KAUPPINENSearch for more papers by this authorK. JOLMA, K. JOLMASearch for more papers by this author J. KAUPPINEN, J. KAUPPINENSearch for more papers by this authorK. JOLMA, K. JOLMASearch for more papers by this author First published: July 21, 1981 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.198129051AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume12, Issue29July 21, 1981 RelatedInformation

ChemInform Abstract: THE HIGH‐RESOLUTION INFRARED SPECTRUM OF THE ν11 BAND OF ALLENE‐D4

Chemischer InformationsdienstVolume 11, Issue 38 Physical Organic Chemistry ChemInform Abstract: THE HIGH-RESOLUTION INFRARED SPECTRUM OF THE ν11 BAND OF ALLENE-D4 F. HEGELUND, F. HEGELUNDSearch for more papers by this authorR. ANTTILA, R. ANTTILASearch for more papers by this authorJ. KAUPPINEN, J. KAUPPINENSearch for more papers by this author F. HEGELUND, F. HEGELUNDSearch for more papers by this authorR. ANTTILA, R. ANTTILASearch for more papers by this authorJ. KAUPPINEN, J. KAUPPINENSearch for more papers by this author First published: September 23, 1980 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.198038049AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume11, Issue38September 23, 1980 RelatedInformation

ChemInform Abstract: HIGH‐RESOLUTION INFRARED SPECTRUM OF THE 859‐ AND 1711‐CM‐1 BANDS OF CARBONYL SULFIDE (OCS)

Chemischer InformationsdienstVolume 11, Issue 38 Physical Organic Chemistry ChemInform Abstract: HIGH-RESOLUTION INFRARED SPECTRUM OF THE 859- AND 1711-CM-1 BANDS OF CARBONYL SULFIDE (OCS) A. G. MAKI, A. G. MAKISearch for more papers by this authorW. B. OLSON, W. B. OLSONSearch for more papers by this authorR. L. SAMS, R. L. SAMSSearch for more papers by this author A. G. MAKI, A. G. MAKISearch for more papers by this authorW. B. OLSON, W. B. OLSONSearch for more papers by this authorR. L. SAMS, R. L. SAMSSearch for more papers by this author First published: September 23, 1980 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.198038047AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume11, Issue38September 23, 1980 RelatedInformation