High-resolution Imaging System Research Articles

Modern radiodiagnosis redefining diagnostic accuracy in healthcare: A narrative review

Radiodiagnosis has undergone a transformative evolution in recent years, redefining diagnostic accuracy and reshaping healthcare practices. This review explores the integration of advanced imaging modalities, cutting-edge technologies, and artificial intelligence in modern radiodiagnostic workflows. Key advancements, such as high-resolution imaging, functional studies, and AI-driven decision support systems, have enhanced diagnostic precision, improved patient outcomes, and streamlined clinical processes. Additionally, the article examines challenges, including data management, ethical considerations, and the need for specialized training. By bridging technological innovation with clinical expertise, modern radiodiagnosis continues to set new benchmarks in early detection, personalized treatment, and the overall quality of healthcare delivery.

Analysis-Associated Factors Interfering With Diffusion Tensor Indices of Peripheral Nerves

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) enables a non-invasive assessment of tissue architecture based on water diffusion. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems have enhanced the visualization of nerve compartments. This study investigates the influence of region of interest (ROI) selection on DTI indices in ex vivo peripheral nerves. Cadaveric median nerves (n=10) were harvested and immersed in fluorinated-carbon liquid, and 9-mm segments were scanned with a 9.4-T MRI system. Diffusion-weighted signals were summed, and diffusion tensors were calculated for anatomical compartments using different delineation techniques. Following the initial scan, five samples were scanned for a second time using an identical protocol. The analysis showed that the inclusion of an inert background into the ROI significantly reduces fractional anisotropy (FA). Significant differences in diffusion tensors were observed between the initial and intermediate segments, with FA and mean diffusivity (MD) differing by as much as 25.2% and 25.6%, respectively. Tracing the fascicles without the interfascicular epineurium exhibited an 8.8% lower FA compared to the delineations of the epineurium. Second MRI scans showed significant changes in dif-fusion tensors with higher eigenvalues D1-D3 and MD; along with lower FA. In conclusion, the intermediate portions of the nerve demonstrated greater consistency in DTI indices and are recommended for analysis over the initial portions. Using an inert liquid can minimize background effects, but the inherent diffusion properties of the tissue must be carefully considered. Prolonged scanning times can alter diffusion tensors, likely due to autolytic processes, underscoring the importance of consistent pre-scanning conditions and acquisition protocols. Additionally, maintaining consistency in delineations is paramount, regardless of whether the tracing method includes or excludes the interfascicular epineurium.

A Real-Time Chemical Vapor Deposition Optical Monitoring System for Ge1-XSnx Growth Optimization

GeSn has attracted tremendous attention due to its tunable bandgap in recent decades. While the material has been produced through various methods, the Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) process has become one of the most essential for fabricating GeSn material since it was first demonstrated. However, the process is generally studied as a black box through input versus output. For example, one could study the change in temperature versus growth rate where changes in film thickness due to temperature change can be plotted only after the growth is finished. Process improvements from the study of these black box studies have yielded understandings in the growth kinematics and the development of growth recipes defining specific growth windows for different films that in many cases are very well understood. The black box treatment of CVD growth studies lacks near real-time feedback for the growth of the film leading to unsuccessful growths that in some cases slow research and in others lead to reduced yields of useful samples for device fabrication.Real-time monitoring of the process both in-situ and ex-situ is essential, as these could enhance understanding of the CVD process and growth dynamics. In this research, we have been developing a sophisticated optical imaging system to monitor the wafer surface morphology with desired magnification and specific areas of a sample during growth. By coupling an optical microscope system and a high-resolution portable imaging system via ports into the CVD reactor, the growth of a sample can be monitored in real time at both the micro and macro scale. As schematically shown in Figure 1, a microscope and an LED light source are mounted to the two 2¾” flanges with an angle of incidence symmetrical along the chamber's vertical center line, and the portable camera is nearly vertically mounted at one of the reactor's optical windows below the horizontal axis. The microscope and the portable camera are designated for distinct functions, a characteristic that is determined by their respective locations and magnification capabilities. By meticulously calculating and applying geometric and optical design principles, such as the imaging area, solid angles, and reflection, we can capture real-time images of the sample surface during its growth.Specifically, using this optical monitoring setup, we could observe the surface morphological change during a GeSn growth on Ge-Vs sample on a Si (100) substrate. This observation led to the early identification of defect formation and post-growth progression of defect formation during the cooling down process. Figure 2 is an example picture taken during the growth for an as-grown GeSn sample showing surface defects indicated by grey spots and edge and surface roughening by the orangish center region noted in the image. This capability would allow for the optimization of growth parameters throughout the entire process that result in larger areas of useful material or provide feedback that allows CVD operators to promptly respond and decide on the subsequent growth early to prevent lost time due to failed growths.Future work is to be accomplished by improvements in the optical system to not only allow for better image quality by using a different camera allowing better focusing, and higher frame rates as well as adjusting light source angle and/or incident camera angle. Acknowledgments The work is supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) (Grant No.: FA9550-19-1-0341, FA9550-20-1-0168). Figure 1

A near-field SIMO millimeter-wave imaging system based on RMA

Abstract In the imaging of human security checks, high-resolution millimeter wave imaging systems are required. The millimeter wave imaging system has a large amount of data and requires a long time. So, in this design, in terms of data acquisition, the system uses the SIMO method, using one transmitting antenna and four receiving antennas to maintain imaging resolution while reducing data acquisition time by four times. In this system, MATLAB sends instructions to the rail control board through the serial port to control the movement trajectory of the radar. MATLAB implements collaborative radar acquisition through Lua scripts. The system scans 50 lines of data and finally obtains a raw data size of 400x200x256. Then, the RMA algorithm is used to calculate the imaging scene image. The imaging scheme of this system is simple to implement and has good imaging effects. It has great potential in millimeter wave high-resolution imaging direction and millimeter wave security inspection.

Integrating radiological technology in environmental health surveillance to enhance public safety

The integration of radiological technology into environmental health surveillance represents a significant advancement in enhancing public safety. Radiological technologies, including advanced imaging and monitoring systems, offer powerful tools for detecting and assessing environmental hazards that impact public health. This review explores the potential benefits, methodologies, and challenges associated with integrating radiological technology into environmental health surveillance. Recent advancements in radiological technology, such as high-resolution imaging systems and portable radiation detectors, have greatly improved the ability to monitor and analyze environmental radiation levels with precision. These technologies enable real-time detection of radiation exposure, providing critical data for assessing risks associated with radiation sources, such as industrial activities, nuclear power plants, and natural radioactive materials. By integrating these tools into environmental health surveillance frameworks, public health agencies can enhance their capacity to identify and address radiation-related hazards more effectively. The application of radiological technology in environmental health surveillance facilitates comprehensive monitoring of radiation levels across various environments, including urban, rural, and industrial areas. This data is crucial for identifying contamination hotspots, tracking changes in radiation levels over time, and evaluating the effectiveness of radiation control measures. Additionally, the integration of radiological technology supports the development of predictive models for assessing potential health impacts and guiding emergency response strategies in the event of radiation incidents. Despite its advantages, integrating radiological technology into environmental health surveillance presents several challenges. These include the high costs of advanced equipment, the need for specialized training for personnel, and the management of large volumes of data generated by monitoring systems. Addressing these challenges requires a coordinated approach involving government agencies, research institutions, and industry stakeholders to ensure effective implementation and sustainability. In conclusion, integrating radiological technology into environmental health surveillance has the potential to significantly enhance public safety by providing accurate and timely data on radiation exposure. Continued innovation and collaboration in this field will be essential for optimizing the benefits of radiological technology and addressing the challenges associated with its integration into environmental health monitoring systems. Keywords: Integrating; Radiological Technology; Environmental Health Surveillance; Enhance; Public Safety

Influence of laser absorptivity of CuCr0.8 substrate surface state on the characteristics of laser directed energy deposition inconel 718 single track

An effective method for fabricating copper-nickel bimetallic liquid rocket engine thrust chambers involves utilizing laser directed energy deposition (LDED) technology. However, the state of the substrate surface significantly impacts the LDED process. This study investigates the effects of various substrate treatments on LDED single tracks, using CuCr0.8 high-copper alloy as the substrate and Inconel 718 as the deposition material. The treatments include polishing, sandblasting, laser etching, and cold spraying. Substrate surface roughness, laser absorptivity, molten pool morphology, and microstructure were characterized, and the mechanisms of laser absorptivity change and the different LDED processes were analyzed. The results indicate that the laser-etched surface exhibits the worst surface roughness (Ra 15.20 ± 0.60 μm), the highest laser absorptivity(80.70% at 1080 nm wavelength), the largest deposition width (947.33 ± 29.85 μm), and the maximum number of fine grains among the four substrates. Additionally, the cold-sprayed surface shows the largest deposition depth (237.33 ± 39.04 μm), the minimum number of fine grains and a higher laser absorptivity (66.20% at 1080 nm wavelength). In situ observations of molten pool formation and flow during LDED was conducted using an in situ high-speed high-resolution imaging system. The mechanisms underlying the alteration in laser absorptivity primarily involve the "trapped light" effect and modifications to the surface material. This research is significant as it provides foundational insights for laser processing of highly reflective materials, offering important theoretical and practical implications for engineering applications.

Picosecond photoacoustic generation of ultrasounds with composites of graphene-decorated gold nanoparticles

Photoacoustic or light-to-pressure transducer materials exhibit tremendous potential across various disciplines and applications, embracing theragnostic ultrasounds and permeabilization of biological barriers for drug delivery or for gene transfection. Here, we report the photoacoustic response in the picosecond excitation regime of graphene and gold nanoparticles decorated graphene dispersed in a polydimethylsiloxane polymer matrix. A novel decoration method was developed to nucleate Au nanoparticles of 25 nm on the graphene surface without reducing agent. We observed that the picosecond excitation enforced by the stress confinement generates high-frequency waves, with bandwidths of −6 dB and −20 dB of around 70 MHz and 130 MHz respectively, and peak pressure > 5 MPa. Further, the presence of gold surface decoration leads to a better dispersibility of the flake into the polymer matrix and to an increasing bandwidth at −6 dB up to 85 MHz. The decrease in source thickness leads to an increase in ultrasound frequency, which retains its value even when the laser fluence is increased up to 150 mJ cm –2. This enables the generation of high pressures while keeping the same bandwidth. We experimentally show that the photoacoustic waveform can be tailored by changing the temporal duration of the laser light, the geometry of the acoustic source, and the nature of the graphene absorber. Flexible decoration and fabrication methods of thin films, along with the generation of high-frequency and high-pressure ultrasound waves, offer new perspectives for the use of physical methods to permeabilize biological barriers and develop high-resolution photoacoustic imaging systems.

Design and on-orbit performance evaluation of Ethiopian earth observation satellite multispectral optical imaging payload

The Ethiopian Earth observation micro-satellite was successfully launched into a sun-synchronous orbit equipped with an optical multispectral imaging payload system. This optical multispectral imaging payload camera weighs 1.4 kg with four spectral bands: RGB and NIR, each having a unique spectral range. Furthermore, it has a field of view of 7.4°×0.3°, a relative F-number of 9.8°, and a spectral range of 0.45∼0.9μm. The present article covers the design and on-orbit performance analysis of the ETRSS-1 electro-optical imaging payload system, which is based on the COTS compact and unobscured off-axis three-mirror anastigmatic system for high-resolution imaging. Additionally, selecting an appropriate imaging sensor, optomechanical architecture, and performance characteristics for optical instruments is investigated to evaluate spatial, spectral, and radiometric requirements and the payload’s on-orbit performance and capability.

ISK: Index steering kernel for multi-SWIR-image super-resolution

Multi-image super-resolution (SR) techniques reconstruct high-resolution (HR) images from multiple low-resolution (LR) counterparts, yet existing methods often fall short in reproducing high-frequency details when compared to true HR images, especially short-wave infrared (SWIR) images. This discrepancy, coupled with the technological and cost limitations of enhancing high-resolution imaging system performance through lens aperture size and sensor density, impedes the advancement of imaging systems and digital image technology. Addressing this, we propose the Index Steering Kernel (ISK) method, an innovation grounded in Gaussian process multi-image super-resolution, equivariant kernel theory, and steering kernel methods. Validated through comparative resolution chart tests using a SWIR camera (InGaAs detector), our method achieves a TV Line resolution of 60lp/mm in 4-image 2 × SR experiments, closely approaching the 65lp/mm of genuine high-resolution SWIR images and surpassing alternative approaches. In 9-image 3 × SR experiments, ISK consistently outperforms comparative methods. As a non-data-driven approach, ISK incorporates data compression designs, enabling 3 × SR of nine 640 × 512 SWIR images on a single NVIDIA GTX GeForce 1080Ti graphics card without image splitting, proving its computational efficiency while maintaining superior SR quality.

Spatial-spectral encoding and dictionary optimization in compressive single-pixel hyperspectral imaging based on mutual coherence minimization.

A single-pixel detector based hyperspectral system provides an effective way to obtain the spatial-spectral information of target scenes. However, complex spectral dispersion and the substantial number of measurements not only increase the complexity of the system but also decrease the sampling efficiency and the reconstruction accuracy. In this paper, we propose a compressive sensing (CS) theory based single-pixel hyperspectral imaging system. Based on structured illumination, the spatial information is modulated by binary spatial patterns displayed on a liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS), while polarizing elements at specific angles, acting as a serious of filters, modulate the spectral dimension, effectively avoiding spectral dispersion. In terms of sampling efficiency, the application of CS significantly decreases the number of measurements required compared to the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem. Besides, to improve the reconstruction accuracy, mutual coherence minimization is employed to optimize the pre-trained dictionary, spatial patterns and filters. Furthermore, a two-step encoding method based on macro-pixel segmentation is proposed to address the issue of low resolution constrained by the size of the dictionary. Compared to the unoptimized system and dictionary, the proposed method achieves more accurate reconstruction results in both spectral and spatial dimensions. This work may provide opportunities for high-resolution single-pixel hyperspectral imaging systems based on CS.

Stretchable Ultrasound Metalens for Biomedical Zoom Imaging and Bone Quality Assessment with Subwavelength Resolution.

Ultrasound imaging is extensively used in biomedical science and clinical practice. Imaging resolution and tunability of imaging plane are key performance indicators, but both remain challenging to be improved due to the longer wavelength compared with light and the lack of zoom lens for ultrasound. Here, the ultrasound zoom imaging based on a stretchable planar metalens that simultaneously achieves the subwavelength imaging resolution and dynamic control of the imaging plane is reported. The proposed zoom imaging ultrasonography enables precise bone fracture diagnosis and comprehensive osteoporosis assessment. Millimeter-scale microarchitectures of the cortical bones at different depths can be selectively imaged with a 0.6-wavelength resolution. The morphological features of bone fractures, including the shape, size and position, are accurately detected. Based on the extracted ultrasound information of cancellous bones with healthy matrix, osteopenia and osteoporosis, a multi-index osteoporosis evaluation method is developed. Furthermore, it provides additional biological information in aspects of bone elasticity and attenuation to access the comprehensive osteoporosis assessment. The soft metalens also features flexibility and biocompatibility for preferable applications on wearable devices. This work provides a strategy for the development of high-resolution ultrasound biomedical zoom imaging and comprehensive bone quality diagnosis system.

Uncertainty quantification for velocity measurement with 2D2C particle image velocimetry

Abstract In this paper, a theoretical model of dimensionless instantaneous and average velocity measurement uncertainty quantification with 2D2C particle image velocimetry (PIV) is established under the framework of generally adopted international uncertainty quantification standards. The effectiveness of the model is verified using uniform flow field testing data. Combined with semi-quantitative analysis of the theoretical model, uncertainty control suggestions for PIV measurements are given. The major sources affecting the uncertainty of instantaneous velocity measurements are the reference velocity, particle instantaneous pixel displacement, and their correlation term. For average velocity measurement uncertainty quantification, the uncertainty of particle average pixel displacement is effectively controlled by taking a large number of particle images. Thus, three single-component terms — the calibration factor, particle average pixel displacement and reference velocity — and two correlation terms — the particle average pixel displacement–calibration factor and the particle average pixel displacement–reference velocity — all make an important contribution to the average velocity measurement uncertainty. To reduce the uncertainty of PIV velocity measurement, one can reduce the reference velocity measurement uncertainty, optimize the PIV algorithm and improve the calibration factor by applying a high spatial resolution imaging system in experiments. In addition, reducing the reference velocity measurement uncertainty and improving the spatial resolution are key feasible methods.

A High-Resolution Magnetic Field Imaging System Based on the Unpackaged Hall Element Array

We have designed a high-resolution magnetic field imaging system using 256 unpackaged Hall elements. These unpackaged Hall elements are arranged in a Hall linear array, and the distance between adjacent elements reaches 255 µm. The sensitivity of the unpackaged Hall element array can be adjusted using a computer to measure magnetic environments with different magnetic field strengths. High-resolution magnetic field images of 256 × 256 pixels can be generated by moving the array using the X–Y axis motorized rail. This spatial resolution can reach 99.61 pixels per inch (ppi). This rail allows for the spatial resolution of the system to be further increased to 199.22 ppi by using a special movement route. In the experiments, we employ this system to image magnetized metal scissors, and the result displays the structural features of the scissor surface. We also detected the magnetic suction wireless charging coil inside an Apple phone. The image obtained shows the shape of the coil and the gap between the magnets. The high-resolution magnetic imaging system displays the magnetic characteristics of the sample very well and easily obtains information about small-shaped structures and defects on the sample surface. This provides the system with potential in several fields such as quality inspection, security, biomedicine, and detection imaging.

Tb3+ doped silicoborate glass scintillator for high resolution synchrotron X-rays imaging application

This research aims to develop a combination of SiO2 and B2O3 glass former (called, silicoborate glass) to be used as a scintillation material for digital radiography application. The silicoborate glass doped with different concentration of Tb2O3, xTb2O3–7.5Gd2O3–40Na2O–5SiO2– (47.5-x)B2O3, where x = 0, 1, 2, and 3 mol% (xTb:7.5Gd) were prepared by melting and then rapid quenching in graphite mold. The density of the prepared glasses was high with Tb2O3 concentration, indicating that the glass became denser and could strongly interact with X-rays. The molar volume increased with Tb2O3 concentration, suggesting the increase of Non-Bridging Oxygen (NBOs) in glass matrix. The xTb:7.5Gd glasses absorbed photons in visible and near-infrared regions and was observed that the absorption bands increased with Tb2O3 concentration, which was the result of the 4f6-4f6 transitions behavior of Tb3+ ions. The photoluminescence and radioluminescence results revealed the distinct emission occurring at 544 nm (5D4→7F5). The photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of glass had the maximum efficiency at 30.85%. The luminescence peak area under X-rays excitation glass was maximum at 109% of BGO crystal. CIE 1931 chromaticity of the xTb:7.5Gd glasses showed the color coordinates in yellowish-green area. The decay time of the xTb:7.5Gd glasses were in the millisecond range for different excitations. The probability of energy transfer was investigated between Gd3+ and Tb3+ ions in glass and may occur mainly between the 6P7/2 level of Gd3+ and 5H7 level of Tb3+. The X-rays imaging using the developed glass as a scintillator was performed by Synchrotron X-rays and the spatial resolution 6 lp/mm was achieved. These results demonstrate that the 3 mol% of Tb2O3 doped silicoborate glass can be used as a scintillator and can be applied for a high-resolution Synchrotron X-rays imaging system.

FlyVISTA, an Integrated Machine Learning Platform for Deep Phenotyping of Sleep in Drosophila.

Animal behavior depends on internal state. While subtle movements can signify significant changes in internal state, computational methods for analyzing these "microbehaviors" are lacking. Here, we present FlyVISTA, a machine-learning platform to characterize microbehaviors in freely-moving flies, which we use to perform deep phenotyping of sleep. This platform comprises a high-resolution closed-loop video imaging system, coupled with a deep-learning network to annotate 35 body parts, and a computational pipeline to extract behaviors from high-dimensional data. FlyVISTA reveals the distinct spatiotemporal dynamics of sleep-associated microbehaviors in flies. We further show that stimulation of dorsal fan-shaped body neurons induces micromovements, not sleep, whereas activating R5 ring neurons triggers rhythmic proboscis extension followed by persistent sleep. Importantly, we identify a novel microbehavior ("haltere switch") exclusively seen during quiescence that indicates a deeper sleep stage. These findings enable the rigorous analysis of sleep in Drosophila and set the stage for computational analyses of microbehaviors.

A graphene flexible pressure sensor based on a fabric-like groove structure for high-resolution tactile imaging

Flexible pressure sensors hold significant promise for applications in fields such as prosthetics, electronic skin, robotics, and healthcare. Nevertheless, the challenge lies in preserving the linear sensitivity range of these sensors across a broad pressure range. In this study, we introduce a structure featuring Graphene Nano-walls (GNWs) arranged in a fabric-like groove pattern for flexible piezoresistive sensors. This design effectively accommodates material deformations, enabling the sensor to maintain exceptional sensitivity across a wide pressure range. The GNWs groove piezoresistive sensor exhibits ultra-high sensitivity (S = 2297.47 kPa−1) and outstanding linearity (R2 = 0.986) over an extensive pressure range (0.2 Pa − 425 kPa), while maintaining remarkable mechanical stability over 10,000 cycles. It boasts rapid response times of 9 ms and a recovery time of 7 ms. Owing to the fast response and high sensitivity of this sensor, we constructed a high-resolution tactile imaging system, with a surface height resolution of 20 μm and a elastic film thickness resolution of 0.1 mm. Noteworthy, we reconstructed the 3D texture of a leaf and reconstructed the shape of letters under soft elastomer. These applications underscore the potential of GNWs groove pressure sensors in various fields, including artificial intelligence, robotics, prosthetics, and so on.

Lens-free reflective topography for high-resolution wafer inspection

The demand for high-resolution and large-area imaging systems for non-destructive wafer inspection has grown owing to the increasing complexity and extremely fine nature of semiconductor processes. Several studies have focused on developing high-resolution imaging systems; however, they were limited by the tradeoff between image resolution and field of view. Hence, computational imaging has arisen as an alternative method to conventional optical imaging, aimed at enhancing the aforementioned parameters. This study proposes a method for improving the resolution and field of view of an image in a lens-less reflection-type system. Our method was verified by computationally restoring the final image from diffraction images measured at various illumination positions using a visible light source. We introduced speckle illumination to expand the numerical aperture of the entire system, simultaneously improving image resolution and field of view. The image reconstruction process was accelerated by employing a convolutional neural network. Using the reconstructed phase images, we implemented high-resolution topography and demonstrated its applicability in wafer surface inspection. Furthermore, we demonstrated an ideal diffraction-limited spatial resolution of 1.7 μm over a field of view of 1.8 × 1.8 mm2 for the topographic imaging of targets with various surface roughness. The proposed approach is suitable for applications that simultaneously require high throughput and resolution, such as wafer-wide integrated metrology, owing to its compact design, cost-effectiveness, and mechanical robustness.

UV imaging for the rapid at-line content determination of different colourless APIs in their tablets with artificial neural networks

This paper presents a novel high-resolution and rapid (50 ms) UV imaging system, which was used for at-line, non-destructive API content determination of tablets. For the experiments, amlodipine and valsartan were selected as two colourless APIs with different UV induced fluorescent properties according to the measured solid fluorescent spectra. Images were captured with a LED-based UV illumination (385–395 nm) of tablets containing amlodipine or valsartan and common tableting excipients. Blue or green colour components from the RGB colour space were extracted from the images and used as an input dataset to execute API content prediction with artificial neural networks. The traditional destructive, solution-based transmission UV measurement was applied as reference method. After the optimization of the number of hidden layer neurons it was found that the relative error of the content prediction was 4.41 % and 3.98 % in the case of amlodipine and valsartan containing tablets respectively. The results open the possibility to use the proposed UV imaging-based system as a rapid, in-line tool for 100 % API content screening in order to greatly improve pharmaceutical quality control and process understanding.

New Vacuum Solar Telescope Achieves Narrowband Infrared Solar Imaging Observation at He i 10830 Å

The near-infrared imaging channel constitutes a crucial component of the multichannel high-resolution imaging system of the New Vacuum Solar Telescope (NVST). We have successfully achieved high-resolution, narrowband imaging of the chromosphere using He i 10830 Å triplet within this channel, which significantly enhances the imaging observation capabilities of NVST. This paper provides a concise overview of the optical system associated with the near-infrared imaging channel, detailing data processing procedures and presenting several observed images. Leveraging a high-resolution image reconstruction algorithm, we were able to generate a narrowband image near the diffraction limit at 10830 Å with a temporal resolution of less than 10 s.

Development of printed X-ray grating and its application to an imaging system

The short wavelength of X-rays makes them attractive for high-resolution imaging systems in fields ranging from medicine to industry. The thin-film grating required for X-ray imaging can be created using printing, which is a cost-effective method for large-area imaging. Since the grating resolution (line/space, or L/S) influences the imaging resolution, it is crucial to enhance the L/S through printing methods. In this study, thin-film gratings were fabricated from silver nanoparticles using letterpress inversion printing, achieving a maximum L/S grating resolution of 1 μm/1 μm (the highest resolution achieved through printing). Subsequently, the cross-section of a pine needle was successfully imaged.