High-resolution Diffraction Spectra Research Articles

Synchrotron-based crystal structure, associated morphology of snail and bivalve shells by X-ray diffraction

Synchrotron-based high-resolution X-ray powder diffraction spectra from the body parts of a snail and bivalve (CaCO3), have been recorded with Pilatus area detector. Experiments were performed at Desy, Hamburg, Germany, utilizing the Resonant and Diffraction beamline (P9), with 15keV X-rays (λ=0.82666Å). The external shell of these living organisms, is composed of calcium carbonate, which carries strong biological signal. It consists of some light elements, such as, Ca, C and O, which constitute part of the soft tissue and other trace elements. The knowledge of these diffraction patterns and hence the understanding of structures at molecular level are enormous. The application of synchrotron radiation to powder diffraction is well suited for samples of biological nature via changes in their patterns and also to investigate crystallographic phase composition. With the use of Rietveld refinement procedure, to the high-resolution diffraction spectra, we were able to extract the lattice parameters of orthorhombic polymorph of CaCO3, the most abundant mineral produced by these living organisms. The small size of the crystallite is a very important factor related to the biological structure. The natural model presents a combination of organic and inorganic phases with nanometer size. For the present study, we also used the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to explore the associated morphology of the snail and bivalve.

Fine structure effects and phase transition of Xe nanocrystals in Si

We report on an X-ray diffraction study performed on Xe agglomerates obtained by ion implantation in a Si matrix. At low temperature, Xe nano-crystals were formed in Si with different average sizes according to the preparation procedure. High resolution diffraction spectra were detected as a function of the temperature, in the range 15–300 K, showing evidence of fine structure effects in the growth mode of the Xe nanocrystals. We report the first experimental observation of fcc crystalline agglomerates with a lattice parameter expanded by the epitaxial condensation on the Si cavities, whereas for small agglomerates randomly oriented evidence of a contracted lattice was found. For these nanocrystals, a solid-to-liquid transition temperature, size dependent, was detected; above the transition temperature, a fluid phase was observed. Neither overpressurized clusters were detected at any temperature, nor preferential binary size distribution as reported for a metal matrix.

On the structure of aragonite

High-resolution synchrotron powder diffraction measurements were carried out at the 32-ID beamline of the Advanced Photon Source of Argonne National Laboratory in order to clarify the structure of geological aragonite, a widely abundant polymorph of CaCO(3). The investigated crystals were practically free of impurity atoms, as measured by wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in scanning electron microscopy. A superior quality of diffraction data was achieved by using the 11-channel 111 Si multi-analyzer of the diffracted beam. Applying the Rietveld refinement procedure to the high-resolution diffraction spectra, we were able to extract the aragonite lattice parameters with an accuracy of about 20 p.p.m. The data obtained unambiguously confirm that pure aragonite crystals have orthorhombic symmetry.

Anisotropic lattice distortions in biogenic aragonite

Composite biogenic materials produced by organisms have a complicated design on a nanometre scale. An outstanding example of organic-inorganic composites is provided by mollusc seashells, whose superior mechanical properties are due to their multi-level crystalline hierarchy and the presence of a small amount (0.1-5 wt%) of organic molecules. The presence of organic molecules, among other characteristics, can influence the coherence length for X-ray scattering in biogenic crystals. Here we show the results of synchrotron high-resolution X-ray powder diffraction measurements in biogenic and non-biogenic (geological) aragonite crystals. On applying the Rietveld refinement procedure to the high-resolution diffraction spectra, we were able to extract the aragonite lattice parameters with an accuracy of 10 p.p.m. As a result, we found anisotropic lattice distortions in biogenic aragonite relative to the geological sample, maximum distortion being 0.1% along the c axis of the orthorhombic unit cell. The organic molecules could be a source of these structural distortions in biogenic crystals. This finding may be important to the general understanding of the biomineralization process and the development of bio-inspired 'smart' materials.

High-resolution X-ray diffraction from imperfect heterostructures

A new simulation procedure allowing to calculate diffraction spectra from heterostructures is developed using direct summation of waves scattered by atomic planes. Analytical expressions were obtained in the important case of imperfect heterostructures with local fluctuations of the lattice parameters due to inhomogeneous distribution of point and extended defects. This approach is applied in order to fit high-resolution diffraction spectra taken from SiGe/Si heterostructures grown under different conditions.

The lineshapes in pulsed neutron powder diffraction

A study has been made of the lineshapes in the high resolution diffraction spectra measured using the backscattering spectrometer on the Harwell linac. A given lineshape can be fitted to present requirements by a description involving three adjustable parameters. An appropriate combination of variables which minimizes the wavelength dependence of the parameters is given. Fits of these variables to individual peaks in the spectrum are presented, and suggestions made for parameterizing the residual dependence on wavelength by a description involving 7 constants.