High Residential Mobility Research Articles

Not Too Far to Help: Residential Mobility, Global Identity, and Donations to Distant Beneficiaries

Abstract Extant research shows that consumers are more likely to donate to close than distant others, making donations to geographically distant beneficiaries a challenge. This article introduces residential mobility as a novel variable that can lead to increased donations toward distant beneficiaries. This article proposes that residential mobility (vs. stability) leads consumers to have a stronger global identity, whereby they see themselves as world citizens. This global identity results in higher donations to distant beneficiaries. A multi-method approach provides evidence for this prediction. An analysis of a national panel dataset demonstrates that high residential mobility is correlated with donations to distant beneficiaries. Lab experiments, including one with real monetary donations, replicate these effects using both actual moving experience and a residential mobility mindset.

Hunter-gatherer immediate-return systems: A case study from the mid-Holocene Elk Head site, Big Horn Basin, Wyoming

The classification of hunter-gatherer societies as immediate-return or delayed-return offers a framework to explore variation in their adaptive strategies. Immediate-return societies would have evidence of limited food storage, sharing of resources, and high residential mobility. Archaeological attributes of an immediate-return society include the absence of formal storage facilities, artifact refits among dwellings indicating the sharing of resources, circular dwellings of small diameter, closely spaced dwellings, low density of artifacts without middens, low diversity of tools, generalized tools, and bifacial tools. The Elk Head site in the Big Horn Basin of Wyoming provides an excellent opportunity to test the hypothesis that the site represents an immediate-return system. The results indicate that households at the site followed a variation of an immediate return adaptive strategy. The site inhabitants constructed basin dwellings in anticipation of later reuse and probably baked geophytes, mostly for immediate consumption as an adaptation to the dry mid-Holocene climate.

Neighborhood Predictors of Outpatient Mental Health Visits Among Persons With Comorbid Medical and Serious Mental Illnesses.

Individuals with serious mental illnesses are at risk of receiving inadequate outpatient mental health services, increasing the likelihood of medication nonadherence, readmission, and self-harm. The purpose of this study was to identify individual- and neighborhood-level factors associated with outpatient mental health visits. This study included 418 participants from two randomized trials of patients with comorbid medical conditions and serious mental illnesses across two study sites between 2011 and 2017. On the basis of individual addresses, data were collected about participants' distance to the nearest mental health facility and 13 neighborhood characteristics from the American Community Survey. Three neighborhood-level factors were derived from factor analysis. Poisson regression was used to assess associations between individual- and neighborhood-level characteristics and the number of visits to mental health providers. Known individual-level risk factors for outpatient follow-up were mutually adjusted in a model with neighborhood covariates added. Male gender, older age, unemployment, and lower education level were associated with less outpatient mental health service utilization. Neighborhood-level residential mobility, defined as the combination of percentage of residents living in a different house in the past year and percentage of non-owner-occupied housing, was significantly associated with fewer mental health service visits even after controlling for other neighborhood- and individual-level factors. Among individuals with comorbid medical conditions and serious mental illnesses, living in neighborhoods with higher residential mobility was associated with fewer visits to outpatient mental health providers. This finding suggests the importance of recognizing social conditions that may shape clinical interactions.

Tangible Patterns and Levels of Belonging in the Neighborhood’s Public Spaces

Santiago de Chile is a metropolitan city with high residential mobility. This mobility is related to a generalized sociopolitical and cultural centralism developed in the country, which generates an inequality between life in the capital city and other states. In the country, one of the significant challenges cities have encountered is their constant growth. This growth generates a series of country-wide issues, such as the increase of insecurity, the need for greater citizen participation, and the incentive to support the preservation of communities’ traditions.In the last decades, citizens of Santiago de Chile have experienced a lack of belonging to their residential neighborhoods. This lack of belonging is shown by the absence of a sense of attachment to the land and the respective community. Without housing continuity, neighborhood relations, and social ties among residents face development difficulties. In this context, it is challenging to consolidate communities in neighborhoods, which is a fundamental aspect of the sustainable development of a city. Public space represents a common element for different human groups. These spaces can contribute to the satisfaction of needs, such as a sense of belonging and community consolidation. Commonly, public spaces are highly valued due to their recreational and leisure opportunities. The relationship between urban space and sociocultural aspects of its inhabitants determines the degree of belonging to the neighborhood.The research focuses on residents’ sense of belonging in the Santiago Poniente neighborhood. The main objective is to identify and define the elements within the public space that embody a sense of belonging. Methodological surveys were used, as well as observations through drawings and the Neighborhood’s Plan Method. It has been able to determine specific tangible patterns in the place with which residents identify themselves and value as fundamental for their life in the neighborhood.

The association between residential mobility and adolescents' health: The mediating role of neighborhood social cohesion.

This study examined the relationship between residential mobility, neighborhood social cohesion, and health status in US adolescents. Using data from the 2017 National Child Health Survey, our study showed that high residential mobility is negatively related to adolescents' health. Furthermore, we found that the association between residential mobility and adolescents' health status was mediated by neighborhood social cohesion. These findings suggest that neighborhood social cohesion can be an important mechanism through which residential mobility affects adolescents' health status.

Microlithic lithic technology of Neandertal shellfishers from El Cuco rockshelter (Cantabrian Region, northern Spain)

El Cuco level X has yielded the most striking evidence of shellfish consumption by Neandertals on the Atlantic seaboard. Dated to the end of the regional Middle Paleolithic, this level has also yielded a small lithic assemblage abandoned by Neandertals in a small number of occupations at the site. This assemblage is characterized by its microlithic nature. The microlithic blanks and tools were obtained from Levallois, Discoid and blade productions using a combination of local, distant and very distant flints. How the technology was managed at El Cuco indicates that it served to supply tools to a Neandertal group with high residential mobility that exploited a broad spectrum of resources, including shellfish. We interpret this as further evidence of Neandertal population decrease in the region after 50,000 BP, probably driven by a shortage of resources, that ultimately led to the untangling of social networks and to their temporary disappearance from the Cantabrian Region.

Bioavailable Strontium in the Southern Andes (Argentina and Chile): A Tool for Tracking Human and Animal Movement

ABSTRACT Strontium isotopes allow tracking the scale and pattern of movements of people and animals. With the ultimate goal of reconstructing human mobility in the southern Andes (Argentina and Chile), we present isotopic values for rodent samples selected from the main geological units, thus contributing to building a macro-regional framework of bioavailable strontium. The results show an important variation between geological units with little isotopic overlap between the young western Principal Cordillera (0.70393 ± 0.0005), Eastern Principal Cordillera (0.70563 ± 0.0001), Frontal Cordillera (0.70670 ± 0.00087), and the old Precordillera (0.70946 ± 0.00073) east of the Andes. This substantiates the potential of this approach for archaeological and paleoecological analyses in the southern Andes. We also present the first set of isotopic results for wild and domesticated camelids from the southern Andes, suggesting that home ranges were similar. We reconsider published results for human samples from the last 2000 years in Mendoza Province (Argentina), a period characterised by intense socio-economic change. The observed pattern suggests little systematic human mobility between geological regions across the Andes. While this may not necessarily indicate low mobility, it clearly goes against scenarios of high residential mobility, as suggested on the basis of other isotope systems.

Measuring neighbourhood social and economic change for urban health studies

Neighbourhood change is a complex phenomenon. To study its consequences for health outcomes, we developed a measure of neighbourhood social and economic change for all census tracts ( n = 2272) in the entire city of Madrid (Spain) in two epochs (2005–2009 and 2009–2013). We used a finite mixture modelling approach with 16 indicators from several administrative sources. We found four types of neighbourhoods: Decreasing Socioeconomic Status (SES) areas with increased diversity and decreased socioeconomic status; New Housing/Gentrification areas with high residential mobility, new housing construction and with markers of gentrification in the crisis epoch; Increasing SES areas with increased socioeconomic status and decreased diversity; and Aging areas with an aging population, low residential mobility and no new construction. We describe the baseline predictors of these types of change, finding that there is a potential widening of socioeconomic gaps, as Increasing SES areas start with higher SES, and Decreasing SES areas start with lower SES. We found a change in the spatial distribution of these types between the first and second epochs, as New Housing/Gentrification areas became more common in the centre of the city. We discuss two potential applications of this type of model to the study of the consequences of residential environment changes for health determinants and health outcomes, with a particular emphasis on retail food environments and diabetes incidence.

Residential mobility impacts relative risk estimates of space-time clusters of chlamydia in Kalamazoo County, Michigan.

We determine the impact of residential mobility in the prevalence and transmission dynamics of sexually transmitted infections. We illustrate our approach on reported chlamydia infections obtained from the Michigan Disease Surveillance System for Kalamazoo County, USA, from 2006 to 2014. We develop two scenarios, one with fixed residential addresses and one considering residential mobility. We then compare the resulting space-time clusters and relative risk (RR) of infection. The space-time scan statistics showed increased RR in an area with previously low risk of sexually transmitted infections. In addition, even though the spatial extent of the three clusters identified did not change significantly at the scale we conducted our analysis at, the temporal extent (duration) did exhibit significant changes and could be considered for unique interventions. The results indicate that residential mobility has some dependency on the prevalence and transmission dynamics of sexually transmitted infections to new areas. We suggest that strategies adopted to reduce the burden of sexually transmitted infections take into consideration the relatively high residential mobility of at-risk populations to reduce spreading the infections to new areas.

Valuing Cultural Diversity of Cities

This paper revisits whether cultural diversity is a source of local production and/or consumption amenities. We adapt the analytical framework of Roback (1982, 1988) and Chen & Rosenthal (2008) to estimate the impact of cultural diversity on city wage and rent premiums from hedonic regressions. We focus on New Zealand which – with high residential mobility and ease of setting up business – is particularly suited to this framework. Additionally, our estimates are based on a very large data set: complete unit record census data on individuals and dwellings in 110 urban areas spanning 32 years. Controlling for observed and unobserved city characteristics, and for the potential endogeneity of diversity, we find that cultural diversity serves as a local positive production amenity and a weakly negative consumption amenity. The results are mostly robust to measuring cultural diversity by birthplace, ethnicity or religion; and to using a range of measures of diversity. We conclude that the presence of people from different cultural backgrounds enhances the profitability of urban firms. In contrast, a city’s population has a weak preference for living near others who are culturally similar to them. The effects are stronger in larger cities.

Was the Central Pampean Dunefields of Argentina Occupied during the Late Pleistocene? A Reappraisal of the Evidence

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we integrate different lines of archaeological evidence to generate a model of early human peopling for the Central Pampean Dunefields (an aeolian system of central Argentina), based on several sites found in the area. The first traces of human occupations date back to ∼10,000 calendar years ago, and they correspond to burials. During the middle Holocene, the archaeological signal increases and subsistence included a wide variety of faunal resources. The archaeological evidence is representative of hunter-gatherer adaptations to semi-arid landscapes, which involved high residential mobility, broad-spectrum foraging, and an elevated degree of technological flexibility. We also discuss the lack of occupations in the Central Pampean Dunefields during the late Pleistocene, when neighboring areas were already inhabited.

Arqueología de los ríos Pilcomayo, Bermejo y Paraguay

Los ríos Paraguay, Pilcomayo y Bermejo son los principales protagonistas del aporte hídrico y sedimentario de la cuenca del Plata y constituyen enclaves estratégicos para comprender el poblamiento y dinámica poblacional de las tierras bajas sudamericanas. Este artículo tiene por objetivo aportar al conocimiento del pasado histórico de estos importantes cursos de agua, desde el momento en que se registran las primeras evidencias de ocupación humana, basadas en el análisis de manifestaciones culturales y biológicas, y de otros rasgos particulares resultantes de la construcción del paisaje en este sector de la cuenca del Plata. Para dar cuenta de la variabilidad arqueológica regional se propone un ordenamiento que articula criterios ecológicos, culturales e históricos. Por ello distinguimos sectores que denominamos Pilcomayo y Bermejo andino pedemontano; Pilcomayo y Bermejo chaqueño y sector Río Paraguay al que hemos diferenciado en superior (nacientes), medio, inferior y confluencia. En estos últimos tramos intervienen los grandes abanicos del Pilcomayo y Bermejo y el área de la confluencia Paraná ? Paraguay, que están culturalmente relacionados. La fuente de información arqueológica utilizada proviene de las investigaciones realizadas por nuestro equipo en la región chaqueña y de la información disponible en la bibliografía, la cual, en un esfuerzo de síntesis, integramos desde la óptica chaqueña y a la luz de las últimas investigaciones regionales. A lo largo de estos tres grandes ríos se destaca la interacción de diversos grupos humanos que capitalizaron el recurso de manera particular. No sólo como elemento vital, sino también por su importancia como proveedor de alimentos, factor de movilidad y comunicación. A lo largo de la sectorización espacial y temporal propuesta daremos cuenta del aprovechamiento de geoformas naturales como los albardones, la producción intencional de elevaciones monticulares y otras obras utilizadas tanto para la protección de desbordes como para almacenar y ¨cosechar¨ agua. Asimismo, las distintas estrategias de movilidad, migración, expansión e intercambio se han articulado de manera compleja dentro del repertorio de resoluciones de estos pueblos a lo largo de su historia. Esto ha cristalizado en el registro arqueológico de organizaciones diferenciales ya sea a través de sociedades pescadoras con movilidad reducida y amplias redes de interacción; otras con énfasis en la caza, pesca y recolección con alta movilidad residencial, o sociedades agropastoriles con marcado grado de sedentarismo que incluyeron el cultivo, en mayor o menor escala, entre sus actividades económicas.

Convergent catastrophes and the termination of the Arctic Norwegian Stone Age: A multi-proxy assessment of the demographic and adaptive responses of mid-Holocene collectors to biophysical forcing

Using multiple archeological and paleoenvironmental proxies, this paper makes the case for a climate-induced convergent catastrophe among the human population of terminal Stone Age Arctic Norway. We show that climatic changes correlate with the termination of the so-called Gressbakken phase (4200–3500 cal BP), and unpack the middle-range mechanisms linking the Gressbakken termination to contemporaneous changes in the biophysical environment. We show that what was a Holocene extreme, and likely volcanically-induced, climate deterioration around 3550 cal BP coincided with a population decline as reflected in the frequency of radiocarbon-dated archeological sites along with major changes in material culture and settlement pattern. Together, these proxies suggest a return to forms of social and economic organization based on lower population densities, higher residential mobility, and reduced locational investments. In establishing the middle-range ecological mechanics mediating these changes into archeologically observable patterns, the results indicate that the Gressbakken termination was the result of a particularly unstable climate period characterized by regional paludification, increased effective precipitation, forest decline, and likely impacts on reindeer populations and their migratory behavior, with drastic human implications. We argue for a convergent catastrophe-scenario in which a series of hardships between 4000 and 3500 cal BP exceeded the adaptive mitigation capabilities of the contemporaneous Arctic Norwegian population. Our study supports the notion that increased sedentism and locational investment actually increases vulnerability in the face of rapid biophysical change and contributes to the growing database of past human ecodynamics that speak to current socio-ecological concerns.

The young and the restless: housing access in the critical years

How do governmental housing policies affect the ability of young people to exit the parental home? This paper makes three claims. First and most important, governments that create accessible and liquid mortgage markets make it easier for young people to launch from the parental home. Second, even in those countries with more liquid housing markets, younger generations today still have an increasingly difficult time realising their preferences compared to prior generations. Third, increasing income and wealth inequality interacts with housing markets to create this uneven playing field both within and across generations. This paper examines these relationships in 20 high-income OECD countries. Fewer adult children live in the parental home in countries with deep mortgage markets, high levels of social rented housing, tax relief for ownership, low buyers' transaction costs and high residential mobility. These countries cut across the traditional housing regime typologies, highlighting the need for additional housing-specific theory building.

The Geography of Occupational Concentration Among Low-Skilled Immigrants

Employment concentration among low-skilled immigrants is a well-documented phenomenon in the U.S. labor market though its temporal and spatial patterns are less well examined. With Census microdata, the authors trace detailed occupational niches from 1990 to 2010 for all immigrants, as well as Asian and Latino immigrants separately, to understand how these niches have evolved over the past two decades. Using the Herfindahl−Hirschman Index measure, the authors further capture the geographic variation in relative occupational concentration across metropolitan statistical areas and test what metropolitan-level contexts and policies help explain such differences. The authors find that metropolitan areas with larger total and immigrant populations, greater human capital, higher residential mobility, and more diverse economies have expanded low-skilled immigrants’ occupational choices. Conversely, policies such as higher minimum wages and greater union membership may, in fact, increase occupational concentration, at least for some groups.

Fuel management in high mobility groups in Patagonia (Argentina) during the Holocene: Anthracological evidences of the sites Cerro Casa de Piedra 5 and Cerro Casa de Piedra 7

Use of fire has been recognized for a long time as a key innovation in the development of human groups, as a multisource technological improvement. Fuel wastes recovered from archeological sites are the direct evidence of the fire use in society economies of the past. In the process of production and use of fire, diverse parameters exist that intervene and influence in its development. In order to obtain data relative to vegetal composition from early to late Holocene and its exploitation by societies characterized by high residential mobility, we carried on an charcoal and wood analysis in archeological sites Cerro Casa de Piedra 7 (10,690 ± 120-3400 BP) and Cerro Casa de Piedra 5 (6780 ± 110-2805 ± 105 BP) (province of Santa Cruz, Argentina). The results obtained evidence a drastic reduction of taxa used as fuel among occupations corresponding to early Holocene and late Holocene. Throughout all the levels we verified the intense use of tree species for combustion, while bushes were also collected but in much lower overall percentages. Nothofagus pumilio is the species with the highest representation. These results allowed to identify acting modes that refer to acquisition strategies of woody material oriented toward on the collection of great caliber wood.

Unequal residential exposure to air pollution and noise: A geospatial environmental justice analysis for Ghent, Belgium.

Following the growing empirical evidence on the health effects of air pollution and noise, the fair distribution of these impacts receives increasing attention. The existing environmental inequality studies often focus on a single environmental impact, apply a limited range of covariates or do not correct for spatial autocorrelation. This article presents a geospatial data analysis on Ghent (Belgium), combining residential exposure to air pollution and noise with socioeconomic variables and housing variables. The global results show that neighborhoods with lower household incomes, more unemployment, more people of foreign origin, more rental houses, and higher residential mobility, are more exposed to air pollution, but not to noise. Multiple regression models to explain exposure to air pollution show that residential mobility and percentage of rental houses are the strongest predictors, stressing the role of the housing market in explaining which people are most at risk. Applying spatial regression models leads to better models but reduces the importance of all covariates, leaving income and residential mobility as the only significant predictors for air pollution exposure. While traditional multiple regression models were not significant for explaining noise exposure, spatial regression models were, and also indicate the significant contribution of income to the model. This means income is a robust predictor for both air pollution and noise exposure across the whole urban territory. The results provide a good starting point for discussions about environmental justice and the need for policy action. The study also underlines the importance of taking spatial autocorrelation into account when analyzing environmental inequality.

The dynamisation and subsequent vulnerability of the Dutch owner-occupied sector. An analysis of 1986-2012

This article investigates the backgrounds to changing residential mobility of Dutch owner-occupiers from 1986-2006 and during the 2008-2018 crisis. The Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition is used to disentangle the main factors at work. Households of all age groups and family types have become more mobile in 1986-2006, with the highest increase amongst the youngest age groups. Nonetheless, ageing of owner-occupiers has dampened the growth between 1986 and 2006, because older owner-occupiers usually move less frequently than younger age groups. Had this ageing process not taken place, the overall increase in mobility would have been much higher (about 3.5 percentage points) than the 1.4 percentage point observed. The overall compositional effect remains negative despite a shift from traditional families with children towards more singles and couples without children, who are more mobile. During the crisis of 2008-2012, high residential mobility rates amongst the young age groups took a sharp negative turn. Combined with their increased presence among owner-occupiers, this implies that the contemporary Dutch owner occupied sector is more vulnerable to economic shocks.

Lifespan Socioeconomic Context: Associations With Cognitive Functioning in Later Life.

Early socioeconomic status (SES) correlates with later-life cognition. However, the effect of socioeconomic context (SEC), which reflects influences from broader ecological contexts, has not been examined. The present study developed a measure of SEC using lifetime residential addresses and examined SEC and residential mobility effects on later-life cognition. Older adults (N = 117, Mage = 75) reported addresses since birth. Latent SEC was constructed from census income, employment, and education (1920-2010) for each county and census year, extrapolated between census years. Controlling for current SES, SEC in childhood (ages 0-18) and adulthood (ages 19-60), with finer granulations in young adulthood (ages 19-39) and midlife (ages 40-60), predicted later-life cognition. Effects of residential mobility on later-life cognition were also examined. Higher childhood and adulthood SEC were associated with better Auditory Verbal Learning Test recognition (β = .24, p = .012) and immediate recall (β = .26, p = .008). Higher midlife SEC was associated with faster task switching (β = .26, p = .025) and better task switching efficiency (β = .27, p = .022). Higher residential mobility in childhood was associated with higher crystallized intelligence (β = .194, p = .040). Independent of current SES, childhood and adulthood SEC predicted later-life cognition, which may be sensitive to effects of social institutions and environmental health. SEC assessed across the lifespan, and related residential mobility information may be important complements to SES in predicting later-life cognitive health.

The Effects of Social Environments on Time Spent Gaming: Focusing on the Effects of Communities and Neighborhoods.

This study examined the impact of community and neighborhood on time spent computer gaming. Computer gaming for over 20 hours a week was set as the cutoff line for "engaged use" of computer games. For the analysis, this study analyzed data for about 1,800 subjects who participated in the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey. The main findings are as follows: first, structural community characteristics and neighborhood social capital affected the engaged use of computer games. Second, adolescents who reside in regions with a higher divorce rate or higher residential mobility were likely to exhibit engaged use of computer games. Third, adolescents who highly perceive neighborhood social capital exhibited lower possibility of engaged use of computer games. Based on these findings, practical implications and directions for further study are suggested.