High Recovery Rate Research Articles

Fabrication of mechanically stable fabric-based hydrogel membranes based on dual network toughening strategy for high efficient oil–water emulsion separation

Massive discharge of oily wastewater originating from oil-related industry, residential sewage and frequent oil spill accidents leads to serious environmental problems and health concerns. Amphoteric polyelectrolytes and hydrogel materials have been employed in the context of oil–water separation to resist oil pollution. However, the weak mechanical properties limit their practical application in complex environments. To address this, the design of a mechanically stable superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic composite membrane (PSBMA/PAM@CF) was been proposed by ingeniously in-situ growth of 3- [N, N-dimethyl −[2-(2-methylpropyl-2-enoxyloxy) ethyl] ammonium] propane-1-sulfonate (PSBMA)/polyacrylamide (PAM) dual network (DN) hydrogel on cotton fabric. The DN hydrogel strategy increased the stress of PSBMA hydrogel from 0.200 Mpa to 5.80 Mpa. The toughening effect of the DN hydrogel and its entanglement with cotton fibers endowed the membranes with excellent mechanical properties, and resulted in stable underwater superoleophobic and antifouling properties even after mechanical stability test. The PSBMA/PAM@CF membrane exhibited a separation efficiency exceeding 98.0 % for all types of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by surfactants, and the membrane’s permeance remained at 1.75 × 103 L·m−2·h−1·bar−1 after 30 cycles. Additionally, the membrane exhibited a high permeance recovery rate of 98.2 %, surpassing general membranes. More significantly, we visualized the separation process through fluid dynamics simulations and revealed the separation mechanism of oil–water emulsions by membranes. It is expected that this work will provide new prospects for designing anti-oil-fouling membranes and applying in practical oil/water separation.

Navigating Heavy Metal Removal: Insights into Advanced Treatment Technologies for Wastewater: A review.

<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">This paper provides an overview of heavy metal removal technologies for wastewater treatment, with a focus on adsorption, chemical oxidation, ion exchange, and various coagulation processes. The discussion revolves around wastewater characterization as an essential first step in creating efficient treatment systems. The study examines the uses of different treatment technologies, emphasizing both their benefits and drawbacks. Although flocculation is a rapid and economical procedure, it produces waste and needs further filtration and sedimentation. In addition, natural coagulants are found to be more environmentally friendly than synthetic ones, their effects on water quality may make disinfectants necessary. Despite their low toxicity, stability, and environmental advantages, hybrid coagulants have certain drawbacks that are related to operational variables. Despite its broad applicability and low cost, adsorption faces challenges with regeneration and sludge creation. Although it is acknowledged to have a high metal recovery rate, ion exchange is expensive and requires special maintenance. Chemical oxidation techniques, in particular advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), are useful for eliminating heavy metals and breaking down organic materials. The limitations and difficulties of each approach are discussed in the abstract's conclusion, which highlights the necessity of future study aimed at enhancing treatment efficacy for extremely low quantities of heavy metals. To allay worries about energy usage, the integration of electrochemical processes with renewable energy sources is recommended.</span></span></span></span></span></p>

A review of the prospects, efficacy and sustainability of nanotechnology-based approaches for oil spill remediation.

Numerous marine oil spill incidents and their environmental catastrophe have raised the concern of the research community and environmental agencies on the topic of the offshore crude oil spill. The oil transport through oil tankers and pipelines has further aggravated the risk of the oil spill. This has led to the necessity to develop an effective, environment-friendly, versatile oil spill clean-up strategy. The current review article analyses various nanotechnology-based methods for marine oil spill clean-up, focusing on their recovery rate, reusability and cost. The authors weighed the three primary factors recovery, reusability and cost distinctively for the analysis based on their significance in various contexts. The findings and analysis suggest that magnetic nanomaterials and nano-sorbent have been the most effective nanotechnology-based marine oil spill remediation techniques, with the magnetic paper based on ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires standing out with a recovery rate of over 99%. The chitosan-silica hybrid nano-sorbent and multi-wall carbon nanotubes are also promising options with high recovery rates of up to 95-98% and the ability to be reused multiple times. Although the photocatalytic biodegradation approach and the nano-dispersion method do not offer benefits for recovery or reusability, they can nevertheless help lessen the negative ecological effects of marine oil spills. Therefore, careful evaluation and selection of the most appropriate method for each marine oil spill situation is crucial. The current review article provides valuable insights into the current state of nanotechnology-based marine oil spill clean-up methods and their potential applications.

Long-life and self-cleaning membrane by dissolved oxygen activation in natural conditions

In this study, a dissolved oxygen-activated self-cleaning membrane was obtained by efficiently loading the catalyst (CuZn-C) onto the membrane surface through a simple dip-coating and vacuum filtration process. The results showed that the catalytic membrane presented a high flux recovery rate and achieved 100% retention for anionic dyes. It was confirmed by quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) that the prepared membrane exhibited excellent dissolved oxygen activation to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) for pollutant degradation under natural conditions, without extra oxidants input. This study presented a high-performance membrane, which achieved long lifespan and self-cleaning capability by activating natural dissolved oxygen in water.

Stability of Dexamethasone during Hot-Melt Extrusion of Filaments based on Eudragit® RS, Ethyl Cellulose and Polyethylene Oxide

Hot-melt extrusion (HME) potentially coupled with 3D printing is a promising technique for the manufacturing of dosage forms such as drug-eluting implants which might even be individually adapted to patient-specific anatomy. However, these manufacturing methods involve the risk of thermal degradation of incorporated drugs during processing. In this work, the stability of the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone (DEX) was studied during HME using the polymers Eudragit® RS, ethyl cellulose and polyethylene oxide. The extrusion process was performed at different temperatures. Furthermore, the influence of accelerated screw speed, the addition of the plasticizers triethyl citrate and polyethylene glycol 6000 or the addition of the antioxidants butylated hydroxytoluene and tocopherol in two concentrations were studied. The DEX recovery was analyzed by a high performance liquid chromatography method suitable for the detection of thermal degradation products. The strongest impact on the drug stability was found for the processing temperature, which was found to reduce the DEX recovery to <20% for certain processing conditions. In addition, differences between tested polymers were observed, whereas the use of additives did not result in remarkable changes in drug stability. In conclusion, suitable extrusion parameters were identified for the processing of DEX with high drug recovery rates for the tested polymers. Moreover, the importance of a suitable analysis method for drug stability during HME that is influenced by several parameters was highlighted.

Analysis of highly polar anionic pesticides in food of plant and animal origin by ion chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry with emphasis on addressing adverse effects caused by matrix co-extractives

Residues of various highly polar pesticides and their metabolites are commonly found in numerous food products. Some of these compounds, such as glyphosate, are not only used in large amounts in agriculture, but are also controversially discussed in public. Here, we present a method, employing ion chromatography (IC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (IC-MS/MS), for the analyses of glyphosate, aminomethyl phosphonic acid (AMPA), N-acetyl-glyphosate (NAGly), fosetyl, and 10 further highly polar pesticides and metabolites in various plant and animal matrices following a minimal sample preparation by means of the QuPPe method. Thorough investigations showed that an AS19 column enabled the analysis of all 14 compounds within 30 min. The best sensitivity could be obtained with the make-up solvent acetonitrile being admixed to the mobile phase at a 1:2 flow rate ratio. Matrix effects were thoroughly studied in terms of ion suppression and retention time shifts. Conductivity detection was used to monitor elution profiles of matrix co-extractives in comparison with matrix effect profiles obtained by continuous post-column infusion of a mix with 13 highly polar pesticides and metabolites. These tests indicated that a fivefold dilution of QuPPe extracts was suitable for the routine analysis of samples for MRL-conformity, as it considerably reduced matrix effects maintaining sufficient sensitivity and high recovery rates in eight different commodities. The suitability of the final method for its application in routine analysis was verified by the analysis of >130 samples containing incurred residues where the results were compared with two existing LC-MS/MS methods.Graphical

Cut-resistance of elastic high-performance composite yarn

Soft and lightweight personal protective equipment for civil or military use that is made of cut-resistant textiles is usually rigid and heavy, less elastic or flexible. Insertion of elastane fiber during the fabrication of rigid textiles seems to be working, but actually is not. Therefore, it presents a severe challenge in achieving an appropriate balance among elasticity, flexibility, and protection. To address this issue, an elastic cut-resistant composite yarn is fabricated by single wrapping ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene around elastic Spandex. The effects of wrapping parameters (including the twist, spindle speed, and yarn combination) on yarn elasticity and coverage are investigated to achieve a perfect wrapping, and the cut-resistance of the composite yarn is evaluated by using a self-improved AUTOGRAPH universal testing machine. It demonstrates that the cutting process of the composite yarn consists of four stages, the cut modulus and yarn elasticity are highly correlated with yarn structure and wrapping process parameters. The optimizing coverage and cut-resistance are achieved when the twist is 750 t/m, which is also with a high elastic recovery rate (79.79%) and low plastic deformation rate (10.11%). Groups of parallelized composite yarns with varying densities are fabricated by self-improved sample holders to simulate the cut-resistant weaving fabrics with different weaving densities, of which the cut-resistance is evaluated. The resistance against cutting varies significantly among different groups, which is directly proportional to their densities. Finally, two types of elastic cut-resistant fabrics with different structures are woven from fabricated elastic cut-resistant composite yarns practically. Both weft-backed weave and the double-layer weave fabrics have good flexibility and protection, of which the cut-resistance is level 1 and level 2, respectively. Thus, the composite yarn has an excellent elasticity and maintained cut-resistance, which is an ideal material for the production of highly elastic protective textiles.

Efficient recycling of sewage water in a polyester integrated industry: A case study

The water reuse system in a petrochemical and polyester integrated industry in Zhejiang, designed to handle industrial circular sewage, had a capacity of 1600 m3/h. The system employed a process comprising a high-efficiency sedimentation tank, V-shaped filter, aerated biological filter, ultrafiltration, and reverse osmosis. The high-efficiency sedimentation tank's mud water drainage, along with pretreatment through the biological aerated filter (BAF), V-shaped filter, and ultrafiltration system, resulted in an overall system recovery rate of 70 %. Actual operational results indicated removal rates exceeding 70 % for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 94 % for chloride ions. The effluent water had a COD of ≤ 20 mg/L, chloride ion concentration of ≤ 50 mg/L, and conductivity of ≤ 20 μS/cm. Given the high recovery rate and the use of domestically produced ultrafiltration membranes, the direct operational cost of the system amounted to a mere 6.28 yuan/m3. This led to a reduction of approximately 9.67 million tons of wastewater discharged annually, fulfilling the objective of recycling industrial sewage for reuse.

Compositional Consequences of Ultrafiltration Treatment of White and Red Wines.

Clarification and stabilisation processes are routinely performed post-fermentation to 'finish' wines, but traditional methods are slow and energy intensive, create waste, and can affect wine volume and quality. New methods that 'finish' wine rapidly, with higher recovery rates, and reduced waste and input costs, are therefore needed. Ultrafiltration is a separation process that fractionates liquids, nominally, according to molecular weight. By comparing the composition of permeate and retentate derived from pilot-scale fractionation of white and red wine using 75, 20, or 10 kDa membranes and different degrees of permeation (50, 80, 90, or 95%), this study sought to evaluate ultrafiltration as an innovative approach to the clarification and stabilisation of wine. Mass balance analysis confirmed that titratable acidity and alcohol were fractionated according to the degree of permeation; however, proteins, polysaccharides, and phenolic compounds (including anthocyanins for red wine) were concentrated in retentate due both to the membrane molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) specifications and degree of permeation. The retention of wine constituents smaller than the nominal MWCO suggests that interaction with other macromolecules or the membrane surface occurred. Red wine permeates were stripped of much of their essential character and were no longer considered commercially acceptable. In contrast, the removal of protein and phenolic compounds from white wine demonstrated the potential for ultrafiltration to remediate heat unstable or excessively phenolic wines. Findings enabled the identification of other winemaking applications of ultrafiltration technology that could enhance wine quality, process efficiency, and profitability.

A new electrochemical sensor based on a screen-printed electrode modified with an ion-imprinted PEDOT for the detection and the quantification of Cd(II)

In this study, an electrochemical sensor was developed using an ion imprinting technique to create a film, facilitating rapid, sensitive, cost-effective and multiplexed determination of cadmium ions in nature. Indeed, pollution by this substance is of great concern due to its toxic health risks and its cumulative and persistent nature in living organisms. The sensor was functionalized with cyclic voltammetry by directly electropolymerizing ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) in the presence of Cd(II) as a template on screen-printed platinum electrodes. After electropolymerization, the structure and the morphology of the sensor ion imprinted polyethylendioxythiophene (IIP-PEDOT/SPPtE) were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX). The electrochemical properties of the sensor were studied by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. All experimental parameters were optimized by square wave voltammetry. IIP-PEDOT/SPPtE exhibited a linear concentration range of 0.5 to 75 µg/L, a detection limit of 0.07 µg/L and a quantification limit of 0.21 µg/L. Furthermore, the proposed sensor revealed good reproducibility, high stability and high selectivity for cadmium over several potential interferents. The developed device was successfully applied to the Cd(II) detection in industrial water samples via the standard addition method. The results were compared to analyzes of the same samples by ICP-MS. A high recovery rate of around 90–102.2 % and an RSD equal to 5.8 % and 2.5 % were observed.

Gold nanoparticles decorated magnetic nanozyme for colorimetric detection of mercury (II) ions via enhanced peroxidase-like activity

Mercury is one of the heavy metal ions that are released to the environment through various means including anthropogenic pollution. A very low dose of mercury in environmental systems such as water can lead to debilitating effects on the health of humans and animals, if consumed untreated. To reduce this effect, it is critical to develop a simple, non-expensive, and non-sophisticated detection and monitoring system of mercury. Here, we report a simple colorimetric method based on the peroxidase-like activity of AuNPs/ZnO/Fe3O4. Different characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) were used to investigate the successful formation of these composites. The formation of AuNPs was assisted by ZnO. The low Km value (0.7368 mM) obtained from the kinetic study of the catalytic oxidation of 3, 3′, 5, 5′ − Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) showed strong affinity of TMB to AgNPs/ZnO/Fe3O4. The peroxidase-like activity of AgNPs/ZnO/Fe3O4, was further enhanced in the presence of mercury (II). The absorption intensities of the resulting oxidized TMB (oxTMB) increased linearly in a concentration range of 0.05 – 20 µM. The method also exhibited high selectivity to mercury (II) ions. The limit of detection (LOD) in this linear range was found to be 28.1 nM. The feasibility of the method in determination of mercury (II) ions from real samples was confirmed from high recovery rates in tap water samples. The method shows a great potential for determination of mercury (II) ions in environmental samples.

Improved Topical Antifungal Medication using Sertaconazole Bilosomes: In vitro Permeability, Cytotoxicity, and Clinical Assessment

Objective: The purpose of the current study was to develop Sertaconazole bilosomes (SBs) with enhanced permeability, skin deposition, anti-fungal properties, and clinical efficacy. Methods: By changing span 60 to cholesterol molar ratio, bile salt type, and concentration, 12 formulations of SBs were prepared using the thin film hydration method and characterized by particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), polydispersity index (PDI), % entrapment efficiency (% EE), and % cumulative drug released after 8h (% Q8h ) and 24h (% Q24h). The optimized formulation (SB 5) was incorporated into 1% Carbopol 940 hydrogel (SBG 5) and tested for ex-vivo permeability, skin deposition, and anti-fungal efficacy compared to the commercial formulation (Dermofix® cream) and sertaconazole alone hydrogel (SAG). A randomized controlled clinical trial of SBG 5 compared to Dermofix® cream and SAG was done on 30 patients diagnosed with Tinea corporis with a 4-week follow-up. Results: SB 5 showed PS of 158 ± 6.4nm, ZP of −55 ± 1.7mV, PDI of 0.16 ± 0.01, % EE of 96 ± 3.4, % Q8h of 70.3 ± 3.6, and % Q24h of 97.2 ± 3.0. SBG 5 exhibited in vitro release after 24h (1.25 and 1.51-fold), skin permeability (1.6 and 2.3-fold), skin deposition (3.86 and 14.82-fold), and anti-fungal efficacy against Candida albicans (two and 1.44-fold) compared to Dermofix® cream and SAG respectively. Patients receiving SBG 5 exhibited a 1.25 and 1.8-fold higher recovery rate on days 14 and 21 respectively compared to Dermofix® cream, and a 4.5 and two-fold recovery rate on days 14 and 21 respectively compared to SAG. Conclusion: Bilosomes could be utilized to enhance permeability, skin deposition, anti-fungal properties, and clinical efficacy of Sertaconazole.

Synergistic valorisation of wastewater microalgae: Sulphuric acid-assisted phosphorus recovery and enhanced electrochemical performance of biochar for supercapacitors

This study proposes a strategy for phosphorus recovery from algae biomass while simultaneously enhancing the electrochemical capacitance of resulting biochar in supercapacitor applications. Use of sulphuric acid leaching process on both wastewater microalgae and seaweed biochar demonstrated high phosphorus recovery rates, ranging from 93.4% to 95.4%, while at the same time retaining 52.7% to 58.6% of Fe content in the biochars. By modifying the sequential order of leaching (L) and physical activation (A) as LA and AL, the strategy allows for the optimisation of phosphorus recovery and the electrochemical properties of activated biochars. During the LA process, a more porous structure formed and more S-containing functional groups occurred compared to AL which explained the higher specific capacitance (486.3F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1) of wastewater microalgae biocarbon with the LA process. Consequently, the life cycle assessment of this strategy revealed a significant global warming reduction potential of 1.34–2.94 tonnes of CO2-eq/yr for each tonne of biochar produced. This indicates that sulphuric acid-assisted biochar production could be a sustainable strategy for waste management and carbon sequestration, while simultaneously generating economic profits from valorised carbon material for energy storage applications.

Tailoring polishing steps for effective removal of polysorbate-degrading host cell proteins in antibody purification.

Ensuring the quality and safety of biopharmaceutical products requires the effective separation of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from host cell proteins (HCPs). A major challenge in this field is the enzymatic hydrolysis of polysorbates (PS) in drug products. This study addresses this issue by investigating the removal of polysorbate-degrading HCPs during the polishing steps of downstream purification, an area where knowledge about individual HCP behavior is still limited. We investigated the separation of different mAb formats from four individual polysorbate degrading hydrolases (CES1F, CES2C, LPLA2, and PAF-AH) using cation exchange (CEX) and mixed-mode chromatography (MMC) polishing steps. Our research identified a key challenge: The similar elution behavior of mAbs and HCPs during chromatographic separation. To investigate this phenomenon, we performed high-throughput binding screenings for recombinant polysorbate degrading hydrolases and representative mAb candidates on CEX and MMC chromatography resins. We then employed a three-step strategy that also served as a scale-up process, optimizing separation conditions and leading to the successful removal of specific HCPs while maintaining high mAb recovery rates (>96%). This strategy involved the use of surface response models and miniature columns for screening, followed by validation on larger columns using a chromatography system. Our results highlight the critical role of the inherent properties of mAbs for successful separation from HCPs. These results underscore the need to tailor the purification process to leverage the slight differences in binding behavior and elution profiles between mAbs and specific HCPs. This approach lays the foundation for developing more effective strategies for overcoming the challenge of enzymatic polysorbate degradation, paving the way for improved quality and safety in biopharmaceutical products.

Phase III Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Two Novel Fixed-Dose Vaginal Ovule Formulations in the Treatment of Various Vaginal Infections: One-Shot Study Running Title: Phase III study of two novel vaginal ovules

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two novel formulations: one containing fenticonazole nitrate 600 mg + tinidazole 1000 mg + lidocaine 100 mg (Formulation A) and the other with fenticonazole nitrate 600 mg + tinidazole 2000 mg + lidocaine 100 mg (Formulation B) in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis (BV), vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), trichomonas vaginitis (TV), and mixed vaginal infections (MVIs) in comparison to comparator medication (Gynomax® XL). Materials and methods: This phase III study enrolled 562 adult, pre-menopausal patients with BV, VVC, TV, or MVIs. Of these, 544 received the study medication (included in the safety analysis), and 440 completed the study (included in the efficacy analysis). Patients were randomized into Formulation A, Formulation B, or comparator medication arms. Follow-up visits were conducted two weeks post-treatment, with clinical and microbiological evaluations. Results: Initial clinical diagnoses indicated BV (62.0%), VVC (19.8%), MVIs (15.5%), and TV (2.7%). High clinical recovery rates were observed with Formulation A (96.7% of BV, 81.8% of VVC, and 96.3% of MVIs), Formulation B (97.7% of BV, 88.2% of VVC, 90.9% of MVIs), and comparator medication (98.9% of BV, 90.3% of VVC, 100.0% of MVIs). None of the patients discontinued medications due to an adverse event or intolerability. Conclusion: All formulations are considered as safe, well-tolerated, and highly effective for treating BV, VVC, and MVIs. Formulation A or B may be particularly advantageous due to anticipated greater patient compliance with their single-dose administration.

An Arsenic Removal Technology and Its Application in Arsenic-Containing Copper

The usage of copper (Cu) ores containing low or no arsenic (As) has reduced, and Cu ores containing high levels of As have emerged as vital mineral resources for Cu extraction and processing. The quality of the Cu ores has decreased from 1.6% to approximately 1.0%. The proportion of As to Cu in 15% of Cu resources currently reaches 1:5. However, during the extraction and processing of Cu ores, As presents significant environmental harm. Hence, safely and effectively removing As is paramount in Cu smelting and processing, holding substantial importance in fostering environmentally sustainable practices within the Cu extraction and processing industry. This article consolidates the resource distribution of As-containing Cu (ACC) ores, comprehensively and systematically evaluates the present advancements in extracting techniques for these minerals, and identifies the challenges inherent in pyrometallurgical and wet processes for treating ACC deposits. Pyrometallurgy is a simple primary roasting technique and has widespread applicability in the treatment of various ACC minerals. Its disadvantages are the emission of exhaust gas and the high treatment costs associated with it. The wet arsenic removal method boasts advantages including minimal air pollution and a high resource recovery rate, significantly aiding in Cu concentrate recovery; its major drawback is the production of As-containing wastewater. The hydrometallurgical removal of As from ACC mines involves extracting As through leaching. Recently, biometallurgy has presented innovative solutions using specialized microorganisms to bioleach or bioabsorb As, but large-scale industrial applications still lack specific practical implementation. This review explores the underlying causes of the challenges encountered in processing ACC minerals. Additionally, it highlights pyrometallurgical roasting coupled with high-temperature filtration as a pivotal advancement in the extraction and processing of ACC ores.

Crack propagation characteristics of coal body around the borehole under different loading rates

The loading rate is a crucial factor influencing the deformation and fracture of the coal body around a borehole. The uniaxial compression tests and digital image correlation methods were adopted to scrutinize the mechanical parameters, failure modes, and lateral strains of specimens. A comprehensive analysis of crack propagation characteristics under different loading rates was conducted. Based on the cohesion model, the intrinsic interplay between crack propagation characteristics and loading rates was elucidated. Combined with the actual situation on site, the treatment method of gas anomaly in high recovery rate working face is given. With an increase in loading rate, the peak strength, peak strain, and the initial stress level of cracks gradually increased and tended to stabilize. The elastic modulus exhibited an initial increase followed by a decrease. The failure mode transitioned from shear to tensile, and the fracture process became more intense. Tensile crack propagation was divided into four stages, with the first three stages characterized by “closed-open-closed” patterns. In the fourth stage, lateral strains fluctuated between positive and negative values at high loading rates, exhibiting high-strength nonlinearity, the accumulation of deformation energy density is “rupture → rupture again”. Due to the influence of cohesion, tensile crack propagation at low loading rates was hindered, resulting in K1 = 0 at the tensile crack tip. Under high loading rates, K1 > 0, leading to extensive tensile failure in the internal load-bearing structure. At the same time, combined with the abnormal situation of gas in the working face with high mining rate, specific solutions are put forward.

Urgent needs for second life using and recycling design of wasted electric vehicles (EVs) lithium-ion battery: a scientometric analysis

Currently, lithium-ion batteries are increasingly widely used and generate waste due to the rapid development of the EV industry. Meanwhile, how to reuse “second life” and recycle “extracting of valuable metals” of these wasted EVBs has been a hot research topic. The 4810 relevant articles from SCI and SSCI Scopus databases were obtained. Scientometric analysis about second life using and recycling methodologies of wasted EVBs was conducted by VOSviewer, Pajek, and Netdraw. According to analytical results, the research of second life using and recycling mythologies has been growing and the expected achievement will continue to increase. China, Germany, the USA, Italy, and the UK are the most active countries in this field. Tsinghua University in China, “Fraunhofer ISI, Karlsruhe” in Germany, and “Polytechnic di Torino” in Italy are the most productive single and collaborative institutions. The journals SAE technical papers and World Electric Vehicle Journal have the highest publication and citations than other journals. Chinese author “Li Y” has the highest number of 36 publications, and his papers were cited 589 times by other authors. By analyzing the co-occurrence and keywords, energy analysis, second life (stationary using, small industry), and treatment methods, (hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgical, electrochemical, bio-metallurgical) were the hot research topics. The S-curve from the article indicates hydrometallurgical and bio-metallurgical methods are attached with great potential in the near future. Further, different treatment methodologies are observed especially advanced techniques in hydrometallurgical, and spent medium bioleaching techniques in bio-metallurgical are good, economically cheap, has low CO2 emission, environmentally friendly, and has high recovery rate. Finally, this research provides information on second life use and top recycling methodology opportunities for future research direction for researchers and decision-makers who are interested in this research.

Novel method for the detection of circulating tumor plasma cells in multiple myeloma.

e19520 Background: Multiple Myeloma (MM) is characterized by the proliferation of abnormal plasma cells within the bone marrow. A bone marrow examination is essential for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. This is a test that causes great pain to patients because it requires collecting and analyzing the bone marrow fluid inside the bone. In addition, there is a disadvantage that it cannot be carried out frequently due to cost issues. Therefore, the development of new diagnostic methods is absolutely necessary. The aim of this study is to access the potential of circulating tumor plasma cells (CTPC) for the diagnosis of MM using CytoGen's Smart Biopsy platform. Methods: Spiking tests using MM cell line (RPMI8226) was conducted with the purpose of making an environment similar to the MM patient's blood. RPMI8226 cells (200 cells) stained with CellTracker were spiked into human blood sample (5mL, healthy donor). Then, spiked cells were isolated by CytoGen’s Smart Biopsy isolator, subsequently recovery rate was accessed by counting of isolated RPMI8226 or immunofluorescence (IF) staining with multiple myeloma-specific marker, CD138. Then, clinical evaluation was performed with bone marrow (3mL) and peripheral blood (5mL) samples of MM patients (n=20). The presence of CTPC in patient samples was tested by IF staining with anti-CD138 antibody. Results: In in vitro experiments to test recovery rate of CTPC using CytoGen's Smart Biopsy isolator, MM cell line’s recovery rate was validated to over 80%. CD138 expression was clearly detected by IF staining of spiking samples of multiple myeloma cell line and was not detected at all in the negative controls. In clinical evaluation study, CTPC was successfully observed after the isolation from bone marrow and peripheral blood using CytoGen's Smart Biopsy isolator by IF staining with CD138. Conclusions: This study shows a novel method for the detection of MM with liquid biopsy. CTPC from liquid biopsy of MM could be isolated using CytoGen's Smart Biopsy isolator with high recovery rate and can clearly be detected with specific marker of MM, CD138 by IF staining. These results suggested that CytoGen's Smart Biopsy platform might be an effective diagnostic tool for the detection of MM. Expanded clinical study will be performed with more MM samples for clinical validation. Clinical trial information: 2013-09-009 .

Design of double‐core‐shell structural materials for the extraction of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs

In this work, core‐shell material with a special structure was designed and applied in solid‐phase extraction (SPE) for non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography. Based on the advantages of core‐shell ZIF‐8@ZIF‐67 (Zeolite imidazole ester framework materials [ZIFs]), effective derivatization treatment was carried out to partially vulcanize the original ZIFs, resulting in a special and new double‐core‐shell structural material CoS/ZIF‐67/ZnS/ZIF‐8 (ZIFs@ZnS@CoS) with porous surface and center hollow. The multiple forces caused by the rich chemical structure, the large specific surface area caused by the special pore structure, and the effective protection of the ZIFs core by sulfide shell make the designed material have higher extraction efficiency and longer service life, compared with ZIF‐8@ZIF‐67 and ZIF‐8. At the same time, the established analytical method for non‐steroidal drugs had a high recovery rate (98.93%–102.10%), low detection limit (0.11–0.27 µg/L), and wide linear range (1–200 µg/L) within a good correlation coefficient R2 (0.9978–0.9993). Satisfactory results were also obtained from the extraction of NSAIDs from the Yellow River water samples. These results indicate that the designed double‐core‐shell structure material can effectively exert its structural advantages and become a promising extraction material.