Higher Movement Rates Research Articles

The Operation of a Tillage Tool Smart Control System

Studying control systems is associated with a number of problems related to the operation of the system components and the dynamics of links between the components. The development of control systems is required to interact with the changing controlled object. Some continuous processes involve products or media that are significantly longer than the machine used, which has to move to operate. In such cases, it is quite difficult to ensure the proper operation of the control system because of the stochastic properties of the medium and the high movement rate of the mechanism. The problem lies in the lack of knowledge about the content, structure, and operating algorithms of smart control systems for the working tools interacting with the soil as a polyphase medium. The creation of a mathematical model for a smart control system for the tool interacting with the soil marks the employment of innovative digital and smart technologies for cultivation. The tool and soil parameters can be recorded both before and after tillage.

Has Covid-19 been a “reallocation recession”?

To answer the question in the title: Thus far, not dramatically so. In this Chicago Fed Letter, I document three facts supporting this conclusion. First, although the Covid period has seen multiple months with high rates of worker movement (reallocation) across industry sectors (relative to previous recessions), net cumulative reallocation from the onset of the pandemic through December 2020 is only the third highest among post-1945 recessions over the same horizon (and is only modestly outside the confidence bound for the average across those recessions). Thus, much of the reallocation during Covid seems to have been a reversion toward the pre-crisis allocation following the highly dispersed initial impact of the virus.

Genetic diversity ofCalliphora vicina(Diptera: Calliphoridae) in the Iberian Peninsula based oncox1, 16S and ITS2 sequences

AbstractThe study of Diptera at the scene of a crime can provide essential information for the interpretation of evidence. Phylogeographic reconstruction could help differentiate haplotypes of a dipteran species in a geographical area, clarifying, for example, the details of a possible relocation of a corpse. In addition, inferring the ancestral areas of distribution helps to understand the current status of the species and its biogeographic history. One of the most important species in forensic entomology is Calliphora vicina Rovineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Diptera: Calliphoridae). The aim of this work is to increase our knowledge of this species in the Iberian Peninsula using 464 specimens from Spain and Portugal. These samples were identified using morphological keys and by molecular methods using fragments of the cox1, 16S and ITS2 genes. The phylogeographic history of these populations was inferred from haplotype networks and the reconstruction of ancestral areas of distribution. The molecular results corroborated the morphological identifications of the samples. Phylogeographic networks showed no geographical structure, as haplotypes are shared among almost all populations. reconstruct ancestral state in phylogenies analyses showed a high rate of movement among populations, possibly related to human activity. These results suggest that this species had a very rapid and recent spatial and demographic expansion throughout the Iberian Peninsula.

Movement patterns of Sooty Falcons Falco concolor tracked via satellite across their annual cycle

ABSTRACT Capsule Sooty Falcon Falco concolor movement patterns were strongly dependent on the phase of their annual cycle, and were clearly discernible in terms of the average hourly travel speeds of falcons during those phases. Aims To better understand the movements of Sooty Falcons on migration, during the winter and as non-breeding individuals. Methods Eleven Sooty Falcons were tracked via satellite, and their movements were analysed. Results Movement patterns were strongly dependent on the phases of the annual cycle. Falcons exhibited limited movement (i.e. shortest step-lengths and smallest areas) when on the wintering and breeding grounds. Migration to and from the wintering grounds in Madagascar was characterized by high movement rates (long step-lengths), sometimes over 50 km/h. Some Sooty Falcons stopped on the African mainland coast prior to crossing the Mozambique Channel. Movement patterns during winter were similar to those exhibited by falcons while summering, except that the movements of breeding birds were spatially more restricted. Conclusions Our results highlight the need for conservation approaches appropriate to the different phases of the annual cycle, including the importance of areas immediately around island breeding sites, summering and coastal staging areas, and the need to support prey abundance along the migration route and on wintering grounds.

The Effect of Wages, Investment, Number of Industrial Units, and Number of Job Opportunities on the Level of Migration to DKI Jakarta in 2008-2019

One of the cities in Indonesia that has quite rapid economic progress is DKI Jakarta. The high minimum wage, investment, number of industrial units, and job opportunities in DKI Jakarta are factors that attract people to migrate to this city. However, in reality, the growth of in-migration to DKI Jakarta in the 2008-2019 period tends to show a decline. This study aims to determine the influence and magnitude of the effect of wages, investment, number of industries, and employment opportunities on in-migration to DKI Jakarta in 2018-2019. The analysis method used is multiple linear regression analysis and the method of least squares Ordinary Least Square (OLS). While the types and methods of research used in this research are descriptive quantitative and verification methods. The data used are data on provincial minimum wages, investment, industrial units, job opportunities, and data on incoming migration in DKI Jakarta in the 2008-2019 timeframe. The data in this study came from the Central Bureau of Statistics. The results showed that the provincial minimum wage (UMP) and investment (INV) variables partially affected the incoming oil (MM) to DKI Jakarta in 2008-2019. Meanwhile, the industrial unit variable (UIN) and the variable number of job opportunities (KKJ) partially did not affect in-migration to DKI Jakarta (MM) in 2008-2019. This research implies that in dealing with the high rate of population movement, the government needs to implement policies to overcome it such as increasing the provincial minimum wage, investment, the number of industrial units.

A new simple topo-climatic model to predict surface displacement in paraglacial and periglacial mountains of the European Alps: The importance of ground heating index and floristic components as ecological indicators

Landscape evolution is occurring at rapid rates in alpine areas in response to recent climate warming, also due to the susceptibility and the heterogeneity of these environments. Here we present a prediction model of surface displacements that takes into account both topographic and climatic variables. Observed points of surficial displacements have been associated to non-climatic (altitude, slope, solar radiation, till deposit type, deposit age, vegetation coverage) and climatic (days of snow permanence, ground surface temperature index, ground heating index, ground cooling index) variables through a general regression model in the European central Alps.The model output shows the importance of slope and ground heating index (GHI) – an estimation of the amount of energy transferred to the ground, to predict surface displacements independently from the type of considered processes. In particular, the general regression model shows that steep zones with high GHI are more susceptible to undergo periglacial and paraglacial processes producing surface displacements. As expected, slope is fundamental to trigger processes such as gravitation, nivation, solifluction and their interactions. The results of our model emphasize the key role of GHI, highlighting the importance of climate in controlling the surface displacement. Indeed, in areas in which GHI is higher, the ground can remain snow free for a longer time and snow melting can be faster, the former favoring more runoff and slopewash, and the latter promoting the saturation of the deposits consequent to a higher intensity of solifluction and/or mass movements processes.Within the study area, the sites with the largest displacements (>35 cm) were detected where permafrost degradation occurred since 1990. This permafrost degradation process could remain one of the main triggering factors of future surface displacements. Our results confirm that when movement involves material with coarse texture (pebbles and boulders) exceeding the rooting depth, only tolerant plant species can withstand the high movement rates. The areas where this can happen (like rock glaciers or screes) act as a physical barrier to grasslands species not adapted to surface displacements and trying to shift towards higher altitude in response to climate warming. However, plant species not considered as indicators of movement (such as graminoids), can develop also with large surface displacements in specific geomorphic conditions. Therefore, the combination of surface displacement type (deep vs surficial), material texture (fine vs coarse) and vegetation cover (high vs low) and floristic composition can be used as a valuable ecological indicator of movement.Our results suggest that both landscape degradation and vegetation displacement can be rapid especially where the air warming was strong as in the selected study area.

Shark movement strategies influence poaching risk and can guide enforcement decisions in a large, remote marine protected area

Abstract Large, remote marine protected areas (MPAs) containing both reef and pelagic habitats, have been shown to offer considerable refuge to populations of reef‐associated sharks. Many large MPAs are, however, impacted by illegal fishing activity conducted by unlicensed vessels. While enforcement of these reserves is often expensive, it would likely benefit from the integration of ecological data on the mobile animals they are designed to protect. Consequently, shark populations in some protected areas continue to decline, as they remain a prime target for illegal fishers. To understand shark movements and their vulnerability to illegal fishing, 3 years of acoustic tracking data, from 101 reef‐associated sharks, were analysed as movement networks to explore the predictability of movement patterns and identify key movement corridors within the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) MPA. We examined how space use and connectivity overlap with spatially explicit risk of illegal fishing, through data obtained from the management consultancy enforcing the MPA. Using individual‐based models, the movement networks of two sympatric shark species were efficiently predicted with distance‐decay functions (>95% movements accurately predicted). Model outliers were used to highlight the locations with unexpectedly high movement rates where MPA enforcement patrols might most efficiently mitigate predator removal. Activity space estimates and network metrics illustrate that silvertip sharks were more dynamic, less resident and link larger components of the MPA than grey reef sharks. However, we show that this behaviour potentially enhances their exposure to illegal fishing activity. Synthesis and applications. Marine protected area (MPA) enforcement strategies are often limited by resources. The British Indian Ocean Territory MPA, one of the world's largest ‘no take’ MPAs, has a single patrol vessel to enforce 640,000 km2 of open ocean, atoll and reef ecosystems. We argue that to optimize the patrol vessel search strategy and thus enhance their protective capacity, ecological data on the space use and movements of desirable species, such as large‐bodied reef predators, must be incorporated into management plans. Here, we use electronic tracking data to evaluate how shark movement dynamics influence species mortality trajectories in exploited reef ecosystems. In doing so we discuss how network analyses of such data might be applied for protected area enforcement.

Soil-litter mixing promotes decomposition and soil aggregate formation on contrasting geomorphic surfaces in a shrub-invaded Sonoran Desert grassland

Shrub encroachment into grasslands alters organic carbon pools and patterns of decomposition. Here, we quantify the influence of plant life-form patches occuring on contrasting geomorphic substrates on (1) soil-litter mixing (SLM) and litter decomposition and 2) the development of soil aggregates and soil-microbial films on litter. A factorial experiment in a shrub-invaded arid grassland tested the hypotheses that SLM would promote decomposition, and that development of soil films and aggregates would be inversely related to grass cover and positively related to soil surface clay content. Litterbags containing shrub (Prosopis velutina) leaf litter were deployed on a sandy Holocene-age soil and on a clayey Pleistocene-age soil under and away from shrubs on areas with low and high grass cover. SLM accelerated decomposition, with highest rates on sandy soils in inter-shrub areas with low grass cover. Decomposition on clayey soils was slower, despite more rapid development of soil films. Soil-microbial film formation in bare ground placements exceeded that in shrub or grass placements and was greater on sandy Holocene-age soils compared to clayey Pleistocene-age soils. Vegetation structure and geomorphology should be considered when modeling decomposition dynamics in systems with low plant cover and high rates of aeolian and fluvial soil movement.

Environmental drivers of diving behavior and space-use of juvenile endangered Caribbean hawksbill sea turtles identified using acoustic telemetry

Space-use by aquatic ectotherms is closely linked to environmental factors such as temperature due to thermal-mediated metabolism and energy requirements. These factors are important, as they may alter an animal’s exposure to food/predators, hinder physiological function, increase competitive interactions, or even prompt population or biodiversity loss. Using general linear mixed-effects models, we investigated the influence of medium-term (months-years) environmental (diel period, water temperature, season, wind speed, air pressure, habitat type) and biological (turtle size) variation on space-use metrics for the Critically Endangered hawksbill sea turtleEretmochelys imbricata, including dive duration, activity space, and rate of movement. We tracked 17 resident juveniles between August 2015 and May 2018 with a compact acoustic telemetry array (35-41 receivers in ~1 km2) in Brewers Bay, US Virgin Islands. Diel differences in space-use were significant and highlighted periods of relative inactivity (e.g. resting) during the night and activity (e.g. foraging) during the day. Water temperature was also an important covariate influencing behavior leading to shorter dive durations and higher rates of movement in warmer temperatures. High contribution of random effects (individual and year) to model variation was also apparent, suggesting that juvenile hawksbills can operate outside the relatively narrow environmental range experienced within the study area. Nevertheless, ongoing climate trends (e.g. warmer temperatures and more extreme weather events) pose a significant concern for hawksbill populations, as juveniles spend their developmental period in shallow nearshore areas where environmental impacts will likely be greatest.

Parameter estimation performance of a recapture-conditioned integrated tagging catch-at-age analysis model

Recapture-conditioned models are infrequently used to analyze tag-recovery data, but have been proposed as an alternative to release-conditioned models for estimating movement from tagging studies when tag-loss processes (e.g., tag reporting, tag shedding) can be assumed constant and estimates of these processes are not available. Through simulations, we investigated the performance (bias and precision) of a recapture-conditioned integrated tagging catch-at-age analysis (ITCAAN) that assumes yearly natal homing under varying model complexities and intermixing rates and compared the results to those from a release-conditioned ITCAAN. We also investigated how misspecification of natural mortality, parity in population productivities, tag shedding, and spatially-varying reporting rates affected estimation of model parameters. At low intermixing rates, estimation of total abundance and spawning population abundances was accurate and precise, with precision decreasing when natural mortality was estimated for the recapture-conditioned ITCAAN. Accuracy and precision of individual population abundances declined with higher intermixing rates, with the largest bias and lowest precision occurring when estimating relative reporting rates. Assuming reporting rates were spatially constant in the ITCAAN when they varied regionally in the operating model led to biased estimation of movement rates and population abundances for both ITCAANs; attempting to estimate relative reporting when reporting varied spatially greatly improved parameter estimation compared to assuming spatially constant reporting. When tag shedding was simulated to occur, the recapture-conditioned ITCAAN yielded relatively unbiased estimation of total abundance without additional data on the tag-shedding rate, whereas the release-conditioned ITCAAN requires external data to inform this tag shedding process. Incorrect specification of tag-shedding rates by 20% resulted in only a 5% bias in estimation of total abundance from the release-conditioned ITCAAN. To avoid biased estimation from the release-conditioned model, externally derived data for all tag loss rates (e.g. tag shedding and tag-induced mortality) must be provided to the ITCAAN. Movement rates in the recapture-conditioned ITCAAN framework are theoretically unbiased by spatially uniform loss rates, but yielded biased estimates at high movement rates in this simulation study as a consequence of the model's poor ability to estimate population-specific abundances. For most scenarios investigated, estimation by the release-conditioned ITCAAN was less biased and more precise compared to the estimation by the recapture-conditioned ITCAAN presumably as a consequence of the former providing additional information on region-specific survival. However, both models performed poorly in estimating population specific abundances for scenarios with high intermixing rates and when reporting rates varied regionally but were assumed to be regionally constant in the ITCAANs.

Canine distemper in Nepal's Annapurna Conservation Area - Implications of dog husbandry and human behaviour for wildlife disease.

Dogs are often commensal with human settlements. In areas where settlements are adjacent to wildlife habitat, the management of dogs can affect risk of spillover of disease to wildlife. We assess dog husbandry practices, and measure the prevalence of Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) in dogs, in 10 villages in Nepal's Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA), an important region for Himalayan wildlife. A high proportion (58%) of owned dogs were allowed by their owners to roam freely, and many village dogs originated from urban areas outside the region. CDV antibodies, indicating past exposure, were detected in 70% of dogs, and 13% were positive for P-gene, suggesting current circulation of CDV. This is the first detection of canine distemper virus in a National Park in Nepal Himalaya. Dogs were generally in good condition, and none exhibited clinical signs of CDV infection, which suggests that infections were asymptomatic. CDV exposure varied with village location and age of dogs, but this variation was minor, consistent with high rates of movement of dogs across the region maintaining high seroprevalence. Residents reported the occurrence of several species of wild carnivores in or close to villages. These results suggest a high potential for transmission of CDV from village dogs to wild carnivores in ACA. We suggest that control of dog immigration, along with vaccination and neutering of dogs could mitigate the risk of CDV spillover into wild carnivore populations.

Thermo-mechanical walking of straight and continuous-snake-laid pipelines on sloping seabeds

Subsea pipeline design is very much affected by high temperature and pressure loading. Repeated start-up/shut-down cycles throughout the system lifetime impose longitudinal movements that is known as walking. The walking phenomenon as a significant criterion for thermo-mechanical design of subsea pipelines is addressed in this paper. The continuing axial movement of a pipeline may lead to structural failure. Susceptibility to walking of a typical short length flowline is assessed during pipeline design; for example, pipelines installed on diverse seabed topographic conditions such as different angles and lengths of sloping seabed. FE analyses are commonly carried out accounting for pipe-soil interaction (PSI) response to ensure acceptable pipeline performance in a realistic operational situation. An analytical solution method is available to provide suitable estimation for robust design.The present study highlights downhill walking induced by installing a pipeline on a partially sloping seabed. The continuous-snake-lay (CSL) pipeline condition is proposed as a mitigation methodology due to avoiding any over-stresses and excessive displacements. Results are presented for a straight pipeline to act as a comparison for new results for pipelines with seabed slopes along part of their route. The analyses of the straight partially sloped pipelines show a high rate of movement that may result in many practical challenges. High rates of walking might become crucial in that costly mitigation techniques may be required to eliminate the effects of walking, especially for deepwater projects. The CSL system is introduced in this paper with the intent of modifying typical pipeline response to applied cycle of loading to thus provide a cost-effective mitigation method.

Isolation by Distance, Source-Sink Population Dynamics and Dispersal Facilitation by Trade Routes: Impact on Population Genetic Structure of a Stored Grain Pest.

Population genetic structure of agricultural pests can be impacted not only by geographic distance and the broader ecological and physical barriers but also by patterns related to where crops are produced and how they are moved after harvest. Stored-product pests, for instance, specialize in exploiting grains such as wheat and rice from on-farm storage through transportation to final processing at often geographically distant locations; therefore human-aided movement may impact their dispersal. Although stored product insects are associated with stored grain, they can also exploit resources in the surrounding environments so different ecological regions where the grain is grown and stored may also influence population structure. Here we used 1,156 SNP markers to investigate how geographic distance, ecological and agricultural variables can impact the genetic structure and gene flow of the stored food pest beetle Rhyzopertha dominica. We found a substantial degree of admixture between weakly structured populations in the US. Ecological regions were more important in explaining R. dominica population structure than crop type, suggesting insect movement between wheat and rice grain distribution channels. We have also found a significant correlation between the genetic and geographical distance (i.e., isolation by distance). However, our modeling approach combining the ecological and management variables has highlighted the importance of the volume of grain received by a location in the dispersal dynamics of the pest. The first-generation migrant analysis offered additional supported to movement over great distances that are likely associated with grain movement. Our data suggest that a multitude of factors play small but significant parts in the movement dynamics of the pest. The beetles can take advantage of the source-sink dynamic of grain movement in the US, but also engage in a high rate of movement at the local scale. Understanding population structure for R. dominica will provide insights into the potential for local processes of adaptation and broader patterns of movement that will impact management programs and the potential for spread of resistance genes.

Repetitive Finger Movement and Dexterity Tasks in People With Parkinson's Disease.

Little is known regarding how repetitive finger movement performance, an assessment of bradykinesia (slowness of movement), is related to fine-motor dexterity tasks in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). This pilot study examined the relationship between the performance of fine-motor dexterity tasks and repetitive finger movement in people with PD. Forty-six participants with PD completed an acoustically cued repetitive finger movement task (1-3 Hz). Movement amplitude, movement rate difference, and coefficient of variation were obtained for each tone rate. Participants also completed a buttoning and Purdue pegboard assembly task. Buttoning time and number of assemblies were recorded. A significant association was found between movement rate difference and movement rate difference coefficient of variation and buttoning performance in which higher movement rate and higher variability were associated with slower buttoning times. No significant associations between any of the repetitive finger movement outcome measures and Purdue pegboard assembly performance were revealed. Changes in movement amplitude and movement rate may influence fine-motor dexterity tasks differently. Thus, it is important to consider the quantitative assessment of both movement rate and movement amplitude because they may indicate differential clinical applications in the treatment of people with PD.

Family Change and Changing Family Demography.

Increases in life expectancy, high rates of movement into and out of couple relationships, and increasing exposure to stepfamilies raise new questions about who is in a family, the distinction between who lives together and who is a family member, and the extent to which family members are expected to meet the long-term obligations that define kinship. These questions are important because families have traditionally served as a vital private safety net for family members. Demographic changes increase family members' uncertainty about their relationships. Family ties are less stable and more uncertain among the economically disadvantaged, and uncertainty may exacerbate these disadvantages by weakening individuals' ability to rely on family members' support to alleviate hardship. I argue that demographers should focus on individuals' family relationships to gain insight into living arrangements and family dynamics. I also outline the development of family concepts and improvements in study design to identify principles that demographers should incorporate in new research to shed light on families' support for their members.

Tropical storms influence the movement behavior of a demersal oceanic fish species

Extreme weather events strongly influence marine, freshwater, and estuarine ecosystems in myriad ways. We quantified movements of a demersal oceanic fish species (gray triggerfish Balistes capriscus; N = 30) before, during, and after two hurricanes in 2017 using fine-scale acoustic telemetry at a 37-m deep study site in North Carolina, USA. During storms, gray triggerfish movement and emigration rates were 100% and 2550% higher, respectively, than on days with no storms. We found that increased movement rates were much more strongly correlated with wave orbital velocity (i.e., wave-generated oscillatory flow at the seabed) than either barometric pressure or bottom water temperature, two covariates that have been demonstrated to be important for organisms in shallower water. Higher movement rates during storms were due to increased mobility at night, and emigrations typically occurred at night in the direction of deeper water. Overall, we found significant storm effects on the movement behavior of a demersal fish species in the open ocean, despite our study occurring in deeper water than previous studies that have examined storm effects on animal movement. We conclude that tropical storms are a driving force behind the structure of marine ecosystems, in part by influencing movements of mobile animals.

Application of multistate modeling to estimate salmonid survival and movement in relation to spatial and temporal variation in metal exposure in a mining-impacted river

Multistate modeling was used to estimate survival and movement of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi) in relation to copper concentrations in the mining-impacted Clark Fork River, Montana. Survival probability in the uppermost river segment, where dissolved copper concentrations frequently exceeded acute criteria for aquatic life (range: 31–60 days > 13.4 μg·L–1), was 2.1 times lower for brown trout and 122 times lower for westslope cutthroat trout compared with survival rates in the lowermost segment that had relatively low dissolved copper (0 days exceedance of acute concentration). Lowest survival for both species occurred in the spring–summer period when dissolved copper concentrations were elevated coincident with higher discharge. Movement among study segments was generally low, and cutthroat trout showed low movement into the uppermost river segment with the most elevated copper levels. Both species showed high rates of movement into tributaries, which coincided with their respective spawning migrations rather than as an apparent avoidance of elevated copper levels. The linkage between survival rate and level of copper exposure for both trout species suggests that additional removal of tailings deposits could improve survival rates.

Connectivity Between Pedestrian Ways and BRT Shelter in Banyumanik and Pedurungan, Semarang

The increasing number of human activities from sub urban areas causes high movements in urban areas. The high rate of human movement drives the need for human circulation pathways and adequate transportation systems. To solve this problem, the Semarang City government has actually built transportation facilities in the form of BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) along with pedestrian ways. However, in reality the pedestrian ways that acts as a link to the door to door service is not well connected so it is less secure and comfortable and unable to accommodate the needs of the urban community. The purpose of this study was to examine the connectivity between pedestrian networks and BRT shelter in Semarang. The method of analysis in this study used GIS applications to evaluate access pedestrian connectivity to BRT shelther in Banyumanik and Pedurungan, Semarang. The results of the study are the connectivity between pedestrian ways and BRT shelter in Banyumanik is good on the other side the connectivity in Pedurungan is not good and optimally configured

Evaluating relative abundance indices for terrestrial herbivores from large‐scale camera trap surveys

AbstractThe ability to directly monitor animal populations across time and space is a key element of wildlife conservation and management, but logistically difficult to achieve. Photographic capture rates from camera trap surveys can provide relative abundance indices (RAIs) for a wide variety of medium‐ to large‐bodied wildlife species. RAIs are less complex than other estimation methods and are commonly used when true abundance is difficult or costly to measure. However, this method is controversial as it does not account for potential bias arising from imperfect detection. Here, we evaluate the reliability and precision of RAI estimates drawn from a large‐scale camera trap survey for ten African herbivore species by comparing them against preexisting aerial survey data. RAIs correlated strongly with independent estimates, particularly when indices were derived from counts of all photographed animals. RAIs were most reliable for species that were nonmigratory, occurred in open habitats and had high rates of daily movement. Increasing survey coverage and duration both had strong but comparable effects on improving RAI precision. Our results suggest that RAIs from camera traps hold substantial promise as a tool for monitoring herbivore relative abundances, and we provide guidelines on the utility of this approach for ecological inference.

Habitat-dependent movement rate can determine the efficacy of marine protected areas.

Theoretical studies of marine protected areas (MPAs) suggest that more mobile species should exhibit reduced local effects (defined as the ratio of the density inside vs. outside of the MPA). However, empirical studies have not supported the expected negative relationship between the local effect and mobility. We propose that differential, habitat-dependent movement (i.e., a higher movement rate in the fishing grounds than in the MPA) might explain the disparity between theoretical expectations and empirical results. We evaluate this hypothesis by building two-patch box and stepping-stone models and show that increasing disparity in the habitat-specific movement rates shifts the relationship between the local effect and mobility from negative (the previous theoretical results) to neutral or positive (the empirical pattern). This shift from negative to positive occurs when differential movement offsets recruitment and mortality differences between the two habitats. Thus, local effects of MPAs might be caused by behavioral responses via differential movement rather than by, or in addition to, reductions in mortality. In addition, the benefits of MPAs, in terms of regional abundance and fishing yields, can be altered by the magnitude of differential movement. Thus, our study points to a need for empirical investigations that disentangle the interactions among mobility, differential movement, and protection.