High Death Rate Research Articles

Colonoscopy polyp classification via enhanced scattering wavelet Convolutional Neural Network.

Among the most common cancers, colorectal cancer (CRC) has a high death rate. The best way to screen for colorectal cancer (CRC) is with a colonoscopy, which has been shown to lower the risk of the disease. As a result, Computer-aided polyp classification technique is applied to identify colorectal cancer. But visually categorizing polyps is difficult since different polyps have different lighting conditions. Different from previous works, this article presents Enhanced Scattering Wavelet Convolutional Neural Network (ESWCNN), a polyp classification technique that combines Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Scattering Wavelet Transform (SWT) to improve polyp classification performance. This method concatenates simultaneously learnable image filters and wavelet filters on each input channel. The scattering wavelet filters can extract common spectral features with various scales and orientations, while the learnable filters can capture image spatial features that wavelet filters may miss. A network architecture for ESWCNN is designed based on these principles and trained and tested using colonoscopy datasets (two public datasets and one private dataset). An n-fold cross-validation experiment was conducted for three classes (adenoma, hyperplastic, serrated) achieving a classification accuracy of 96.4%, and 94.8% accuracy in two-class polyp classification (positive and negative). In the three-class classification, correct classification rates of 96.2% for adenomas, 98.71% for hyperplastic polyps, and 97.9% for serrated polyps were achieved. The proposed method in the two-class experiment reached an average sensitivity of 96.7% with 93.1% specificity. Furthermore, we compare the performance of our model with the state-of-the-art general classification models and commonly used CNNs. Six end-to-end models based on CNNs were trained using 2 dataset of video sequences. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed ESWCNN method can effectively classify polyps with higher accuracy and efficacy compared to the state-of-the-art CNN models. These findings can provide guidance for future research in polyp classification.

Thromboembolic events in people with cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic: case-control study.

to analyze the association between coronavirus disease infection and thromboembolic events in people with cancer in the first year of the pandemic. case-control study carried out by collecting medical records. The selected cases were adults with cancer, diagnosed with a thromboembolic event, treated in the selected service units during the first year of the pandemic. The control group included adults with cancer without a diagnosis of a thromboembolic event. Pearson's chi-square test was applied to verify the association between risk factors and the outcome and logistic regression techniques were applied to identify the odds ratio for the occurrence of a thromboembolic event. there were 388 cases and 440 control cases included in the study (ratio 1/1). Females predominated, who were white, with mean age of 58.2 (±14.8) years. Antineoplastic chemotherapy was the most used treatment and coronavirus disease was identified in 11.59% of participants. In the case group, deep vein thrombosis was more prevalent. the study confirmed the hypothesis that coronavirus disease infection did not increase the chance of thromboembolic events in people with cancer. For the population studied, the factors that were associated with these events were those related to cancer and its treatment. (1) Deep vein thrombosis was what prevailed in the studied population. (2) Chemotherapy increased the chance of thromboembolic events by 65%. (3) Thromboembolic events showed a significant association with a higher death rate as the outcome. (4) COVID-19 did not increase the risk of thromboembolic events in people with cancer.

Targeted delivery of the metastasis-specific tumour homing TMTP1 peptide to non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using inhalable hybrid nano-assemblies.

Lung cancer is one of the most fatal malignancies, with the highest death rate (∼19%), and the NSCLC type accounts for ∼85% of lung cancers. In the search for new treatments, antimicrobial peptides have received much attention due to their propensity for selective destruction of cancer cells. In the current study, we evaluated the efficacy of the metastasis-specific tumour-homing-TMTP1 peptide against lung cancer using inhalable hybrid nano-assemblies of the PEG-PLGA copolymer as a carrier for pulmonary delivery which was assessed for aerodynamic and physicochemical properties, along with the peptide-release profile, physical stability, cellular uptake and biocompatibility, generation of reactive oxygen species, cell migration, autophagic flux, and apoptotic cell death in A549 lung cancer cells. Optimization of inhaled dose, lung retention, and efficacy studies was conducted to evaluate the formulation in an NNK (nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone) induced tumour-bearing lung cancer murine model. After inhalation, the formulation with nano-scale physiognomies showed good lung deposition, retention, and metabolic stability. The inhalable nano-assemblies have shown enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species with increased autophagy flux and apoptotic cell death. Pre-clinical animal trials show substantial tumour regression by inhalable TMTP1-based nano-formulation with limited side effects. Our results on metastasis targeting and tumour-homing peptide TMTP1 demonstrate its effective tumour targeting and tumour-killing efficacy and provide a reference for the development of new therapeutics for NSCLC.

Fuzzy information granulation towards benign and malignant lung nodules classification

Lung cancer is the second common cancer with the highest death rate in the world. Cancer diagnosis in the early stages is a critical factor for increasing the treatment speed. This paper proposes a new machine learning method based on a fuzzy approach to detect benign and malignant lung nodules to early-diagnose lung cancer by investigating the computed tomography (CT) images. First, the lung nodule images are pre-processed via the Gabor wavelet transform. Then, some of the texture features are extracted from the transformed domain based on the statistical characteristics and histogram of the local patterns of images. Finally, based on the fuzzy information granulation (FIG) method, which is widely recognized as being able to distinguish between similar textures, a FIG-based classifier is introduced to classify the benign and malignant lung nodules. The clinical data set used for this research are a combination of 150 CT scans of LIDC and SPIE-APPM data sets. Also the LIDC data set is analyzed alone. The results show that the proposed method can be an innovative alternative to classify the benign and malignant nodules in the CT images.

Interleukin-25 as a Potential Biomarker in Lung Metastasis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with HBV History in Chinese Patients: A Single Center, Case-control Study.

Background: Interleukin-25 (IL-25) has been proved to play a role in the pathogenesis and metastasis of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the relationship between the level of IL-25 and the metastasis and prognosis of HCC is still not clear. This study aimed to investigate the expression of IL-25 and other potential biochemical indicators among healthy people, HBV-associated HCC patients without lung metastasis and HBV-associated HCC patients with lung metastasis. Methods: From September 2019 to November 2021, 33 HCC patients without lung metastasis, 37 HCC patients with lung metastasis and 29 healthy controls were included in the study. IL-25 and other commonly used biochemical markers were measured to establish predictors of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) after treatment. Results: The serum level of IL-25 was increased in HCC patients than healthy controls (p < 0.001) and HCC patients with lung metastasis had higher IL-25 level than HCC patients without metastasis (p = 0.035). Lung metastasis also indicated higher death rate (p < 0.001) by chi-square test, higher GGT level (p = 0.024) and higher AFP level (p = 0.049) by non-parametric test. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that IL-25 was negatively associated with PFS (p = 0.024). Multivariate Cox-regression analysis indicated IL-25 (p = 0.030) and GGT (p = 0.020) to be independent predictors of poorer PFS, while IL-25 showed no significant association with OS. Conclusion: The level of IL-25 was significantly associated with disease progression and lung metastasis of HBV-associated HCC. The high expression of IL-25 predicted high recurrence rate and death probability of HCC patients after treatment. Therefore, IL-25 may be an effective predictor of prognosis in HCC.

Investigation of the frequency of clinical risk factors of covid-19 in hospitalized patients in Valiasr hospital, Qaemshahr, Iran

Objective: To evaluate the frequency of clinical risk factors for COVID-19 in patients admitted to Valiasr Hospital in Qaemshahr. Methodology: In this descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at Valiasr Hospital in Qaemshahr, cases of patients with COVID-19 from March 2020 to November 2020 were examined. Severity, and underlying conditions were assessed. Results: The study included a predominantly male population (53.1%), with average of 63 years. Symptom severity varied, with 51.9% experiencing moderate symptoms. Common underlying conditions contributing to disease severity were diabetes (42.7%), blood pressure issues (39.3%), and cardiovascular diseases (33.5%). The mortality rate was 25.9%, with the highest death rate among patients with severe symptoms (72.5%) and those hospitalized in the ICU (45.6%). Conclusion: Older age, male gender, and prolonged disease duration were identified as factors associated with a higher likelihood of severe COVID-19 cases, increased chances of ICU hospitalization, and elevated mortality rates, especially for individuals with underlying health conditions.

Understanding pediatric surgical needs in North Korea: a modeling analysis

BackgroundSixty-five percent of children worldwide lack access to surgical care, the majority of whom live in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Developing surgical infrastructure requires information on surgical need; however,...

Applications of mesenchymal stem cell-exosome components in wound infection healing: new insights.

The healing process at a wound is made up of many types of cells, growth factors, the extracellular matrix, nerves and blood vessels all interacting with each other in complex and changing ways. Microbial colonization and proliferation are possible at the place of injury, which makes infection more likely. Because of this, any cut has a chance of getting an infection. Researchers have found that wound infections make patients more upset and cost the healthcare system a lot of money. Surgical site infections happen a lot to people who have recently had surgery. This study shows that such surgical infection is linked to a high rate of illness and death. This is shown by the fact that 25% of patients get serious sepsis and need to be transferred to an intensive care unit. In both animal models and people, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play an active role in all stages of wound healing and have positive effects. Exosomes are one of the main things MSCs release. They have effects that are similar to those of the parent MSCs. Various effector proteins, messenger RNA and microRNAs can be transported by extracellular vesicles to control the activity of target cells. This has a big impact on the healing process. These results suggest that using MSC-exosomes as a new type of cell-free therapy could be a better and safer option than whole cell therapy. This review is mostly about how to use parts of MSC-exosomes to help wound infections heal.

Utility of Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases in Critically Ill Immunocompromised Pediatric Patients.

Infections cause high rates of illness and death in children worldwide. However, studies on the clinical value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) for immunocompromised children are still limited. From June 2021 to December 2023, 119 samples were collected at Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of a single-center pediatric hospital and classified into two groups based on their immune states. We compared the diagnostic performance of mNGS and conventional microbiological test (CMT) for pathogen identification, and assessed the clinical impacts of mNGS. Among the 119 samples, 48 (40.34%) belonged to the immunocompromised children. mNGS had a higher positivity rate than CMT (76.47% vs 55.46%, P = 0.0006). The positive percent agreement (PPA) of mNGS for immunocompromised children was higher compared to immunocompetent children (95.24% vs 77.78%). The most common pathogens for immunocompromised patients were gram-negative bacteria and herpesvirus. However, immunocompetent children showed a higher detection rate for gram-positive bacteria and respiratory viruses. Furthermore, the proportions of the positive impact of mNGS results were significantly higher in immunocompromised patients compared to immunocompetent patients for both diagnosis (91.67% vs 57.75%) and treatment (95.83% vs 64.79%) (P < 0.0001). Immunocompromised state, length of hospital stays, times stay in ICU, Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) score, neutrophil percentage (NEUT%) and the ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) were considered independent factors for poor prognosis in critically ill pediatric patients. In patients from PICU, mNGS had a greater clinical significance in immunocompromised children compared to immunocompetent children. mNGS technology is an important auxiliary method for achieving accurate diagnosis and treatment of critically ill pediatric patients.

The dynamics of heroin and illicit opioid use disorder, casual use, treatment, and recovery: A mathematical modeling analysis.

A leading crisis in the United States is the opioid use disorder (OUD) epidemic. Opioid overdose deaths have been increasing, with over 100,000 deaths due to overdose from April 2020 to April 2021. This paper presents a mathematical model to address illicit OUD (IOUD), initiation, casual use, treatment, relapse, recovery, and opioid overdose deaths within an epidemiological framework. Within this model, individuals remain in the recovery class unless they relapse back to use and due to the limited availability of specialty treatment facilities for individuals with OUD, a saturation treatment function was incorporated. Additionally, a casual user class and its corresponding specialty treatment class were incorporated. We use both heroin and all-illicit opioids datasets to find parameter estimates for our models. Bistability of equilibrium solutions was found for realistic parameter values for the heroin-only dataset. This result implies that it would be beneficial to increase the availability of treatment. An alarming effect was discovered about the high overdose death rate: by 2046, the disorder-free equilibrium would be the only stable equilibrium. This consequence is concerning because it means the epidemic would end due to high overdose death rates. The IOUD model with a casual user class, its sensitivity results, and the comparison of parameters for both datasets, showed the importance of not overlooking the influence that casual users have in driving the all-illicit opioid epidemic. Casual users stay in the casual user class longer and are not going to treatment as quickly as the users of the heroin epidemic. Another result was that the users of the all-illicit opioids were going to the recovered class by means other than specialty treatment. However, the change in the relapse rate has more of an influence for those individuals than in the heroin-only epidemic. The results above from analyzing this model may inform health and policy officials, leading to more effective treatment options and prevention efforts.

Cardiovascular risk screening: a 10-year prediction cross-sectional study in a Nigerian agrarian community.

cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major public health issue with a high global death rate and a significant death contribution from low-and middle-income countries. Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors assessment and screening are important in their effective prevention and control. This study was designed to screen and assess cardiovascular risk factors in an agrarian community in Nigeria and to predict their 10-year CVD risk. this was a cross-sectional study carried out in the Umueri community in Anambra State, Nigeria. Each participant responded to an epidemiologic survey using the World Health Organization (WHO) cardiovascular risk factors assessment tool with point-of-care screening procedures. The risk assessment for 10-year CV risk was conducted using region-specific WHO/ISH charts. Patients´ characteristics were analyzed and presented in frequencies and percentages. the mean age, systolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and total cholesterol of the study population were 54 years ± 1.27, 132 mmHg ± 2.088, 130 mg/dl ± 4.608, and 215 mg/dl ± 10.355 respectively. However, 98 (48.8%) have never had their blood pressure checked. About a quarter of the population had a high predicted risk of developing CVD within 10 years. most of the assessed cardiovascular risk factors in the community are on average above the normal ranges and their probability risk of developing CVD within the next 10 years is high.

Insights into novel inhibitors intending HCMV protease a computational molecular modelling investigation for antiviral drug repurposing

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important opportunistic pathogen that is the most significant viral cause of congenital birth abnormalities and is responsible for a high morbidity and death rate in immunocompromised patients. HCMV's rising severity and the limitations of current vaccines in preventing infection highlight the urgent need for effective antiviral drugs. This study aimed to identify small compounds using extensive & appropriate in-silico drug design techniques, including molecular docking, Post-docking MM-GBSA, ADMET, MD simulation, PCA, and DCCM were employed in this study capable of binding to the viral protease and inhibiting its activity, thereby preventing proteolytic processing during capsid maturation. 3516 compounds from life chemical were used in molecular docking, and the top four compounds having high binding affinity and promising ADMET properties with life chemicals ID: F3407-0101 (CID: 49667672), F6559-3323 (CID: 121022124), F6456-1266 (CID: 71810903), and F3411-7969 (CID: 50785034). MD simulation was also used to assess the stability of the protein-ligand complex structure. Finally, after MD simulation, principal component analysis (PCA), and dynamic cross-correlation matrix (DCCM) analysis were performed using trajectories, and we can suggest the best drug candidate which is CID: 50785034 (N-(3-fluoro-4-methylphenyl)-2-({7-oxo-8-[(oxolan-2-yl) methyl]-5-thia-1,8,10,11-tetraazatricyclo [7.3.0.0^ {2,6}] dodeca-2(6),3,9,11-tetraen-12-yl}sulfanyl)acetamide), another two compounds CID: 121022124, and CID: 71810903 which comes after CID: 50785034. All three compounds may have the potential to be developed as a therapy option for HCMV infection.

From Alpha to Omicron Genetic Variants: The Evolution of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and Other Beta Coronaviruses – A Narrative Overview from Public Health Point of View

Acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease-2019, caused by a new coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) with a high morbidity and death rate, has emerged as one of humanity’s most serious dangers in recent decades. Because of the virus’s ongoing development, with its single-nucleotide polymorphism variations and many lineages, determining SARS-CoV-2 infectivity is very challenging. However, it is critical to do in-depth research on the virus to understand the mechanisms of its pathogenicity and virulence and to create efficient treatment methods. The current contribution compiles existing information on the virus’s evolutionary and structural characteristics to explain its mutational pattern and potential involvement in the ongoing epidemic.

Nanotherapeutics for the delivery of antifungal drugs.

The treatment of fungal infections is challenging with high death rates reported among immunocompromised patients. The currently available antifungals suffer from poor bioavailability and solubility, pharmacokinetics, and drug resistance, with limited cellular uptake. The clinical pipeline of new antifungals is dry. The incorporation of antifungal drugs into polymer-based nanocarriers to form nanotherapeutics is a promising approach to enhance the therapeutic outcomes of the available antifungal drugs. This review summarizes different polymer-based nanotherapeutics strategies that have been explored for the delivery of antifungals, resulting in enhanced therapeutic outcomes, such as improved pharmacokinetics, targeted/sustained delivery, prolonged drug circulation, retention of the drugs at the localized site of action, and overcoming drug resistance when compared with the free antifungal drugs.

Waterfowl and Shorebirds: Formation and evolution of “cold” wintering grounds in Inner Asia (Baikal Siberia)

Despite the widespread occurrence of “cold” wintering of waterfowl, the causes of their formation have been studied very poorly. Very harsh winter conditions are typical for Eastern Siberia, but wintering grounds with a high number of 55.0-60.0 thousand birds are also formed here. Such wintering grounds include the source and upper course of the Angara River (thermal refugium). The high death rate of nests in the summer due to the unstable mountain floodplain water regime of the rivers of the region is compensated by the repeated nesting of birds. As a result, their total breeding season is greatly increased. By the time of migration, the late broods do not have time to accumulate enough plastic substances (fat) necessary for migration to the southern wintering grounds. Favorable conditions at the beginning of winter in thermal refugiums contribute to long delays of birds in feeding and resting places. However, by the time they are able to continue migration, it becomes impossible. Snow falls in the adjacent territories, reservoirs are covered with ice and a constant negative air temperature is established. Consequently, the “cold” wintering of shorebirds and waterfowl is forced. The basis of their species composition is formed by the animal-eating diving duck species. In this regard, their protection and maintenance of numbers in extreme years are difficult and expensive tasks.

ЧТО ПОВЛИЯЛО НА УРОВЕНЬ СМЕРТНОСТИ ОТ COVID-19 В ИНДОНЕЗИИ?

This paper systematically identifies the determinants of COVID-19 death rates at the initial stages of the outbreak in Indonesia by considering configurations of government conditions (responsiveness, ability to control case rate, and capacity to cure infected people) and societal conditions (vulnerability and compliance). Configurational analysis using crisp-set QCA was employed to analyze these sets of conditions and outcomes in 34 provinces throughout Indonesia. The results show that the high ability of local government to control the spread of the disease is a necessary and sufficient condition for a low death rate. However, the opposite condition (the low ability of government) is only necessary but not sufficient for a high fatality rate. To create sufficient conditions for a high death rate, the low ability of local governments to restrain the spread of the virus requires other specific conditions, particularly a low level of community obedience to the restriction policy. The present study highlights that the institutionalization of a new normal life during the pandemic through regulative, normative and cultural-cognitive mechanisms is of paramount importance.

Immediate vs latent antibiotic administration for septic shock or severe sepsis in Emergency department – a systematic review

Background: Sepsis is a time-dependent, host response to infection that is linked to an unacceptable high death rate, making it a medical emergency and potentially fatal illness. Therefore, during the first hour of sepsis diagnosis, doctors treating suspected or confirmed cases must start treating patients with broad-spectrum antibiotics. In order to examine research on the effect of early (1 to 3 hours) vs immediate (0 to 1 hours) antibiotic administration on mortality in septic shock or severe sepsis patients, we conducted this systematic review. Method: The PRISMA guidelines were followed in this review. Grey literature and databases including Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched. We considered studies included mortality data from consecutive adult patients with septic shock or severe sepsis who were treated with antibiotics within each time frame. All writers extracted the data. Result: Following screening, eight papers were included in the final evaluation. Seven trials were carried out in the ED, and one research was done in the ICU and ED. The ED triage in three studies, ED arrival in three studies, period of organ failure in one research, and the ED registration in one study were all considered the zero time for sepsis start. Ferrer et al. and Alan et al. carried out the two largest investigations, involving 34 and 144 hospitals, respectively. Seven studies classified mortality as occurring in the hospital during the index visit, while one research defined it as occurring within 28 days following admission. Conclusion: The study found that patients with septic shock or severe sepsis who received their first antibiotic later had higher in-hospital mortality.

Pathogenic Escherichia coli change the adhesion between neutrophils and endotheliocytes in the experimental bacteremia model.

Septicemia caused by gram-negative bacteria is characterized by high death rate due to the endotoxin release. Since the septicemia depends not only on biochemical aspects of interactions in the system bloodstream, the study of mechanical interactions is also important. Using a model of experimental septicemia caused by E. coli, a hyperproduction of integrins CD11a and CD11b by neutrophils was shown, but this did not lead to the establishment of strong adhesion contacts between endothelial cells and neutrophils. On the contrary, adhesion force and work, as assessed by FS spectroscopy, were statistically significantly reduced in the presence of bacteria. It has also been shown that exposure to the pathogenic strain E. coli 321 increases the stiffness of the membrane-cytoskeleton complex of endothelial cells and bacteria significantly change their morphology on long-term observation. At the same time, we observed the death of neutrophils by apoptosis. Thus, it was shown that besides lipopolysaccharide release there are other pathogenic factors of E. coli: decrease in the interaction between neutrophil and endothelial cell caused by an increase of the endothelial cell rigidity and apoptotic death of neutrophils probably as a result of adhesins and exotoxin effects. Obtained results should be taken in mind during the therapy of septicemia.

Determinant and Impact of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH) in Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) Patients

Left ventricular hypertrophy is the most common cardiovascular complication in chronic renal failure. It appears to be associated with excess mortality. Objective: To determine the factors associated with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and to describe their influence on renal function. Patients and methods: This was a descriptive and analytical study conducted over 6 years (January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2017) on CKD patients who had an electrocardiogram or cardiac ultrasound. Results: A total of 329 patients were included. LVH was found in 223 patients, a prevalence of 68%. The sex ratio M/F was 2.1. Mean age was 51.05±14.17 years (range 11-95 years). Arterial hypertension predominated (97% of cases), followed by diabetes (26%).Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that LVH was associated with: age ≤51 years (p=0.0037) and with arterial hypertension (p=0.0018) and anemia (p=0.0018). Over a 5-year period, CKD patients with LVH experienced a more rapid decline in renal function than those without LVH (p&lt;0.0001). There was also a higher rate of death in patients with LVH (83%) than in those without (46%) during a 5-year follow-up. Conclusion: LVH is an important factor in the poor prognosis of CKD. This calls for systematic screening and early management by a multidisciplinary team.

Evolutionary Profil of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer and Influence of Histopronostic Factors: Experience of Oncology Department Chu Ibn Rochd Casablanca

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subgroup of breast cancer with hormone receptor and Her2 overexpression absence, accounting for 15%–20% of all breast cancers. Its unpredictable evolution, poor treatment response, and highly invasive nature warrant research interest. The main objective of this study is to assess the evolution of triple-negative breast cancer as a role for histopronostic factors. We present the evolutionary profile of triple-negative breast cancer in the role of histopronostic factors using data from a four-year retrospective study of cases of triple-negative breast cancer collected in the oncology-radiotherapy department at Chu Ibn Rochd Casablanca between January 2015 and December 2019. 232 patients were included, regardless of disease stage. The mean age was 49.54 ± 11.21 years. In 68% of cases, the disease was localized. All metastatic patients (32%) died, with a median survival of 15 months. We analyzed the evolution of triple-negative breast cancer in localized disease as a role for age, tumor size, histological type, SBR grade, lymph node invasion, and vascular invasion, with a median follow-up of 24 months (2 years). In 158 patients in our series with localized disease, local or locoregional recurrence was noted in 16% of cases, metastatic relapse in 10%, and 30% of cases were still in complete remission. Patients aged between 40 and 50 had a higher rate of local and locoregional recurrence. Patients with tumors between 2 and 6 cm in size had a high rate of metastasis and death. Grade SBR III is generally marked by a poor prognosis, with 39 patients having local or locoregional recurrence, 41 patients having metastases, and 15 patients having died. In our series, the greater the lymph node and vascular invasion, the poorer the prognosis, with a higher risk of recurrence and metastasis. These results support the role of early screening, especially for at-risk patients, adequate therapeutic management, and active surveillance of patients with triple-negative breast cancer. New research has shown the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors and anti-parp in treating advanced triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), with encouraging findings indicating their potential benefit. Clinical studies including anatomical pathologists, oncologists, and fundamental researchers must be conducted globally to achieve this. Clinical studies involving pathologists, oncologists, and basic researchers are needed worldwide to define new therapeutic strategies for the management of this type of aggressive breast cancer.