High Activity Rate Research Articles

In situ embedding of glucose oxidase in amorphous ZIF-7 with high catalytic activity and stability and mechanism investigation

Glucose oxidase (GOx) has a great application potential in the determination of glucose concentration. However, its sensitivity to the environment and poor recyclability limited its broader application. Herein, with the assistance of DA-PEG-DA, a novel immobilized GOx based on amorphous Zn-MOFs (DA-PEG-DA/GOx@aZIF-7/PDA) was developed to impart excellent properties to the enzyme. SEM, TEM, XRD, and BET analyses confirmed that GOx was embedded in amorphous ZIF-7 with ∼5 wt% loading. Compared with free GOx, DA-PEG-DA/GOx@aZIF-7/PDA exhibited enhanced stability, excellent reusability, and promising potential for glucose detection. After 10 repetitions, the catalytic activity of DA-PEG-DA/GOx@aZIF-7/PDA can maintain 95.53 % ± 3.16 %. In understanding the in situ embedding of GOx in ZIF-7, the interaction of zinc ion and benzimidazole with GOx was studied by using molecular docking and multi-spectral methods. Results showed that zinc ions and benzimidazole had multiple binding sites on the enzyme, which induced the accelerated synthesis of ZIF-7 around the enzyme. During binding, the structure of the enzyme changes, but such changes hardly affect the activity of the enzyme. This study provides not only a preparation strategy of immobilized enzyme with high activity, high stability, and low enzyme leakage rate for glucose detection, but also a more comprehensive understanding of the formation of immobilized enzymes using the in situ embedding strategy.

AcesExperimental and theoretical study on photocatalytic nitrogen reduction catalyzed by Fe doped MoO2

Transition metal oxides are suitable for photocatalytic nitrogen reduction (pNRR) due to their properties of narrow band gap and high energy density. Still, it is also limited by the defects of high photogenerated carrier recombination and low adsorption capacity of nitrogen molecules, which hinder the further improvement of the activity. For high carrier recombination and low activation rate of the nitrogen molecule, herein, Fe-doped MoO2 catalyst (Fe−MoO2) was synthesized for pNRR. Combined with the experimental characterization and theoretical calculation, it shows that the doping of Fe atoms, one hand, improves the conduction band position of MoO2 and enhances the reduction ability, which is favorable to nitrogen reduction. On the other hand, it not only enhances the adsorption of Mo sites and N2 molecules, but also changes the surface electronic structure and promotes the electron transfer from MoO2 to Fe sites, and the two act synergistically to adsorb and activate nitrogen more effectively. The activity of Fe−MoO2 for pNRR is as high as 96.62 μmol g−1h−1, which is about 2.5 times that of pristine MoO2, and the activity decreases by only 10% after three cycles.

Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effects of the Methanolic Extract of Eichhornia crassipes Petioles Upon Mg-63 Cell Lines: An In Vitro Study.

Eichhornia crassipes (E. crassipes) are a longstanding hydrophyte belonging to the Pontederiaceae family and subfamily Trollioideae. It is classified as an invasive plant owing to its phenomenal growth and propagation and is often described as the worst aquatic plant.Natural antioxidants, such as phenolic compounds and flavonoids, have an increased protective effect against free radicals. A single laboratory test is insufficient to comprehend all of the mechanisms entailed in investigating the antioxidant effects of the phytoconstituents. The antioxidant propensity of methanolic extracts from E. crassipes petioles was investigated in this study utilizing 2,2'-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-pycryl-hydrazyl (DPPH).Additionally, the cytotoxic effect of E. crassipes methanolic petiole extract upon MG-63 cell lines for the inhibition of osteosarcoma cells was investigated. The antioxidant propensity was appraised by employing DPPH and ABTS assays. The cytotoxic effects of the methanolic petiole extract of E. crassipesat varying concentrations on MG-63 cell lines were evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromideassay. The absorbance scores were computed using the mean and standard deviation. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was calculated by applying probit analysis. The data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics for the descriptive statistics of the percentage of cell viability and regression analysis. The antioxidant potential was assessed by employing DPPH and ABTS assays at various concentration levels of 50 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml, and 400 μg/ml of methanolic petiole extracts. The antioxidant potential of DPPH (57.95%) and ABTS (60.47%) was more at the elevated doses of 400 μg/mL. The percentage of cell viability upon MG-63 cell line was measured at varying doses of 12.5 μg/ml, 25 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, and 200 μg/ml of methanolic petiole extracts and was found to be 99.36%, 93.92%, 86.77%, 69.14%, and 45.08%, respectively. The IC50value for the extract of E. crassipes against the MG-63 cell line was 177.65 μg/mL. The regression equation computed from the findings of the probit analysis was y = -0.2881x + 101.18 with a coefficient of determination of R² = 0.992. The methanolic extracts of the various parts of the plant, such as leaves, flower, rhizome, and petioles, have been established in similar prior studies to contain the highest phenolic constituents and were found to have a high rate of DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power. It is inferred from the findings of the present study that E. crassipes petiole extracts have a significant protective role against oxidative stress, potentially attributed to the antioxidant potential. Further, the findings of the study reveal that the methanolic petiole extract of E. crassipes induced cytotoxicity upon MG-63 cell lines with an IC50 value of 177.65 μg/mL.

Structural evolution and mechanism of multi-phase rift basins: A case study of the Panyu 4 Sag in the Zhu Ⅰ Depression, Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea

The study of changes in normal fault systems during different rift stages is important to understand the genesis and evolution of multi-phase rift basins, such as the Panyu 4 Sag in the Zhu Ⅰ Depression. Using 2D and 3D seismic data and analogue modelling, the Zhu Ⅰ Depression was characterized as a series of half-grabens bounded by NE-NEE-trending normal faults, it was found to have undergone two phases of the extension during the Paleogene. The Zhu Ⅰ Depression exhibited four fault sets with different strikes, including NNE, NE-NEE, EW, and NWW. The main controlling faults were NE-trending and EW-trending with high activity rates during Rift Phase 1 and Rift Phase 2, respectively. The average azimuths of the dominant strikes for type Ⅰa, type Ⅰb, and type Ⅱ faults were 75°, 85°, and 90°, which revealed that the minimum principal stress (σ3) directions during the rift phases 1 and 2 of the Zhu Ⅰ Depression were SSE (∼165°) and near-EW (∼180°), respectively. Two phases of structural-sedimentary evolution, with different directions and analogue modelling results, illustrated that the Panyu 4 Sag was formed as a superimposed basin under multi-phase anisotropic extension. The structural evolution of the Panyu 4 Sag since the Paleogene was mainly controlled by the combined effects of the Pacific, Eurasian, and Indian plates. Since the orientation of subduction of the Pacific plate changed from NNW to NWW, the stress field shifted from NW-SE-trending tension to S-N-trending tension, causing the superimposition of late near-E-W-oriented structural pattern on the early NE-oriented structural pattern.

Sulfur-functionalized CoMn2O4 as a Fenton-like catalyst for the efficient rhodamine B degradation

Spinel-type bimetallic oxides have several potential applications in the catalytic degradation of organic wastewater due to their high catalytic activity and slow ion release rate caused by bimetallic synergy. In this study, sulfur-functionalized CoMn2O4 (S-CoMn2O4) was prepared as a Fenton-like catalyst by the sol–gel process, followed by calcination and sulfurization. The catalytic activity of CoMn2O4 was significantly increased by the incorporation of sulfur. The S-CoMn2O4(5.00%) catalyst modified with 5.00% sulfur in atomic percentage exhibited the best catalytic performance. Typically, 30 mg/L of rhodamine B was removed in 18 min by using 0.20 g/L S-CoMn2O4(5.00%) and 0.16 g/L peroxymonosulfate. Singlet oxygen and sulfate radicals are the primary active species, according to the trapping agent experiments and EPR measurements. The incorporation of sulfur leads to the formation of abundant oxygen vacancies in CoMn2O4 and sulfate groups bound on the surface of CoMn2O4, which promotes producing more active species. A synergism of Co and Mn ions in CoMn2O4 and high electron transfer mobility are also responsible for the enhanced degradation performance of S-CoMn2O4(5.00%). This study provides a feasible solution for improving cobalt manganese oxide as a more effective and long-lasting Fenton-like catalyst for the degradation of organic contaminants.

Novel adjuvant nano-vaccine induced immune response against Acinetobacter baumannii

Developing adjuvant vaccines to combat rising multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) infections is a promising and cost-effective approach. The aim of this analysis was to construct a pDNA-CPG C274-adjuvant nano-vaccine and investigate its immunogenicity and protection in BALB/c mice. The CPG ODN C274 adjuvant was chemically synthesized and cloned into pcDNA3.1( +), and the cloning was verified using PCR and BamHI/EcoRV restriction enzyme digestion. Then, utilizing a complex coacervation approach, pDNA-CPG C274 was encapsulated by chitosan (CS) nanoparticles (NPs). TEM and DLS are used to explore the properties of the pDNA/CSNP complex. TLR-9 pathway activation was investigated in human HEK-293 and RAW 264.7 mouse cells. The vaccine's immunogenicity and immune-protective effectiveness were investigated in BALB/c mice. The pDNA-CPG C274/CSNPs were small (mean size 79.21 ± 0.23 nm), positively charged (+ 38.87 mV), and appeared to be spherical. A continuous slow release pattern was achieved. TLR-9 activation was greatest in the mouse model with CpG ODN (C274) at concentrations of 5 and 10 μg/ml with 56% and 55%, respectively (**P < 0.01). However, in HEK-293 human cells, by increasing the concentration of CpG ODN (C274) from 1 to 50 μg/ml, the activation rate of TLR-9 also increased, so that the highest activation rate (81%) was obtained at the concentration of 50 μg/ml (***P < 0.001). pDNA-CPG C274/CSNPs immunized BALB/c mice produced increased amounts of total-IgG, as well as IFN-γ and IL-1B in serum samples, compared to non-encapsulated pDNA-CPG C274. Furthermore, liver and lung injuries, as well as bacterial loads in the liver, lung, and blood, were reduced, and BALB/c mice immunized with pDNA-CPG C274/CSNPs showed potent protection (50–75%) against acute fatal Intraperitoneal A. baumannii challenge. pDNA-CPG C274/CSNPs evoked total-IgG antibodies, Th1 cellular immunity, and the TLR-9 pathway, as well as protection against an acute fatal A. baumannii challenge. Our findings suggest that this nano-vaccine is a promising approach for avoiding A. baumannii infection when used as a powerful adjuvant.

A Review on Solid state Drives transformer concept A new era in power supply

Solid State Drives (SSD) are single drive. The performance is greater than that produced by disks allow Their low latency and parallelism Possibilities for operations, operating system I/O Read data at speeds that break interfaces They also allow writing. In addition, their performance Characteristics in existing grading systems Reveal gaps. An SSD is more Efficiency, high activity rates and more to operate with minimum latency under demanding conditions We prove that it can. High efficiency SSDs with Future High-Performance Computing (HPC) Dramatic parallel I/O performance for systems This suggests that the method can be improved. our Instead of traditional hard drives in public laboratories Using solid-state drives, our Public perception of services How technology has had an immediate effect This article also explains. Solid State Drives (SSDs) are more popular now Dense and compact are NAND flash Due to the growth in the cost of memories widely is used.

Tackling the challenges of tectonic tremor localization using differential traveltimes and Bayesian inversion

SUMMARY Episodic tremor and slip events in Northern Cascadia produce low-frequency, emergent seismic signals, often referred to as tectonic tremor. Methods designed to locate tremor face two challenges that increase the likelihood of producing low quality catalogues: first, signal arrival and duration are often poorly defined; second, high rates of tremor activity during episodes can cause multiple signals to be indiscernible from each other. In this paper, we present a new method of locating tectonic tremor using differential traveltimes from a waveform-envelope cross-correlation in a grid-based Bayesian inversion. To address the aforementioned challenges, we use a recently developed three-dimensional shear wave velocity model to compute traveltimes, and include processes to remove data outliers, estimate data error statistics, and quantify uncertainties within the Bayesian framework. Although this method is designed for tremor, to test the approach we consider a set of 58 local earthquakes between magnitudes −0.07 and 2.6 in the Southern Vancouver Island region and obtain well-constrained relocations. Residuals between official catalogue values and our relocations are quantized with respect to the 1 km grid resolution of the inversion, and average 2.7 km in epicentre and 5.2 km in depth. Analysis shows that depths of relocations are sensitive to horizontal variations and simplifications in velocity models. We then present our catalogue of tremor events during the 2004 episodic tremor and slip event beneath Southern Vancouver Island, Canada. Median uncertainties of tremor events quantified by 95 per cent credibility interval widths in a 1 km grid are 5 km and 9.km in horizontal and depth directions, respectively (1.2 km and 2.3 km using traditional standard deviation-based uncertainties). Comparison of our catalogue with previously published work demonstrates that our new method yields a good detection rate, a greater degree of epicentral clustering, and better depth resolution of tremor events. Catalogues produced using this new method may help to provide insight into the spatial extent of tremor, especially in depth, by yielding enhanced constraints on source locations on a regional scale.

Preparation of synthetic composite nano-catalyst for oxidative desulfurization of kerosene

ABSTRACT The production of transportation fuels with low sulfur concentrations has been a special priority for the petroleum refining industry as a result of increasing environmental standards imposed by governments around the world. The oxidative desulfurization of kerosene with a sulfur concentration of 1158 ppm has been thoroughly investigated in this research, using two types of synthesized nanocatalysts (CuO/SiO2, CuO/TiO2-SiO2). A variety of characterization tests were performed on the support and the produced catalyst, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller. These findings demonstrated that the catalysts had a strong metal-support interaction, good dispersion of the active metal (Cu), and a wide range of surface morphologies. An automatic batch reactor is used for the oxidative desulfurization of sulfur organic compounds, and the efficacy of the synthesized nano-catalyst is measured in terms of sulfur removal under different moderate reaction conditions (reaction temperature 353–413 K, reaction time 40–100 min). Significant surface area and pore volume active metals were distributed with proper dispersion, resulting in high activity and conversion rates of 87% for CAT-1 and 99.2% for CAT-2 at 413K and 100 min.

Использование в качестве удобрений азотосодержащих производственных отходов животноводческого происхождения

Currently, along with the intensive development of livestock production, there is a question of recycling waste generated as a result of its production. The aim of the study was to study the impact of industrial waste of animal origin on the quality and yield of spring wheat. The research was carried out in 2021-2022 in the conditions of the experimental field of I.A. Bunin YSU. The object of the study was the spring wheat variety Aquilon. It was found that the studied plant variants were distinguished by high rates of photosynthetic activity. The maximum values for chlorophyll a were characterized by plants in the variant where blood flour was used as fertilizer (20.68 mg/g of raw mass). Chlorophyll b was observed more in plants on variants using blood meal (18.05 mg/g) and corn meal (18.69 mg/g). The height of the plants in the variant using blood flour was the maximum, so in the phase of milk ripeness it was 70.6 cm. In the control variant , the height of plants in this phase of development was 58 cm. The highest protein values were recorded in the grain obtained in the variant where sheep wool was used as fertilizer - 16.5%, exceeding the control by 1.8%. Also, the grain obtained in this variant was characterized by high gluten levels - 31.3%. It should be noted that such indicators as gluten quality, vitreousness and the number of drops increased sharply compared to the control variant. The laboratory baking of bread from the obtained flour showed that the obtained samples of products according to organoleptic and physico-chemical parameters met the requirements of GOST. Keywords: SPRING WHEAT, PROTEIN, FERTILIZER, SHEEP WOOL, BLOOD MEAL, CORN MEAL, GLUTEN, GRAIN QUALITY

A review article on application of ZnO-based nanocomposite materials in environmental remediation

ZnO is an intriguing material for photocatalysis applications because of its high rate of charge carrier recombination activity, ease of availability of raw materials, low manufacturing costs, and non-toxic nature. Depending on the preparation process and their conditions, a variety of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nano and microstructures can be generated. As a result, the creation of ZnO–nanocarbon composites have proven to be a promising option for developing novel, more active as well as stable photocatalytic systems. Other metallic and carbon-based with well 2-D materials with good physical and chemical properties, could be attractive choices to hybridise with ZnO. This review examines recent developments in ZnO–based nanocomposites, focusing on synthesis methods as well as structural, morphological, etc. We also look at how photocatalytic degradation of organic and inorganic dye is affected by ZnO- based composites.

An Emerging Local Annealing Method for Simultaneous Crystallization and Activation in Xtacking 3-D NAND Flash

The high thermal budget of three-dimensional NAND Flash (3D NAND Flash) is the key issue limiting the increase in vertical integration. The main purpose of this article is to design a local and high temperature annealing function to reduce the thermal budget and gain a high activation rate without diffusion at a target depth to improve the performance of 3D NAND Flash devices by laser annealing with green wavelength. The method of nanosecond pulse laser annealing (ns-PLA) for amorphous silicon (a-Si) crystallization and activation has been proven, and this method has the benefits of a low thermal budget and controllable heating. According to previous experiments, one of the important results is that ns-PLA with high energy can provide a high temperature that reaches the melting point of a-Si and obtain a deep and monocrystal-like silicon channel through liquid phase crystallization in 3D NAND applications and obtain a higher activation rate. These results cast emerging light on low thermal budget processes based on ns-PLA in 3D NAND flash for future architecture such as Xtacking architecture, and have significant ramifications for impurity activation rates and reducing channel leakages.

Engineering oxygen vacancy-rich CeOx overcoating onto Ni/Al2O3 by atomic layer deposition for bi-reforming of methane

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) was applied to develop CeOx-overcoated Ni/Al2O3 catalyst for bi-reforming of methane (BRM), as the combination of dry reforming of methane (DRM) and steam reforming of methane (SRM). Non-stoichiometric CeOx thin films were successfully deposited on Ni/Al2O3 particles by ALD, which constructed a beneficial Ni-CeOx interface and modified the catalyst property. Ascribed to the unique ALD growth mode, a high amount of Ce(III) and oxygen vacancies existed in the ALD-deposited CeOx overcoating. A reduction process before the BRM reaction contributed to the further reduction of Ce(IV) to Ce(III), resulting in more oxygen vacancies. The oxygen vacancies at the Ni-CeOx interface enabled a high rate of CO2 activation and enabled the balance between the activation of CO2 and H2O for BRM. Due to its oxygen vacancies as activation sites for CO2 and H2O, CeOx ALD overcoating significantly improved the activity of Ni/Al2O3 catalyst and achieved a better control in the H2/CO ratio with a suitable ratio of H2O/CO2/CH4 feed. CeOx overcoatings enhanced the reducibility of Ni(II) sites and assisted in preventing Ni from oxidation during the BRM reaction. Less carbon deposition was achieved by the Ni/Al2O3 catalyst with CeOx overcoating as ascribed to its better reactant activation capacity.

Design and synthesis of thermosensitive target segment resin with precisely controlled distance between immobilization sites for immobilization of penicillin G acylase

PurposeTo save the economic cost and improve the performance of enterprises, this study aims to synthesize high performance immobilized penicillin G acylase (PGA) carriers with fast reaction speed, high recovery rate of enzyme activity and good reusability through corresponding theoretical guidance and experimental exploration.Design methodology approachA diblock resin was synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization method using N, N-diethylacrylamide (DEA) and β-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) as functional monomers poly(N, N-diethylacrylamide)-b-poly(β-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PDEA-b-PHEMA) was obtained, and the effect of the ratio of DEA and HEMA on the activity of PGA was investigated, and the appropriate block ratio of DEA and HEMA was obtained. After that, the competitive rate of HEMA and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) under the carrier preparation conditions was investigated. Based on the above work, a thermosensitive resin carrier PDEA-b-PHEMA-b-P(HEMA-co-GMA) with different target distances was synthesized, and the chemical structures and molecular weight of copolymers were investigated by hydrogen NMR (1H NMR).FindingsThe lower critical solution temperature of the resin support decreases with the increase of the monomer HEMA in the random copolymerization; the catalytic performance study indicated that the response rate of the immobilized PGA is fast, and the recovery rate of the enzyme activity of the immobilized PGA varies with the distance between the targets. When the molar ratio of HEMA to GMA in the resin block is 8.15:1 [i.e. resin PDEA100-b-PHEMA10-b-P(HEMA65-co-GMA8)], the activity recovery rate of immobilized PGA can reach 50.51%, which was 15.49% higher than that of pure GMA immobilized PGA.Originality valueThis contribution provides a novel carrier for immobilizing PGA. Under the optimal molar ratio, the enzyme activity recovery could be up to 50.51%, which was 15.49% higher than that of PGA immobilized on the carrier with nonregulated distance between two immobilization sites.

Potential Hemostatic and Wound Healing Effects of Thermoresponsive Wound Dressing Gel Loaded with Lignosus rhinocerotis and Punica granatum Extracts.

Biologically active compounds in Lignosus rhinocerotis and Punica granatum are found to facilitate wound healing and exhibit hemostatic activity, making them a good combination as bioactives for wound dressings. This study, therefore, aimed to evaluate the potential of thermoresponsive gels loaded with L. rhinocerotis (HLRE) and P. granatum (PPE) extracts as dressings for wound treatment. The gels were prepared using Pluronic PF127 polymer and mixed with PEG 400 and/or starch prior to incorporation with both extracts (0.06 to 1 mg/mL). The gelation temperature (Tgel) at the skin temperature was achieved when Pluronic PF127 was mixed with 22% w/v PEG 400 and reduced to 25.7 ± 0.3-26.7 ± 1.2 °C after adding HLRE and PPE. The gels exhibited satisfactory hardness (2.02 ± 0.19-6.45 ± 0.53 N), cohesiveness (0.9 ± 0.07-2.28 ± 0.4 mJ), adhesiveness (5.07 ± 2.41-19.6 ± 1.1 mJ), and viscosity (0.15 ± 0.04-0.95 ± 0.03 Pa.s), suitable for wound dressings. The optimized gels displayed high thrombin activity and cell migration rate (wound closure of 74% ± 12-89% ± 2 within 24 h), demonstrating hemostatic and healing effects. The thermoresponsive gels demonstrated advantages to be used as dressings for treating acute and open wounds.

One–dimensional shell-core nanorods of NiO@Cd0·75Zn0·25S as Schottky junction photocatalyst with rich sulfur vacancies for enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution

Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction is one of the remarkable methods to produce clean and renewable fuel. However, the application of photocatalysts is still restricted because of the high recombination rate of photo-excited carriers and low photocatalytic activity. Herein, one-dimensional shell-core Schottky junction NiO@Cd0·75Zn0·25S composite nanorods have been synthesized successfully by self-assembly growing on the surface of Cd0·75Zn0·25S (CZS) nanorods with rich sulfur vacancies. The improved photocatalyst NiO@Cd0·75Zn0·25S sample (CN-0.15) exhibits a highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of 745.41 μmol h−1 with 5 mg photocatalyst (corresponding to 149.1 mmol g−1 h−1) and apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) 12.5% at 420 nm, which is 5 times higher than that of pure CZS. Series results of characterizations and density functional theory (DFT) calculation provide a novel strategy for constructing Schottky junction by multi-step interfacial and defect engineering for H2 evolution.

Городскаяречь как объект лингвистического исследования: устная и письменная разновидности

The article focuses on methodological tendences in urban language research. Authors, meanwhile, substantiate rationality of its spoken and written varieties as separate fields of study. These studies are marked with a high rate of activity and they highlight a new concept of the «regiolect» — a regional variety of the national language. The analysis of the scientific results of linguo-urbanistics reveals the dominance of the onomastic vector and obvious lack of research into urban speech. The authors specify discrepancies in the function of written and spoken language in linguistic, semiotic and psychological aspects. They also state destructive results of simple mechanical transfer of oral speech techniques to urban epigraphy, the differences between word-formation processes in written and oral speech are described. The visuality of a written sign, the possibility of hybrid word formation with the help of other symbolic and graphic systems, as well as the activity of language norms are listed as features of written communication. A distinctive feature of the oral form is the possibility of meaning explication through non-verbal signs. According to the authors, greater reliability of scientific results in the field of modern urban studies can be achieved through compliance with the principle of unmixed study of living speech and urban writing.

Фотосинтетическая деятельность сортов нута в поливных условиях равнинного Дагестана в зависимости от применяемых агроприемов

In the conditions of the Tersk – Sulak subprovincion of the Republic of Dagestan in the period from 2019 to 2021, field experiments were laid. The purpose of the research is to develop an optimal irrigation regime, as well as to identify the effectiveness of the use of the Albit growth regulator on crops of chickpea varieties Volgogradsky 10 (standard), Privo 1, Vega. As a result, it was found that the maximum leaf area on average for the studied varieties was observed under the irrigation regime, which provides for vegetation irrigation with a decrease in the pre-irrigation moisture threshold to 80% HB- 23.9 thousand m2/ha. This is more than the data of the control variant (60% HB) by 10.1%, and the variant with a pre-watering moisture threshold of 70% HB, by 5.3%. Under the irrigation regime with a threshold of 70% HB, the leaf surface was 22.7 thousand m2/ha, the excess with control was 4.6%. Approximately the same situation was also observed for other indicators of photosynthetic activity of varieties. Sufficiently high rates of photosynthetic activity of the varieties were noted during the pre-sowing treatment of seeds with the growth regulator Albit. Among the chickpea varieties studied, the maximum values of leaf surface area and net photosynthesis productivity were formed by the Vega variety. The greatest productivity of the chickpea variety was formed on the variant with a pre-watering threshold of 80% HB. The difference in the yield of the above varieties, compared with the variants 60 and 70% HB, was 34.4; 31.7; 34.5 and 16.8; 15.1; 18.8%, respectively. Of the growth regulators used, Albite turned out to be preferred, and of the studied varieties, Vega.

МАЛЫЙ БИЗНЕС В КОНТЕКСТЕ РАЗВИТИЯ ИННОВАЦИОННО-ЦИФРОВОЙ ЭКОСИСТЕМЫ

Modern society is characterized by rapid changes caused by high rates of technological development, global interaction and innovative digital activity of companies, which lead to the formation of a dynamic environment around market entities. These circumstances not only create the conditions, but also determine the need to create a business ecosystem based on an innovative approach. Innovative digital technologies bring interaction between market actors to a new technological and global level, which requires solving new problems related to the need to apply an ecosystem approach in business modeling and economic policy development. The article concludes that the ecosystem approach contributes to the rapid adaptation of small and medium-sized businesses to environmental changes in the presence of an appropriate innovation and digital infrastructure and the manifestation of the necessary innovation activity to create a business ecosystem.

Heterostructures of MXenes and transition metal oxides for supercapacitors: an overview.

MXenes are a large family of two dimensional (2D) materials with high conductivity, redox activity and compositional diversity that have become front-runners in the materials world for a diverse range of energy storage applications. High-performing supercapacitors require electrode materials with high charge storage capabilities, excellent electrical conductivity for fast electron transfer, and the ability of fast charging/discharging with good cyclability. While MXenes show many of these properties, their energy storage capability is limited by a narrow electrochemically stable potential window due to irreversible oxidation under anodic potentials. Although transition metal oxides (TMOs) are often high-capacity materials with high redox activity, their cyclability and poor rate performance are persistent challenges because of their dissolution in aqueous electrolytes and mediocre conductivity. Forming heterostructures of MXenes with TMOs and using hybrid electrodes is a feasible approach to simultaneously increase the charge storage capacity of MXenes and improve the cyclability and rate performance of oxides. MXenes could also act as conductive substrates for the growth of oxides, which could perform as spacers to stop the aggregation of MXene sheets during charging/discharging and help in improving the supercapacitor performance. Moreover, TMOs could increase the interfacial contact between MXene sheets and help in providing short-diffusion ion channels. Hence, MXene/TMO heterostructures are promising for energy storage. This review summarizes the most recent developments in MXene/oxide heterostructures for supercapacitors and highlights the roles of individual components.