High Discharge Rates Research Articles

Entropy Tuning Stabilizing P2‐Type Layered Cathodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

AbstractThe P2‐type layered transition metal oxide cathodes confront formidable challenges, including irreversible deleterious phase transitions, transition metals migration, and sluggish Na+ diffusion kinetics, which hamper their rapid commercial application in sodium ion batteries (SIB). In this work, an entropy tuning with dual‐site substitution strategy is proposed to address the aforementioned issues. In the tailored [Na0.67Zn0.05]Ni0.22Cu0.06Mn0.66Ti0.01O2 (NZNCMTO) cathodes, the strategic incorporation of Zn ions serves to occupy Na sites, intentionally disrupting the Na/vacancy ordering and establishing a reinforcing “pillar” effect within the layered framework. Furthermore, the substitution of Cu and Ti for Ni and Mn bolsters covalent bonding with the lattice oxygen, thereby impeding the migration of the transition metal ions and leading to a near‐zero strain structural evolution during charge and discharge process. Density functional theory calculations confirmed that entropy‐tuned NZNCMTO substantially lowered the migration energy barrier for Na+ ions diffusion and improved electronic conductivity. Consequently, the NZNCMTO cathode exhibits an impressive high practical capacity of 91.54 mAh g−1 at a high discharge rate of 10 C, along with outstanding cycling stability, maintaining near 100% capacity retention over 500 cycles at a current density of 10 C. This work presents an innovative blueprint for designing high‐performance sodium‐ion battery cathode materials.

Investigation of Heat Transfer Enhancement Techniques on a Scalable Novel Hybrid Thermal Management Strategy for Lithium-Ion Battery Packs

This paper introduces a novel hybrid thermal management strategy, which uses secondary coolants (air and fluid) to extract heat from a phase change material (paraffin), resulting in an increase in the phase change material’s heat extraction capability and the battery module’s overall thermal performance. A novel cold plate design is developed and placed between the rows and columns of the cells. The cold plate contains a single fluid body to improve the thermal performance of the battery module. Experimental studies were conducted to obtain the temperature and heat flux profiles of the battery module. Moreover, a numerical model is developed and validated using the experimental data obtained. The numerical data stayed within ±2% of the experimental data. In addition, the ability of nanoparticles to increase the thermal conductivity of water is examined and it is found that the cooling from the liquid cooling component is not sensitive enough to capture the 0.32 W/m K increase in the thermal conductivity of the fluid. Furthermore, in order to enhance the air cooling, fins were added within the air duct to the cold plate. However, this is not feasible, as the pressure drop through the addition of the fins increased by ~245%, whereas the maximum temperature of the battery module reduced by only 0.6 K. Finally, when scaled up to an entire battery pack at a high discharge rate of 7 C, the numerical results showed that the overall temperature uniformity across the pack was 1.14 K, with a maximum temperature of 302.6 K, which was within the optimal operating temperature and uniformity ranges. Therefore, the developed thermal management strategy eliminates the requirement of a pump and reservoir and can be scaled up or down according to the energy and power requirements.

Research on thermal management system of lithium-ion battery with a new type of spider web liquid cooling channel and phase change materials

Phase change materials (PCM) possess outstanding temperature control capabilities; however, it is difficult for pure PCM to satisfy the thermal management requirements under high discharge rates (4C-5C) in electric vehicles. This study designs and numerically simulates a Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) that combines PCM with a spider web liquid cooling channel and compares it to pure PCM cooling. The results reveal that the new hybrid BTMS exhibits exceptional heat dissipation performance. Compared to pure PCM cooling, the hybrid cooling structure can maintain the Tmax of the battery module below 40 °C. Under a 5C discharge rate, the Tmax and ΔTmax of the battery module can be controlled at 39.6 °C and 4.9 °C. Based on this, the study analyzes the effects of coolant inlet Reynolds number, inlet temperature, and ambient temperature on the battery's Tmax, ΔTmax, coolant pressure drop, and PCM phase change rate under different discharge rates. This study aims to control the liquid phase rate at around 80 % and to minimize the pressure drop in the coolant as much as possible while meeting thermal management requirements. Finally, in a low temperature environment of −30 °C, with an inlet Re of 300 and an inlet temperature of 7 °C, the heating rate of the battery module with the newly designed hybrid cooling structure can reach 3.67 °C/min.

Perspectives of healthcare workers on the integration of overdose detection technologies in acute care settings

BackgroundPeople who use drugs (PWUD) face disproportionately high rates of hospitalizations and patient-initiated discharge (leaving against medical advice), explained by a combination of stigma, withdrawal, judgment, blame, and improper pain management. In addition, evidence has shown that despite abstinence-based policies within healthcare settings, PWUD continue to use their substances in healthcare environments often hidden away from hospital staff, resulting in fatalities. Various novel overdose detection technologies (ODTs) have been developed with early adoption in a few settings to reduce the morbidity and mortality from risky substance use patterns within healthcare environments. Our study aimed to gain the perspectives of healthcare workers across Canada on implementing ODTs within these settings.MethodWe used purposive and snowball sampling to recruit 16 healthcare professionals to participate in semi-structured interviews completed by two evaluators. Interview transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify key themes and subthemes.ResultsParticipants recognized ODTs as a potentially feasible solution for increasing the safety of PWUD in healthcare settings. Our results suggest the mixed ability of these services to decrease stigma and build rapport with PWUD. Participants further highlighted barriers to implementing these services, including pre-established policies, legal recourse, and coordination of emergency responses to suspected overdoses. Lastly, participants highlight that ODTs should only be one part of a multifaceted approach to reducing harm in healthcare settings and could currently be integrated into discharge planning.ConclusionHealthcare professionals from across Canada found ODTs to be an acceptable intervention, but only as part of a larger suite of harm reduction interventions to reduce the harms associated with illicit drug use in healthcare settings. In contrast, participants noted institutional policies, stigma on behalf of healthcare workers and leadership would present significant challenges to their uptake and dissemination.

Heat transfer characteristics of liquid cooling system for lithium-ion battery pack

To improve the thermal uniformity of power battery packs for electric vehicles, three different cooling water cavities of battery packs are researched in this study: the series one-way flow corrugated flat tube cooling structure (Model 1), the series two-way flow corrugated flat tube cooling structure (Model 2), and the parallel sandwich cooling structure (Model 3). Based on the fluid-solid coupling method, this study analyzes the cooling performance of the three models, including thermal uniformity, heat dissipation, and pressure loss. At a high discharge rate, compared with the series cooling system, the parallel sandwich cooling system makes the average temperature and maximum temperature of the battery pack decrease by 26.2% and 26.9% respectively, and the battery pack temperature difference decreases by 62%, and the coolant pressure loss decreases by 95.8%. The results show that the Model 3 overcomes the temperature accumulation caused by the series flow of coolant and achieves a better level of thermal uniformity while improving the heat dissipation and pressure loss performance. The research provides scholars and industries with a reference for upgrading thermal management and improving the stability of the power battery pack for electric vehicles, which has both theoretical and practical significance.

Lithium-ion battery pack thermal management under high ambient temperature and cyclic charging-discharging strategy design

To ensure the stable operation of lithium-ion battery under high ambient temperature with high discharge rate and long operating cycles, the phase change material (PCM) cooling with advantage in latent heat absorption and liquid cooling with advantage in heat removal are utilized and coupling optimized in this work. Based on the preferred hybrid cooling scheme, the two layers cold plates and fins are arranged, and the cold plate structure is redesigned to optimize cooling system. The coupling effects of composite PCM and water flow rate, as well as charging and discharging strategy, are numerically studied. The results show that the hybrid cooling is more suitable to high discharge rate of 5C and long-term cyclic operation at 40 °C. The two layers cold plate and fins arranged in hybrid cooling system can mitigate the temperature non-uniformity of batteries along the axis, and the maximum temperature Tmax and temperature difference ΔTmax are reduced by 4.44 °C and 4.17 °C, respectively. Also, the optimized cold plate can mitigate the temperature non-uniformity caused by battery dispersion, and the standard deviation of temperature of batteries is reduced from 0.48 to 0.37. Then, the composite PCM added with expanded graphite can further decrease the Tmax and ΔTmax by 2.18 °C and 1.79 °C, respectively. Lower charging rate offers more reliable cooling performance during continuous cyclic operations. In general, the designed fin-enhanced hybrid cooling system with composite PCM and two layers cold plate can control the Tmax and ΔTmax within 45.85 °C and 3.39 °C at 40 °C ambient temperature and 5C discharge respectively, and offers a reliable and desired cooling performance during continuous charging and discharging of 1C, 2C and 3C. During cyclic operation with 3C discharging and 1C charging, the Tmax and ΔTmax can be controlled below 44.39 °C and 2.64 °C, respectively.

Hybrid Membrane Composed of Nickel Diselenide Nanosheets with Carbon Nanotubes for Catalytic Conversion of Polysulfides in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

Lithium-sulfur batteries demonstrate enormous energy density are promising forms of energy storage. Unfortunately, the slow redox kinetics and polysulfides shuttle effect are some of the factors that prevent the its development. To address these issues, the hybrid membrane with combination of nickel diselenide nanosheets modified carbon nanotubes (NSN@CNTs) and utilized Li2 S6 catholyte for lithium sulfur battery. The conductive CNTs facilitates fast electronic/ionic transport, while the polarity of NSN as a strong affinity to lithium polysulfides, effectively anchoring them, facilitating the redox conversion of polysulfide species, and effectively diminishing reaction barriers. The cell with NSN@CNTs delivers the first discharge capacity of 1123.8 mAh g-1 and maintains 786.5 mAh g-1 after 300 cycles (0.2 C) at the sulfur loading 5.4 mg. Its rate capability is commendable, enabling it to sustain a capacity of 559.8 mAh g-1 even at a high discharge rate of 2 C. In addition, its initial discharge capacity can remain 8.33 mAh even at 10.8 mg for duration of 100 cycles. This research indicates the potential application of NSN@CNTs hybrid materials in lithium-sulfur batteries.

High Voltage Cycling Stability of LiF-Coated NMC811 Electrode.

The development of LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) as a cathode material for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) intends to address the driving limitations of electric vehicles. However, the commercialization of this technology has been hindered by poor cycling stability at high cutoff voltages. The potential instability and drastic capacity fade stem from irreversible parasitic side reactions at the electrode-electrolyte interface. To address these issues, a stable nanoscale lithium fluoride (LiF) coating is deposited on the NMC811 electrode via atomic layer deposition. The nanoscale LiF coating diminishes the direct contact between NMC811 and the electrolyte, suppressing the detrimental parasitic reactions. LiF-NMC811 delivers cycling stability superior to uncoated NMC811 with high cutoff voltage for half-cell (3.0-4.6 V vs Li/Li+) and full-cell (2.8-4.5 V vs graphite) configurations. The structural, morphological, and chemical analyses of the electrodes after cycling show that capacity decline fundamentally arises from the electrode-electrolyte interface growth, irreversible phase transformation, transition metal dissolution and crossover, and particle cracking. Overall, this work demonstrates that LiF is an effective electrode coating for high-voltage cycling without compromising rate performance, even at high discharge rates. The findings of this work highlight the need to stabilize the electrode-electrolyte interface to fully utilize the high-capacity performance of NMC811.

Discharge characteristic analysis of lithium-sulfur batteries considering the discontinuous deposit and transport-limited effects

The modeling research plays a crucial role in grasping the reaction mechanisms and forecasting the performance of lithium-sulfur (Li–S) batteries. A transient Li–S battery model including continuity, transportation, and reaction kinetics by simultaneously considering the discontinuous deposit of discharge product Li2S and the transport limitation in the concentrated electrolyte, is developed to reveal the discharge phenomena. The effects of operating conditions and electrolyte and electrode properties on the discharge behaviors including voltage-capacity curve, energy density, profiles of solid product (ɛLi2S) and porosity (ɛ) at the cathode are quantitatively studied. It is found that low discharge rate is beneficial to the discharge capacity and utilization of cathode sulfur. Enhancing precipitate (S8) solubility Ksp, S8 and ionic diffusivity Di improves voltage plateau and specific energy to varying degrees; the promotion of voltage plateau will be inconspicuous as electrode conductivity σ is enlarged over 0.1 S/m. With the rise of ɛ from 0.5 to 0.9, the specific capacity and the specific energy are expanded by around 5 times. When lengthening Lca from 20 μm to 60 μm, the specific capacity ascends from 944.5 to 991.5 mAh/g-S, whereas the growth rate of specific capacity and specific energy decreases gradually; the practical total energy almost increases linearly with thickness, yielding a 218.75% enhancement. With a certain period of relaxation, the recovered cell capacity after the high discharge rate is higher than that after the low discharge rate. This work may guide in designing electrodes and electrolytes and provide performance regulation strategies for Li–S batteries.

Voltage Drop Compensation Technology for High-Voltage and High-Power DC Energy Storage Power Supply System

This paper presents an output voltage drop compensation technology for high-voltage and high-power DC energy storage system (DC-ESS). This technology is used to improve the output voltage stability of high-voltage high-power DC-ESS in high rate discharge. The proposed output voltage drop compensation technology includes an ESS architecture and a corresponding control method. The proposed ESS architecture adopts DC dynamic voltage regulator (DC-DVR) to compensate for output voltage drop. DC-DVR adopts 6-phase interleaved parallel buck converter. This architecture not only maintains the system output voltage stability, but also reduces the system cost. Moreover, the proposed ESS architecture does not change the original energy storage capacity. The dynamic power flow of the proposed ESS architecture is analyzed and a direct power control method based on full response power compensation is proposed. The steady-state power and dynamic power of the proposed ESS architecture are compensated respectively, so that the input power can quickly track the change of the output power. The proposed control method improves the stability and dynamic response speed in the system dynamic process. Simulation and experiment verify the effectiveness of the proposed ESS architecture and control method.

Fabrication and multiphysics numerical investigations of carbon fiber structural batteries

The structural battery (SB) that uses carbon fibers as anodes is a lightweight composite material battery integrating load bearing and energy storage. However, during usage, diffusion-induced stress may result in structural failure and a reduction in the battery capacity. In this paper, a laminated structural battery (LSB) was fabricated using carbon fiber cloth as an anode and collector and successfully powered LEDs. Then, based on this laminated structure, a multiphysics field model based on electrochemical-mechanical coupling is established for the analysis of complicated diffusion-induced stresses in carbon fibers. Following this model, researchers investigate the electro-chemo-mechanical behaviors and influencing factors of the SB and compare them with those of the lithium-ion battery (LIB). The results show that diffusion polarization in carbon fibers is aggravated by their lower diffusion coefficient, larger radius, and higher discharge rate; in both types of batteries, there is a higher tensile diffusion stress and a higher probability of failure at the surface of the anode active material than in the interior; a more uniform distribution of diffusion-induced stress on the surface of fibers at different locations; when discharging at a high rate, the SB capacity hardly reduces, and the high strength and relatively low diffusion-induced stress in the carbon fiber make it much safer, showing excellent electrochemical performance and resistance to failure due to diffusion-induced stress. This study demonstrates the feasibility of the fabrication and safety of carbon fiber structural batteries, which may potentially offer recommendations for the fabrication and use of novel SBs.

A comparative investigation of two-phase immersion thermal management system for lithium-ion battery pack

The applications of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) still suffer from thermal sensitivity and safety issues, especially given the rigorous requirements of fast charging and discharging. When choosing a proper battery thermal management system (BTMS), a comprehensive investigation should be made in terms of design complexity, system cost, and cooling efficiency, which usually forms a trade-off. In this study, four types of BTMS including air cooling, single phase immersion, indirect cooling, and two phase immersion are first evaluated on pouch battery pack. To describe the uniform heat generation, batteries are simulated by a three-dimensional electrochemical-thermal coupled model. Results show that air cooling and immersion cooling exhibits less extra weight, while two phase immersion delivers better in suppressing temperature rise and maintaining temperature uniformity. Then, the simulations involving different coolants are conducted for two phase immersion-based BTMS. The thermal behaviors of battery pack are examined at 5, 7, and 9 C discharge rates. The R1336mzz(Z) coolant with high boiling heat transfer coefficient is suitable for thermal management at high discharge rates. Besides, analysis reveals that increasing the immersion level of battery pack can improve battery temperature behaviors. This work is expected to provide preliminary proof of BTMS design for fast discharging.

Liquid Cooling Systems for Batteries of Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing Aircraft

Batteries are the lynchpin of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, and the high discharge rates pose a critical challenge to the battery thermal management system (BTMS). This work presents a channeled liquid cooling technology-based BTMS for eVTOL aircraft. During the flight, the heat generated from the batteries is partly extracted by circulating liquid coolant within a wavy channel (WC) attached firmly to the battery cells. The heat is then transported into a plate-fin compact heat exchanger (HEX), where all the heat is dissipated into the atmosphere. We report sensitivity analyses of the HEX model to shed light on the impact of the relevant design parameters on the BTMS size, weight, and power. We also examine critical parameters of the coupled WC-HEX BTMS in a one-dimensional off-design analysis. We demonstrate that the liquid cooling system can maintain the battery operating temperature within acceptable levels with a mass of less than 20% of the battery pack mass. Battery degradation using the liquid cooling system is reduced by over three times compared to an air-cooled system for both tilt-wing and lift+cruise eVTOL aircraft.

Geo-physical attributes of Shushunia’s aquifer, Chhatna block, Bankura district, West Bengal, India

Shushunia hill lies in a transitional zone of the South Singbhum Mobile Craton and northern Gondwana formation. The Shushunia hill appears like a porcupine peak and it has structural similarity to the Eastern Ghat. The Shushunia hill zone is an example of a contact spring. In the foothill zone, two perennial springs are observed. The study purely deals with its aquifer and water quality. Based on the present rock strata and the nature of the contact aquifer, its early condition has been assumed. The discharge of the confined aquifers occurs by leakage. The water temperature depicts the springs are not of geothermal origin. Shushunia's aquifer is the shallow flow system water table and it is the subdued replica of surface topography. The comparatively high discharge rate during post-monsoon indicates the fractured conduit-water seepage towards the aquifer. Moreover, twin-contact aquifers do not yield water uniformly. The perennial aquifer may act as a municipal water supply source for drinking purposes in the future.

Performance analysis and comparison study of liquid cooling-based shell-and-tube battery thermal management systems

To meet the temperature control requirements of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) under high rate discharge conditions, this study designed two structurally similar shell-and-tube battery thermal management (BTM) schemes, namely air-cooled/liquid cooled coupling scheme and phase change material (PCM)/liquid cooled coupling scheme. By applying simulation methods to analyze and compare the battery temperature control performance of two schemes under different working conditions, and adopting structural optimization and heat dissipation strategies to decrease the maximum temperature and temperature difference of the battery. It can be concluded that the maximum temperature of the batteries in both cooling schemes remains below 333 K after the number of baffle plates is increased from 2 to 6 during 5C discharge. Among them, the PCM/liquid cooling scheme demonstrates superior temperature control capabilities. However, the air cooling/liquid cooling scheme can also effectively reduce the temperature difference of the battery pack to 4.7 K by frequently switching the ventilation direction. The temperature difference of the battery can be further reduced by enhancing the thermal conductivity of composite phase change materials (CPCM). It is worth noting that increasing the liquid cooling flow rate to 2.5 m/s no longer improves the cooling effect of the battery. Additionally, during each discharge stage of cyclic charging and discharging, intermittently turning off the water pump for 9 min results in the battery exhibiting favorable temperature cycling characteristics.

A numerical and statistical study to determine the effect of thermophysical properties of phase change material for lithium-ion battery thermal management

Lithium-ion batteries’ performance is quite sensitive to temperature, leading to capacity fade, acceleration of aging effect, and possible thermal runaway. The temperature of lithium-ion batteries increases under operating conditions of high discharge rates. The heat released by the battery can be effectively removed using phase change material (PCM). The thermophysical properties of the PCM affect the heat removal performance of the PCM. In this study, the effect of thermophysical parameters such as thermal conductivity, latent heat, specific heat, and density on maximum battery temperature and battery temperature uniformity was numerically investigated. The dominant factors for PCM to prevent temperature increase in a prismatic LiMn2O4 lithium-ion battery were identified by orthogonal design to improve the thermophysical properties of PCM. The thermophysical properties of PCM were changed by incorporating the expanded graphite. Based on what was observed in the current study, the influence of the thermal conductivity of PCM was higher than other thermophysical properties, while the influence of the latent heat on both maximum battery temperature and temperature uniformity was negligible. Density was the second crucial factor that could help reduce the maximum battery temperature and keep the temperature distribution uniform. The results obtained from this study can allow the design of effective battery thermal management systems by improving the thermophysical properties of the PCM.

Numerical Study on Heat Generation Characteristics of Charge and Discharge Cycle of the Lithium-Ion Battery

Lithium-ion batteries are the backbone of novel energy vehicles and ultimately contribute to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly transportation system. Taking a 5 Ah ternary lithium-ion battery as an example, a two-dimensional axisymmetric electrochemical–thermal coupling model is developed via COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0 in this study and then is validated with the experimental data. The proportion of different types of heat generation in a 26,650 ternary lithium-ion battery during the charge/discharge cycle is investigated numerically. Moreover, the impact of essential factors such as charge/discharge multiplier and ambient temperature on the reaction heat, ohmic heat, and polarization heat are analyzed separately. The numerical results indicate that the total heat generated by the constant discharge process is the highest in the charging and discharging cycle of a single battery. The maximum heat production per unit volume is 67,446.99 W/m3 at 2 C multiplier discharge. Furthermore, the polarization heat presents the highest percentage in the charge/discharge cycle, reaching up to 58.18% at 0 C and 1 C multiplier discharge. In a high-rate discharge, the proportion of the reaction heat decreases from 34.31% to 12.39% as the discharge rate increases from 0.5 C to 2 C. As the discharge rate rises and the ambient temperature falls, the maximum temperature increase of the single-cell battery also rises, with a more pronounced impact compared to increasing the discharge rate.

Mesoscopic conductivity and trap distribution characteristics in the interfacial region of polypropylene/MgO nanocomposites with high energy storage density

Polymer dielectric materials are crucial for storage devices in power and electronic systems, as well as electric vehicles, due to their high energy density and fast discharge rates. Polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) possess superb electrical and energy storage properties, making them highly promising as next-generation thin-film dielectrics for energy storage. The excellent performance of PNCs derive from the interfacial region introduced by nano-doping. However, the current measurement equipment and technology make it difficult to accurately obtain the mesoscopic scale distribution characteristics of the conductivity of the interfacial region, and are also impossible to clarify the formation mechanism of deep traps in the interfacial region. We employed high-throughput simulation and experiment to investigate the mesoscopic conductivity and trap distribution properties of the interfacial region in PNCs. Furthermore, we developed a three-dimensional mesoscopic conductivity distribution simulation model of PNCs containing polymer matrix, nanoparticles, and interfacial region. The interfacial region size and conductivity distribution of the PNCs were determined by comparing with the experimental results, and the mesoscopic distribution characteristics of the interfacial traps in PNCs were obtained. It is proved that the nanofillers form a condensed structure with high order and compactness by restraining the movement of molecular chains, which deepens the trap energy in the interfacial region and restricts the free volume expansion. This results in the formation of interfacial regions with low conductivity, contributing to enhancing energy storage performance.

Thermo-luminescent optical fibre sensor for Li-ion cell internal temperature monitoring

The internal temperature of a Li-ion battery is one of the critical parameters for monitoring cell performance, ageing and safety. The development of new sensor technologies to control the internal temperature of cells without compromising performance and safety remains a challenge. It is one of the objectives of the European INSTABAT project in the framework of the Battery2030+ initiative. The objective of this paper is to describe the development of a new optical fibre sensor based on a thermoluminescent material to monitor internal cell temperature. The development of the sensor, its thermal characterisation and its calibration are presented here. This sensor was inserted into a commercial Li-ion cell and its response during cycling at high charge and discharge rates (2C in charge and 4C in discharge) was investigated. The comparison between external and internal temperature measurements shows good agreement. These results demonstrate the ability of this type of sensor to monitor the internal temperature of a Li-ion battery without affecting its performance at high loading.

An Ultrafast, Durable, and High-Loading Polymer Anode for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries and Supercapacitors

With high theoretical capacities (820 mAh g−1 and 5855 mAh cm−3), suitable electrochemical potential (−0.763 V vs standard hydrogen electrode), low cost, and rich abundance of component materials, aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) and capacitors (ZICs) have exhibited great promise for grid-level energy storage and other stationary applications. Zn metal as excessive Zn are often used to compensate for the uncontrollable dendritic growth, corrosion behaviour, and low Coulombic efficiency (CE) of the Zn metal. As such, most of the ZIBs and ZICs developed using these electrode materials exhibited actual device energy and power densities that were significantly lower than the corresponding theoretical values. Another key performance metric that needs to be improved in ZIBs is their high-rate charge and discharge. In addition to the dendrite-derived problems commonly experienced in batteries based on other metal anodes, ZIBs are disadvantaged by hydrogen gas evolution from water decomposition especially under high-rate charge/discharge, leading to poor cycle life.Herein, an ultrafast, stable, and high-loading polymer anode for aqueous Zn-ion batteries and capacitors (ZIBs and ZICs) is developed by engineering both the electrode and electrolyte. The anode polymer is rationally prepared to have a suitable electronic structure and a large π-conjugated structure, whereas the electrolyte is manufactured based on the superiority of trif late anions over sulfate anions, as analyzed and confirmed via experiments and simulations. This dual engineering results in an optimal polymer anode with a low discharge potential, near-theoretical capacity, ultrahigh-loading capability (≈50 mg cm−2), ultrafast rate (100 A g−1), and ultralong lifespan (one million cycles). Its mechanism involves reversible Zn2+/proton co-storage at the carbonyl site. When the polymer anode is coupled with cathodes for both ZIB and ZIC applications, the devices demonstrate ultrahigh power densities and ultralong lifespans, far surpassing those of corresponding Zn-metal-based devices. Figure 1