High Intensity Rain Research Articles

The Use of Adaptive Rice Varieties against Lodging in Yogyakarta Irrigated Low Land, Indonesia

Lodging of some rice fields in irrigated low land of Yogyakarta has been usually occured during wet season, which seem as the impact of climate change. To overcome this problem, Indonesia has been produced many new rice varieties which are adaptive to the abiotic stress such as flooding and lodging condition. On the other side, the use of bio inoculant and chemical seed dressing were suggested to increase rice yield under the abiotic stress. This research was aimed to determine the effect of new rice varieties and bio inoculant as well as chemical seed dressing to the rice growth and yield in Yogyakarta. Research was conducted on the wet season 2021/2022 at irrigated low land of rice agro ecosystem in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The research trial was designed in randomized block with 2 factors and 4 replications. Factor 1 was variety while factor 2 was bio inoculant and chemical seed dressing usage. Results showed that both variety and bioinoculant or chemical seed dressing gave positive effect to the plant height, numbers of tiller, weight of 100 grains, and root weight. Unfortunately, lodging was occurred at variety Inpari 45 Dirgahayu during the high rain intensity combine with strong wind, resulted non optimal yield obtained. However, bio inoculant of bacterium and fungi consorsia resulted higher yield, while the best yield was obtained from variety Inpari 32 HDB. As conclusion, the use of Inpari 32 HDB and Inpari 48 as new variety was promising to overcome lodging and increase the yield of Yogyakarta rice.

A New Method for Hour-by-Hour Bias Adjustment of Satellite Precipitation Estimates over Mainland China

Highly accurate near-real-time satellite precipitation estimates (SPEs) are important for hydrological forecasting and disaster warning. The near-real quantitative precipitation estimates (REGC) of the recently developed Chinese geostationary meteorological satellite Fengyun 4A (FY4A) have the advantage of high spatial and temporal resolution, but there are errors and uncertainties to some extent. In this paper, a self-adaptive ill-posed least squares scheme based on sequential processing (SISP) is proposed and practiced in mainland China to correct the real-time biases of REGC hour by hour. Specifically, the scheme adaptively acquires sample data by setting temporal and spatial windows and constructs an error-correction model based on the ill-posed least squares method from the perspectives of climate regions, topography, and rainfall intensity. The model adopts the sequential idea to update satellite precipitation data within time windows on an hour-by-hour basis and can correct the biases of real-time satellite precipitation data using dynamically changing parameters, fully taking into account the influence of precipitation spatial and temporal variability. Only short-term historical data are needed to accurately rate the parameters. The results show that the SISP algorithm can significantly reduce the biases of the original REGC, in which the values of relative bias (RB) in mainland China are reduced from 11.2% to 3.3%, and the values of root mean square error (RMSE) are also reduced by about 17%. The SISP algorithm has a better correction in humid and semi-humid regions than in arid and semi-arid regions and is effective in reducing the negative biases of precipitation in each climate region. In terms of rain intensity, the SISP algorithm can improve the overestimation of satellite precipitation estimates for low rain intensity (0.2–1 mm/h), but the correction for high rain intensity (>1 mm/h) needs further improvement. The error component analysis shows that the SISP algorithm can effectively correct the hit bias. This study serves as a valuable reference for real-time bias correction using short-term accumulated precipitation data.

Chickpea Varieties and Time of Sowing Effects on Growth and Yield under North-East Monsoon Influenced in Andhra Pradesh, India

Background: In Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh, India where North-East monsoon is predominant. During this season, chickpea crop sown during October to November 1st fortnight (FN) causing total crop loss due to high intensity rains in the changing climate scenario. In this context, there is a need for identification of suitable varieties of chickpea with ideal time of sowing for Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore district under changing climatic situations to enhance the yields of chickpea. Methods: Field experiment was carried out during rabi 2019-20 at Agricultural Research Station, Podalakur (14°22°N latitude, 79°44°E longitude and 43 m above mean sea-level), Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore district andhra Pradesh to identify the suitable chickpea variety and optimum time of sowing. The field experiment was laid out in Split plot design with 4 varieties of chickpea (V1: Nandyala gram-49, V2: Dheera, V3: Nandyala Senaga-1 and V4: JG-11) as main plot treatments and 3 time of sowings (D1: November 2nd FN, D2: December 1st FN, D3: December 2nd FN) as sub plot treatments in three replications. Result: Nandyala Senaga-1 and Dheera have taken more number days to 50% flowering and maturity. Crop sown on November 2nd FN took significantly more days (42.8) to bear 50% flowering and maturity, while the lowest number of days per 50% flowering and maturity was taken by December 2nd FN sown crop. Chickpea variety Nandyala Gram-49 recorded the highest grain yield (1491 kg ha-1), which was statistically on par with Nandyal Senaga-1 (1465 kg ha-1). The crop sown on November 2nd FN recorded significantly the highest grain yield (1462 kg ha-1), but which was statistically on par with December 1st FN (1424 kg ha-1) sown crop.

Analysis of Vsat Gyro performance based on the power level of the antenna receiver on the Pelni ship

The satellite communication system that is used for ship communication in Indonesian waters is expected to transmit real time data at any time under any conditions. However, currently, the Vsat Gyrsoscope antenna that is installed on the Pelni ship still uses the Ku band frequency. This frequency band is very susceptible to rain attenuation. Vsat Gyro will automatically search for satellites that cover it. Only when it is raining and the ship is moving towards the port, is there a decrease in the receiving power level. SNR and power and C/N will drop. Therefore, it is necessary to do an analysis to overcome this problem so that it is not disconnected during the transmission. This study conducted an analytical study to validate the analytical predictions of phasing the vsat power signal level on the pelni ship to maintain communication during sea operations, which are included in TKT 3 (three). The tools used in the measurement are vsat modem, PRTG application, laptop, RJ 45 cable, and Spectrum Analyzer. By optimizing the calculation of the margin link budget, the calculation of Qos and the parameters vsat Eb/No, C/N and SNR when adjusted to the operating conditions of the ship with high rain intensity so that communication can continue to run even when the worst conditions can be maintained properly.Â

Invasion of natural grasslands by exotic trees increases flood risks in mountainous landscapes in South India

Invasive trees in catchments around the world are a source of concern due to their hydrological and ecological impacts. A large number of studies have focused on their impact on dry-season stream discharge due to enhanced transpiration. The impact of invasive trees on stream discharge and flood risk during extreme rain events, which are becoming more frequent due to climate change, has not been addressed adequately. We examined the influence of land-cover, canopy cover, and other catchment morphological characteristics on stream discharges in hilly catchments during light, heavy, and extreme rain events. Three years of rainfall-runoff observations, between January 2014 and December 2016, were collected in eleven neighbouring mountainous catchments in Nilgiris, South India. Each catchment had a distinct land cover, namely shola forests, montane grasslands, and catchments invaded by wattle (Acacia mearnsii). Hourly rain intensities between the percentiles 25–90, 90–95 and over 95 were categorised as light, heavy and extreme respectively, and were used to study hourly peak stream discharge responses. We compared discharge between native grassland catchments and grassland catchments invaded by wattle. Discharge rates were corrected for the catchment area. We found that land cover and canopy-cover influenced the hydrologic response to extreme rain events. Regression models with flood event as the response variable suggested an increase in rainfall-runoff response with an increase in canopy cover. The maximum hourly discharge observed in the reference grassland catchment (0.00098 mm s−1) was lower than the maximum discharge observed in low density (0.00529 mm s−1) and high density (0.00497 mm s−1) wattle catchments. At higher discharges, the flood magnitude in wattle invaded catchments was much greater than that in the grassland catchment for a given flood frequency – indicating a higher risk of severe flooding in wattle-dominated catchments. We attribute the enhanced flood discharges to the effects of spreading wattle roots on the enhancement of rapid, shallow sub-surface flows in invaded catchments. Catchments dominated by shallow sub-surface flows are known to have reduced water retention times in response to high rain intensities. Antecedent moisture conditions and drainage density were other factors that influenced the local rainfall-runoff relationships. In the Western Ghats and other parts of India grasslands have been planted with exotic woody trees, and some have become invasive. Our study indicates that replacing grasslands with woody plants at landscape scales, could affect hydrological processes and could increase flood risks during the monsoon, especially in mountainous regions. Management of invaded catchments by regulation of wattle and restoration of semi-natural grassland, combined with the installation of early warning systems in these impacted areas will help reduce flood risk during extreme rain under climate change.

The Precursors of High Rainfall Intensity During June in Southern Central Java: A Case Study of Flash Floods 18 June 2016 in Purworejo

High rainfall intensity during the dry season can cause floods and landslides that cause a lot of loss of property and life as happened in Purworejo. Generally, the dry season with little rainfall, heavy rain in June is very rare, therefore disaster anticipation will be better if the precursor can be identified. This research aims to obtain high-intensity rain precursors in the south of Central Java, especially Purworejo. Identification used classifying rainfall for 10 years and related to atmospheric phenomena that impact to Indonesian rainfall variability. The results show that if there are very heavy rainfall and evenly distributed, precursors, can be identified in 3 days before the incident such as low OLR which value of <150 Wm-2. Moreover, an analysis of the average 3 days before the incident, the value of the OLR anomaly in the Central Java region is between –20 to –60 Wm-2. Meanwhile, the vertical humidity profile with more than 80% reached the 500 mb level, as well as spots where the temperature was more than 30.20C, three to four days before the incident with a value of more than 30.20C in the Indian Ocean adjacent to the southern part of Java Island. Existing low air pressure in the northern part of Kalimantan and in the southern part of Java, which persists for a long time, can support very heavy rains in June in Purworejo. Especially if the wind speed decreases to less than 4 m/s and occurs in phases 3 and 4 of the MJO.

The Response Mechanisms of Topographic Changes in Small Loess Watershed under Rainstorm

This paper uses a small watershed entity model to simulate the rainfall experiment and combines traditional water and sediment observation and terrain three-dimensional laser scanning technology to reveal the characteristics of erosion and sediment yield in small watersheds and the law of channel sediment transport and quantitatively describe the response mechanism of terrain changes in small watersheds to the layout of silt dams and rainfall intensity. Rainfall intensity with three types (30, 60, and 120 mm/h) under three soil conservation measure types (none dam, single dam, and double dams) was simulated, and a small watershed entity model was adopted. The changes in topography were recorded by a Focus 3D laser scanner (Faro) for each experiment. The main results were as follows: (1) Soil erosion under the effect of rainfall occurs on the slope of the watershed and in the gully, while deposition usually occurs on the gentle slope of the gully or in low-lying areas. (2) When the runoff volume is small, deposition occurs easily in the gully, and vice versa. (3) The increase in the number of silt dams deployed has a small effect on the rate of runoff yield on the small watershed, but the limitation on the rate of sand production is especially obvious. Silt dam measures have a good flood and sand reduction effect on small- and medium-intensity rain, but for high-intensity rain, their runoff and sand reduction effect will be reduced, so rainfall is the dominant factor in the formation of soil erosion. Our results provide the scientific basis for identifying key parts of soil erosion and for the rational arrangement of soil and water conservation measures in loess areas.

The Influences of Climatic and Lithological Factors on Weathering of Sediments in Humid Badland Areas

Climate variables including temperature, rainfall intensity, rainfall acidity, and lithological properties are among the most important factors affecting rock weathering. However, the relative contribution of these four factors on rock weathering, especially on chemical weathering, is still unclear. In this study, we carried out a series of weathering-leaching rainfall simulations on four types of badland sediments under controlled conditions of two levels of temperature, rainfall intensity, and rainfall acidity based on the real field data from representative weather scenarios. The main objectives are 1) to explore the progressive change of sample surface and leachate characteristics and 2) to reveal the independent effects of temperature, rainfall intensity, rainfall acidity, and lithology and their relative contribution as well, on both mechanical and chemical weathering. Qualitative analysis on crack development and fragmentation of sample surface and quantitative analysis on the leachate volume, pH, electrical conductivity, and total cation and anion releases of sample leachate together demonstrated that for the investigated sediments, under the conditions of temperature, intensity, and acidity of rain that can be achieved in nature, high drying temperature obviously increases mechanical disintegration by promoting the rate and magnitude of moisture variations (wetting–drying alterations), while high rainfall intensity and acid rain have no obvious effect. Impact and importance of the drying process caused by high temperature between wetting events need more attention, rather than high rainfall intensity. Low temperature, high rainfall intensity, and acid rain contributing more hydrogen ions required for cation exchanges, rock type with more soluble minerals, all promote chemical weathering, and the influence of climatic and lithological factors on chemical weathering decreases in the following order: mineral composition> rainfall intensity > temperature > rainfall acidity. Climatic variations on temperature can modify weathering processes and in that way conditioned hydro-geomorphological processes in badland areas. Such changes should be considered for direct and indirect implications on badland dynamics.

A learning-based approach towards the data-driven predictive control of combined wastewater networks – An experimental study

Smart control in water systems aims to reduce the cost of infrastructure expansion by better utilizing the available capacity through real-time control. The recent availability of sensors and advanced data processing is expected to transform the view of water system operators, increasing the need for deploying a new generation of data-driven control solutions. To that end, this paper proposes a data-driven control framework for combined wastewater and stormwater networks. We propose to learn the effect of wet- and dry-weather flows through the variation of water levels by deploying a number of level sensors in the network. To tackle the challenges associated with combining hydraulic and hydrologic modelling, we adopt a Gaussian process-based predictive control tool to capture the dynamic effect of rain and wastewater inflows, while applying domain knowledge to preserve the balance of water volumes. To show the practical feasibility of the approach, we test the control performance on a laboratory setup, inspired by the topology of a real-world wastewater network. We compare our method to a rule-based controller currently used by the water utility operating the proposed network. Overall, the controller learns the wastewater load and the temporal dynamics of the network, and therefore significantly outperforms the baseline controller, especially during high-intensity rain periods. Finally, we discuss the benefits and drawbacks of the approach for practical real-time control implementations.

Distribution Serovar and Risk Factors on the Incidence of Canine leptospirosis After Flood in Jakarta, Indonesia

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis, which has become a serious problem, especially in areas with high rainfall. Massive leptospirosis occurs after heavy rains or floods. This study aims to analyze the types and distribution of leptospira bacteria serovars and risk factors for leptospirosis in post-flood dogs. The research was conducted from January to March 2020 at the Ragunan Animal Hospital and independent clinics in Jakarta, Bekasi, Depok and South Tangerang. This study used a cross-sectional study of serum samples from 24 dogs suspected of leptospirosis. Diagnostic techniques are based on questionnaires and clinical symptom evaluation, physical examination and biochemical analysis, serum and hematology, and the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) test. The sample criteria were dogs with leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, azotemia with Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and high keratin. The sample then tested the MAT. Measurement of risk factors in the form of variable questionnaires with laboratory test results using the Chi-square test. Leptospira serovars were identified as bataviae (9 samples), icterohaemorrhagiae (6 samples), tarassovi (4 samples) and javanica (2 samples). The distribution of leptopsira serovars in the study area is quite diverse. Risk factors that increase the incidence of leptospirosis in dogs are the maintenance system (OR 17.50), history of contact with rats (OR 9.625), flood-affected areas (OR 3.50) and drinking water sources (OR 1.643). Floods can be a medium for transmitting leptospira bacteria to dogs. Risk factors such as rearing systems, poor sanitation and a history of contact with rats can increase the incidence of leptospirosis in dogs in areas with high rain intensity. The role of dog owners is needed in preventing the incidence of leptospirosis in dogs.

The Commuting Costs of High Intensity Rains: Evidence From Rio de Janeiro Buses and Subway

The Commuting Costs of High Intensity Rains: Evidence From Rio de Janeiro Buses and Subway

Precipitation impacts on earthen architecture for better implementation of cultural resource management in the US Southwest

Changing seasonal precipitation patterns prompted by climate change are likely causing increasing degradation of adobe architecture in the American Southwest. This deterioration includes surface erosion and catastrophic collapse. This study examines the impact of changing rainfall patterns on untreated adobe walls to understand how damage occurs and anticipate future impacts. To complete the study, we constructed 20 adobe test walls. Using a portable rain simulator, each wall was subjected to two rainfall experiments: high-intensity rainfall simulations (rain intensity variable) and low-intensity rainfall simulations (rain event number variable). Wall-degradation metrics (material loss, volume loss, affected surface area, and cavity depth) were calculated for each wall using pre- and post-simulation LiDAR scans. Internal wall moisture was also measured with embedded volumetric water content sensors. In the high-intensity experiment, the lines of best-fit for material loss and affected surface area show that surface erosion increases with rain intensity, while cavity depth remains consistent. Linear models and post-hoc tests indicate material loss and affected surface area is significantly different for each high-intensity rainfall treatment. Furthermore, the interior of each wall remained relatively dry demonstrating that rain intensity is not a strong predictor of interior wall moisture. In the low-intensity rainfall experiment, the rainfall simulations yielded statistically similar erosion and interior wall moisture results. Greater infiltration occurred under low-intensity long-duration rain conditions, while greater surficial damage occurred under high-intensity rain conditions. In conclusion, changing weather regimes are bringing more intense rainfall events to the arid American Southwest. This study suggests that more frequent high intensity rain events will cause increasing damage to adobe walls. Resource managers will need to adapt current management strategies to account for this change.

Positive Effects of Scattered Trees on Soil Water Dynamics in a Pasture Landscape in the Tropics

As a result of canopy interception and transpiration, trees are often assumed to have negative effects on the local hydrological budget resulting in reduced soil and groundwater resources. However, it has also been shown that trees can have positive effects through reducing surface run-off and improving soil infiltrability and groundwater recharge, especially in many tropical ecosystems characterized by high rain intensity and degradation-prone soils. In this study, we used isotopic measurements of soil water to better understand the main processes by which trees influence local soil water dynamics within a tropical pasture with scattered tree cover in the Copan River catchment, Honduras. We also determined the stable isotope signature of xylem water in grasses and trees to assess potential competition for water sources during the wet and dry seasons. During the wet season, when soil water availability was not limiting, both grasses and trees primarily utilized soil water near the soil surface (i.e., 0–10 cm). In contrast, during the dry season, we observed niche partitioning for water resources where grasses primarily utilized soil moisture at deeper soil depth (i.e., 90–100 cm) while trees relied heavily on groundwater. Moreover, isotopic data of soil water suggest that trees reduce evaporative water losses from the soil surface, as indicated by the lack of correlation between soil water content and lc-excess (line condition excess) values of surface soil water under trees, and enhance preferential flow as suggested by less negative lc-excess values under trees compared to open areas during the dry season. Taken together, our findings provide further support that trees can have positive effects on the local water balance with implication for landscape management, promoting the inclusion of scattered trees to provide water ecosystem services in silvopastoral systems, adding to other ecosystem services like biodiversity or carbon sequestration.

The impact of geomorphology on groundwater recharge in a semi-arid mountainous area

The impact of geomorphological structures on rainwater infiltration and groundwater recharge in the mountainous terrain of a semi-arid region was studied in the southern part of the Judean Western Mountain Aquifer (WMA) in Israel and the Palestinian Authority. The study was conducted in two main typical geomorphological landscape units which include exposed rock outcrops on the hillslope, and human-made agricultural soil terraces in a first-order stream channel. We measured rainwater infiltration through the unsaturated zone in the two geomorphological setups using vadose zone monitoring systems (VMS), that enabled continuous tracking of rainwater percolation and tracer transport through the unsaturated zone with respect to the rain patterns.The results from three years of continuous monitoring of water percolation through the unsaturated zone indicated a quick and intense percolation pattern in the rocky terrain compared to that measured in the deep soil of the terrace. The precipitation patterns, as reflected from the rain distribution and intensities, appeared to have a significant impact on deep water percolation and ultimately on groundwater recharge. In the rocky terrain, rain events of high intensity, even during drought years of low cumulative precipitation, resulted in deep water infiltration, which ultimately turned into groundwater recharge. On the other hand, infiltration through deep soils, as prevailed in terraces, valleys, and high plains, was found to be very limited, subjected to intense evaporation and ultimately result by reduced groundwater recharge. It appears that the value of annual cumulative precipitation is of a lower importance to groundwater recharge while high rain intensity is the most dominant factor responsible for deep water infiltration.Tracer migration patterns in the unsaturated zone revealed that precipitation on the rock outcrops promotes the generation of local runoff that rapidly drains into the subsurface through infiltration hot spots. It has been observed that these hot spots are often marked by prickly burnet shrubs (Sarcopoterium spinosum), which thrive year-round on the water abundancy in the soil pockets beneath the impervious rock on land surface. An important outcome of this study is the suggested strong coupling between geomorphological features and groundwater recharge. Application of variable infiltration functions to the different geomorphological characteristics of each terrain may improve groundwater recharge models. Climate changes in recent years, expected to lead to decreased annual precipitations and increased evaporation in parallel with an increase in rainfall intensities in the semi-arid mountainous areas of the eastern Mediterranean. Yet according to our results, the expected increase in rain intensity may actually result in an increase in groundwater recharge.

HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE 2021 SOUTH KALIMANTAN FLOOD: TOPOGRAPHY, TIDES, AND PRECIPITATION

The 2021 South Kalimantan flood was recorded as the most serious ever to have taken place in the province. It occurred due to high-intensity rain during the period 10-19 January, accompanied by a spring tide. This study provides an overview of the disaster, with reference to the hydro-meteorological conditions (topography, tides, and precipitation). The method used was the analysis of the precipitation and its monthly rainfall pattern anomalies using remote sensing data. A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was also analyzed to indicate the most noticeably flood-affected area. In certain areas, total precipitation during the ten days reached 672.8 mm, with daily precipitation peaking at 255 mm on January 14, greater than the 25-year return period value. The flood coincided with a spring tide, which peaked at 1.21 m on the evening of January 15. Using 20- year GPM data, it was found that ENSO and IOD coexisted with both the highest and lowest anomalies. With a La Niña event at the end of 2020, a positive precipitation anomaly in 2021 was expected. The extreme precipitation is suspected to be the main driver of the 2021 South Kalimantan flood, whose impact was worsened by the spring tides. This study conducts further research on the correlation between land-use change, rainfall, spring tide and flooding in South Kalimantan. In addition, it is recommended that the government plan flood risk management by prioritizing areas based on vulnerability to climate hazards.

Analysis of Rainfall Time Series with Application to Calculation of Return Periods

This paper presents a study of the characteristics of rainfall in a typical Mediterranean climate, characterized by infrequent and irregular rain in the territorial area and its intensity. One of the main components of this type of climate is short-duration and high-intensity rain events that cause a large amount of damage to property and human lives, seriously affecting the operation of infrastructure and the activity of society in general. The objective of this study was to design a methodology based on peak over threshold (POT) analysis. This methodology allows us to establish reference precipitation values and more approximate return periods in the absence of sufficiently extensive historical precipitation series. In addition, the frequency of these extreme events or return periods is established. The characteristics of the precipitation regime make direct analysis difficult. Thus, the functions of the probability distributions underlying the described phenomena are improved.

A New Approach for the Analysis of Deep Convective Events: Thunderstorm Intensity Index

In this study, an investigation of a new thunderstorm intensity index (TSII) derived from lightning data is performed, along with its relationship to rain, wind, hail and waterspouts as well as instability indices (CAPE, LI, KI, and DLS). The study area is located in the northeastern Adriatic and includes various terrain types in a relatively small area (coastal, flatlands, hills and valleys, and mountain regions). The investigated period covers 11 years (2008–2018). The mathematical algorithm standing behind the TSII is based on the well-established methodology of lightning jump, allowing us to recognize areas where intensification in thunderstorms occurred. Our results suggest that these areas (with a positive TSII) experience significantly higher rain intensities and have higher total amounts of precipitation compared with areas where thunderstorms did not generate a TSII. Moreover, 76% of thunderstorm hail cases were associated with the presence of a TSII within a 15 km distance. The maximum reported wind speed also has higher values on a day with a TSII. Out of 27 waterspout events associated with lightning, 77% were related to a TSII. Due to the good spatial (3 km × 3 km) and high temporal (2 min) resolution of lightning data, the TSII can recognize even a local and short-lived intense system that is often misread by radars and satellites due to their inferior temporal resolution. The TSII is designed to be used as a climatological and diagnostic variable that could serve in lieu of more established data sources (e.g., station measurements and observations, radar imagery, etc.) if they are unavailable.

Analysis of Floodwater Level and Periodic Maintenance of Celeng River, Bantul

Flooding in the Celeng River usually occurs after high-intensity rains. The Celeng River cannot accommodate any water from the hills around Imogiri and Dlingo. Channel modeling was carried out using HEC-RAS 5.0.7 simulations to determine the river capacity and floodwater level as a control design for periodic maintenance planning. The results of HEC-RAS 5.0.7 modeling in the existing conditions show that there were floods at several points. The usual effort is to make retaining walls. The river morphology, which is changed by the construction of the retaining wall, will accelerate the water rate so that the volume of water in the downstream part is high and will only move the flood to another place. This destructive to the environment, so flood mitigation using bio-engineering methods is proposed to answer the problem.

Automatic Beach & Garden Umbrella with Rain Sensor

The aim of this project report is to form a sensible umbrella which may cut back human effort to its practicality and may target the market to its distinctive style, is basically vital in trendy society in danger of rain and wind while not coverage the aim of this project is to form such associate umbrella that's extremely sensitive within the incidences of rain and daylight at domestic and market level. Specifically, in summer season the ground of open areas gets thus heat to sun lightweight that produces problem for operating. This umbrella covers the whole hall throughout the rain and daylight. This umbrella operates with the assistance of various sensors like temperature sensors, water sensors and wind sensors. The gap and shutting of umbrella is being controlled through a motor. Motor will provides a fast and instant response to the shaft so shaft will play a significant role of power transmission for gap and shutting of umbrella. Motor provides needed rate to the shaft. Whenever temperature of the atmosphere goes on top of 28°, temperature device sends signal to Arduino that is management unit box. Then Arduino sends signal more to the motor so motor might activate and deliver needed rate to the coupling shaft. This project could be a cost-efficient method of providing machine-controlled controlled shade from high intensity daylight and rain. So, the issues of open and large areas is solved by mistreatment such kinds of machine-controlled umbrellas.

A Simple New Method for Calculating Precipitation Scavenging Effect on Particulate Matter: Based on Five-Year Data in Eastern China

A “rain-only” method is proposed to find out the precipitation effect on particle aerosol removal from the atmosphere, and this method is not only unique and novel but also very simple and can be easily adapted to predict aerosol particle scavenging over any region across the world irrespective of the topographical, orographical, and climatic features. By using this simple method, the influences of the rain intensity and particle mass concentration on the aerosol scavenging efficiency are discussed. The results show that a higher concentration, a higher rain intensity, and a larger particle size lead to a higher scavenging efficiency and a higher scavenging rate. The greater the rain intensity, the higher the scavenging efficiency. The scavenging efficiency of PM10 by precipitation is better than that of PM2.5. When the rain intensity is 10 mm h−1, the scavenging efficiency of PM2.5 reaches 5.1 μg m−3 h−1, and the scavenging efficiency of PM10 reaches 15.8 μg m−3 h−1. The scavenging rate increases faster when accumulative precipitation is below 15 mm. The scavenging rate has obvious monthly variation, and the scavenging rate of coastal areas is less than that of inland Jiangsu. The growth of the particle mass concentration after precipitation is divided into two stages: the rapid growth stage after precipitation ends, and the slow growth stage about 24 h after precipitation ends.