High-quality Wood Research Articles

Technology and overview of forest seed

Advanced Seed Production Technology Is Essential For Providing Quality Seed Of Better Varieties. The best way to ensure fast-growing and healthy plantations capable of producing high-quality wood is to utilize sound seed from stands of high intrinsic quality. The quantity as well as the quality of seed production are critical. Seed quality is determined by a variety of variables, including the source, harvest time and methods, as well as processing and storage strategies. Unlike agriculture, forestry seeds vary greatly in size, shape, dormancy, viability, moisture content, and other characteristics. The collecting, handling, processing, and storing of seeds from a vast number of forest species necessitates the use of specialized methods. In natural stands, fluctuation in the amount of seed produced influences the forester's choice about which year to gather seeds and which trees to collect them from. Although physiologically sound seed may aid in the development of a plantation, it is of little use if it is slow-growing, poorly suited to the location, or yields the wrong sort of wood due to poor provenance or genotype selection. On the other hand, developing genetically enhanced seed at a higher cost is pointless if it is destroyed by poor handling methods and must be replenished or supplemented with inferior seed to meet planting goals. In addition to genetic enhancement, proper seed management is critical.

МИКРОКЛОНАЛЬНОЕ РАЗМНОЖЕНИЕ КАРЕЛЬСКОЙ БЕРЕЗЫ И ТРИПЛОИДНОЙ ОСИНЫ IN VITRO

Methodological aspects of microclonal reproduction of valuable tree species – triploid aspen and Karelian birch, which are important for enriching the gene pool of the main forest-forming tree species in the Republic and obtaining high-quality wood raw materials in the form of ornamental and decorative wood, are proposed.

Germinação e vigor de sementes de mogno africano sob diferentes temperaturas

O mogno africano é uma espécie arbórea muito valorizada pela indústria, pois sua madeira de alta qualidade possui grande potencial econômico tanto para o mercado interno quanto para o mercado externo. Apesar da alta valorização, os estudos e pesquisas sobre a espécie são escassos, sendo de extrema importância aprofundar o conhecimento. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes temperaturas sobre a germinação e vigor de sementes de mogno africano em condição de laboratório. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4x5, sendo 4 lotes de sementes e cinco regimes de temperatura (20, 25, 30, 35°C constantes e 20-30°C alternada), com quatro repetições de vinte e cinco sementes por tratamento. Inicialmente determinou-se o teor de água das sementes e em seguida realizou-se os seguintes testes: germinação, primeira contagem da germinação, comprimento, massa fresca e seca de plântulas. As temperaturas de 25 e 30ºC constantes são favoráveis à germinação e ao vigor das sementes de mogno africano. Temperaturas de 20 e 35ºC constante e 20-30ºC alternadas são prejudiciais ao processo germinativo, comprometendo o desempenho fisiológico das sementes. Nas temperaturas favoráveis à germinação, as sementes dos lotes 1 e 3 mostraram-se com qualidade fisiológica superior aos demais.

Introduction of nodal segments and in vitro rooting of <i>Apuleia leiocarpa</i>

Apuleia leiocarpa Vogel J. F. Macbr. é uma espécie arbórea nativa do Brasil que possui madeira de alta qualidade e, atualmente, se encontra ameaçada de extinção. Mudas seminais de grápia dificilmente são comercializadas, sendo técnicas de propagação vegetativa, a exemplo da micropropagação, uma alternativa a ser considerada para produção de mudas. No entanto, há uma falta de informação disponível sobre a introdução in vitro de segmentos nodais e pouca informação está disponível sobre o enraizamento adventício de grápia. Como tal, existem lacunas de conhecimento que precisam ser abordadas para definir um protocolo de micropropagação para essa espécie. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar diferentes soluções de desinfestação na introdução de segmentos nodais e de diferentes tipos e concentrações de auxinas no enraizamento in vitro de explantes de grápia. Para a introdução, foram testados diferentes tipos de solução de desinfestação e tempos de imersão. Para o enraizamento, foram avaliadas diferentes concentrações e tipo de auxina. O melhor tratamento de desinfestação foi a imersão em solução de hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl) a 2,5% de cloro ativo por 5 minutos. Para o enraizamento, o tratamento com 1,0 mg L-1 de ácido naftalenoacético (ANA, C10H7CH2CO2H) resultou nas maiores taxas enraizamento adventício. Os segmentos nodais de grápia podem ser estabelecidos in vitro, consistindo em boa fonte de propágulos para a micropropagação, e o enraizamento pode ser favorecido pela aplicação de ANA.

PENGARUH KOMBINASI MEDIA SAPIH TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN ANAKAN BALANGERAN (Shorea balangeran Korth. /Burck)

Balangeran (Shorea balangeran Korth. /Burck) is one type of wood that has a relatively fast growth compared to other types of peat swamps and this wood has a high quality of robust wood II. Therefore, the researchers conducted a study with a combination of different weaning media to find out the extent of the potential for the life of balangeran saplings with different treatments. The treatment used is treatment K (Top soil100%), A (Top soil 50% + Beach sand 25% + Rice husk 25%) B (Top soil 25% + Beach sand 50% + Rice husk 25%) and C ( Top soil 25% + Beach sand 25% + Rice husk + 50%).This research was conducted at the Shade House of the Faculty of Forestry, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan. The research experiment a requires complete randomized design with 4 treatments and 15 replications so that there were 60 experimental units. The results of the study showed that the percentage of life of baldons reached 100%. The combination of weaning media did not significantly affect the increase in the height of balangeran puppies while the increase in diameter of balangeran puppies showed a significant effect. The best effect of the combination of weaning media on the growth of baldy tillers was shown by treatment A for (0.11 cm). Baloman seedling biomass was obtained from the calculation of weights from each of the tillers, namely in treatment B (14.23 grams), then treatment K (12.64 grams), treatment A (11.76 grams), while treatment C (9.98 grams).Keyword: Weak Media; Top Soil; Beach Sand; Rice Husk

KARAKTERISTIK BALOK LAMINASI KAYU AKASIA (Acacia Mangium) DAN MERANTI MERAH (Shorea leprosula) BERDASARKAN SUSUNAN LAMINA DAN BERAT LABUR PEREKAT STYROFOAM

The potential for wood raw materials in Indonesia is very abundant, but the increasing need for processed wood as a building material makes it difficult to obtain sawn timber in large sizes and with quality, due to the increasingly limiting logging in natural forests. High quality wood is hard to find in the market, so it is necessary to combine low quality and high quality wood by engineering the product with an adhesive, one of which is glued laminated timber. This study aims to see the characteristics of the glued laminated timber of Acacia mangium and Shorea leprosula based on the arrangement of lamina and the weight of adhesive Styrofoam. The blocks used in this study were 120 cm x 5 cm x 3 cm in size with the adhesive composition used was 60% Styrofoam and 40% gasoline with an glue spread of 200, 220 and 240 gr / m2. Observations made to produce data that is, the moisture content obtained layer ranged from 4.14 to 8.86%, a density of 0.38 to 0.51 g / cm3, MOE and MOR ranged from 24.78 to 86.71 kg / cm2.

Characterization of Miombo species used by rural communities as fuelwood in Northern Mozambique

ABSTRACT The rural population of Mozambique has a strong preference for using native tree species for fuelwoods instead of Eucalyptus wood. The reforestation projects failed to respond to the wishes of consumers who considered eucalyptus wood to be low quality compared to the native species traditionally used by the population. The present study aimed to determine the wood characteristics of Miombo woodland species which are often used as an energy source in Sanga district, northern Mozambique, and then compare the results with those found in the literature on Eucalyptus species used for the same purpose. Chemical, physical, energetic, and thermal properties were analyzed. Among all studied species, U. kirkiana and J. globiflora presented high quality of wood for energy purposes, in Northern Mozambique. These species showed high basic density and extractive contents, which are the characteristics responsible for providing high energy density, longer wood combustion duration, and higher combustion intensity. These last three characteristics are considered of greater importance for the choice of fuelwood by the communities when compared to the Eucalyptus. The Eucalyptus are fast-growing species and are recommended for selecting genotypes with high energy density and favorable combustion parameters in order to introduce new energy planting programs in Mozambique to guarantee the wood supply in a short time and the conservation of natural resources.

Fiber dimension and anatomy of Acacia mangium wood from two mother trees

Mangium (Acacia mangium) has been opted as one of potential species for the establishment of industrial timber estate in Indonesia, particularly to support the production of pulp and paper. In order to obtain mangium stands that produces high quality wood, one attempt can be carried out through the selection and development of potential mother trees from the selected provenances. This study aim to obtain information on fiber dimension and the anatomy of mangium wood from two different mother trees from Papua New Guinea provenance. The wood was collected from mangium estate in Wonogiri forest research which was established in 2012 and managed by the Center Forest Biotechnology and Tree Improvement. Maceration process followed Forest Product Laboratory guidance and the preparat preparation followed Sass method. The wood anatomical terminology referred to IAWA (International Association of Wood Anatomists) list of microscopic features for hardwood identification was used to scrutinize the samples. The results showed that the average fiber dimension of mangium from the mother tree group 1 was 1239 micron (length), 25.96 micron (fiber diameter), and 3.67 micron (cell wall thickness). Those from the mother tree group 2 posseses the dimension as follow: 1215 micron (length), 25.42 micron (fiber diameter), and 3.73 micron (cell wall thickness). The fiber quality of mangium fiber from both mother tree groups could be considered in the quality class II. The anatomical structure of mangium from both mother tree groups include vessels cells in radial multiples radial multiple of 2-3 or 4 cells; vestured intervessel pits; parenchyma vascicentric and aliform; all ray cells procumbent and prismatic crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells.

Strength and stiffness predictions with focus on different acoustic measurement methods

Strength grading is an important step for the production of homogenous and high-quality solid wood material. In particular, for hardwoods, the use of non-visible characteristics is indispensable. Dynamic MOE (Edyn) is an important parameter widely used for grading of softwoods and applicable to hardwoods as well. There are two common ways to measure Edyn—ultrasound (US) wave propagation and longitudinal vibration (LV) method. Both methods are used in practice, however, due to the different inherent measurement techniques, the results differ. The current paper analyses the stiffness and strength coefficients of determination for several temperate European hardwood species and emphasizes the differences between the two measurement systems. The performance was analysed with regard to grading techniques, testing modes for the mechanical properties (tension and bending) and wood qualities. For more than 2861 pieces of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior), European beech (Fagus sylvatica), European oak (Quercus spp.) and maple (Acer spp.), the Edyn was measured using both techniques, and destructive tests (tension and edgewise bending) were applied. The results show that LV has higher coefficient of determination compared to the US Edyn. The coefficient of determination for both methods and tensile application can be increased by calculating Edyn with average density. Furthermore, the results support species-independent strength grading of hardwoods. Further research on the effect of different wood qualities and sawing patterns is required.

Germinación y efectos del almacenamiento de frutos de Prosopis ruscifolia (Fabaceae)

Prosopis ruscifolia is a promising forest species for restoration of saline areas that produces high quality wood and nutraceutical interest fruits. Its germination requirements and optimal storage conditions are unknown. The objectives of the work were 1) to evaluate different methods to stimulate germination, 2) to establish if there is an interaction between pregerminative treatments and the substrate used in laboratory tests (paper or sand), and 3) to analyze the effect of three different conditions of fruit storage on germination. Normal seedlings (PG), abnormal seedlings, hard and dead seeds were recorded. Three fruit samples were stored for eight months at 7 ± 2 °C, -17 ± 2 °C and the control at 25 °C. Afterwards, germination tests were carried out and the speed indexes (IVG) and mean germination time (TMG) were determined. Results indicated that chemical scarification with sulfuric acid was the most efficient pregerminative treatment to stimulate germination in both substrates. Immersion in water at room temperature showed the lowest percentage of germination in both substrates. The seeds of fruits stored at 7 ± 2 ° C had the highest germination percentage. Low temperatures improved velocity indices (IVG) and mean germination time (TMG). Results indicated the need for methods to overcome seed dormancy in P. ruscifolia and the excellent tolerance to low temperatures during fruit storage.

Mobile Expert System Using Forward Chaining for Diagnosing Teak Tree Disease

The teak trees is a high-quality wood that grows in Indonesia. Teak trees are susceptible to pests and diseases within the first to 12 months of life. The limited number of agricultural agents in each sub-district becomes a reason why we proposed a mobile expert system to detect pests and diseases in teak trees. The method used in this study is forward chaining. The results of this study showed that 9 of disease were successfully detected by a human expert. Whereas by using the mobile expert system only 7 diseases were successfully detected. From this comparison, the accuracy of the mobile expert system using forward chaining method is 77%.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF Cordia trichotoma (VELL.) ARRAB. EX STEUD. BY CUTTINGS FROM SHOOTS AND ROOTS

Cordia (Cordia trichotoma (Vell.) Arrab. ex Steud.) is a native species that has high quality wood and potential for the establishment of commercial plantations. However, its propagation by seeds is difficult, and vegetative propagation is a good alternative. The aim of this study was to evaluate the vegetative propagation of cordia by cuttings from shoots and roots. In one experiment, cuttings from shoots of adult plants were treated with 0 and 40 mM of indolbutyric acid (IBA). In other experiment, cuttings from roots of adult plants were classified by diameter as thick (2.0-3.0 cm) and thin (<2.0 cm) and treated with 0, 20, 40 and 60 mM of IBA. In other experiment, cuttings from roots of three-year-old plants were treated with 0, 20 and 40 mM of IBA. In all experiments, the percentages of survival, rooting and shooting, the number and length (cm) of shoots and roots were evaluated. Cuttings from roots and shoots of adult plants were not responsive to propagation, because they produced new shoots without rooting. Cuttings from roots of young plants differentiate roots, even without AIB application, enabling the production of cordia new plantlets.

A preliminary growth and yield model for Eucalyptus globoidea Blakely plantations in New Zealand

Background: New Zealand’s plantation forest industry is dominated by the exotic species radiata pine (Pinus radiata D.Don), which comprises approximately 90% of the net stocked area. However, there is interest in introducing new species to: (a) provide wood that is naturally decay-resistant as a substitute for wood treated with preservatives; (b) match species to the wide variety of environmental conditions in New Zealand; and (c) reduce reliance on P. radiata. Some Eucalyptus species are considered as potential alternatives to P. radiata, specifically those that can survive in resource-limited conditions and produce high quality wood. While Eucalyptus species are grown in plantations in many regions of the world, limited information is available on their growth in New Zealand. Eucalyptus globoidea Blakley is of particular interest and has been planted in trials throughout New Zealand. A complete set of preliminary growth and yield models for this species will satisfy the initial information requirements for diversifying New Zealand’s plantation forest industry.&#x0D; Methods: A set of growth and yield models was developed and validated, based on data from 29 E. globoidea permanent sample plots (PSPs) located mostly in North Island and a few in South Island of New Zealand. Trees were measured at different time intervals in these plots, with height and diameter at breast height (DBH) ranging from 0.1–39.8 m and 0.1–62.3 cm, respectively. An algebraic difference approach (ADA) was applied to model mean top height, basal area, maximum diameter, and standard deviation of DBH. Non-linear regression equations were used to project stand volume and height-diameter relationship, and Reineke’s stand density index (SDI) approach was employed to model mortality.&#x0D; Results: Mean top height, maximum diameter, and standard deviation of DBH were best fitted by Von Bertalanffy-Richards (SE=1.1 m), Hossfeld (SE=2.4 cm), and Schumacher polymorphic (SE=1.6 cm) difference equations, respectively. Basal area data were modelled with high precision (SE=6.9 m2 ha-1) by the Schumacher anamorphic difference equation. Reineke’s SDI approach was able to explain the self-thinning as a reduction in the number of stems per hectare. Stand-level volume per hectare and height-diameter relationship models were precise when including site-specific variables with standard errors of 40.5 m3 ha-1 and 3.1 m, respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study presents a set of preliminary growth and yield models for E. globoidea to project plot-level growth attributes. The models were path invariant and satisfied basic traditional mensurational-statistical growth and yield model assumptions. These models will provide forest growers and managers with important fundamental information about the growth and yield of E. globoidea.

Staying close: short local dispersal distances on a managed forest of two Patagonian Nothofagus species

Abstract Understanding the impact of management on the dispersal potential of forest tree species is pivotal in the context of global change, given the implications of gene flow on species evolution. We aimed to determine the effect of logging on gene flow distances in two Nothofagus species from temperate Patagonian forests having high ecological relevance and wood quality. Therefore, a total of 778 individuals (mature trees and saplings) of Nothofagus alpina and N. obliqua, from a single plot managed 20 years ago (2.85 hectares), were mapped and genotyped at polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci. Historical estimates of gene dispersal distance (based on fine-scale spatial genetic structure) and contemporary estimates of seed and pollen dispersal (based on spatially explicit mating models) were obtained. The results indicated restricted gene flow (gene distance ≤ 45 m, both pollen and seed), no selfing and significant seed and pollen immigration from trees located outside the studied plot but in the close surrounding area. The size of trees (diameter at breast height and height) was significantly associated with female and/or male fertility. The significant fine-scale spatial genetic structure was consistent with the restricted seed and pollen dispersal. Moreover, both estimates of gene dispersal (historical and contemporary) gave congruent results. This suggests that the recent history of logging within the study area has not significantly influenced on patterns of gene flow, which can be explained by the silviculture applied to the stand. The residual tree density maintained species composition, and the homogeneous spatial distribution of trees allowed the maintenance of gene dispersal. The short dispersal distance estimated for these two species has several implications both for understanding the evolution of the species and for defining management, conservation and restoration actions. Future replication of this study in other Nothofagus Patagonian forests would be helpful to validate our conclusions.

Wood anatomy of boreal species in a warming world: a review

Abstract: Global warming is affecting tree growth and forest productivity, especially in the Northern boreal ecosystems. Wood quality, which is largely determined by anatomical traits of wood, is vital for the forest industry and global carbon sequestration. Cambium activity, wood density, fiber length and microfibril angle are the anatomical traits that determine wood quality, depending on market demands. Within the global warming scenario, a comprehensive understanding of these traits is still lacking and urgently required for both the forest industries and ecological researches. In this review, we identify that large proportions of mature wood, high wood density, longer fiber or tracheid length and low microfibril angles are the anatomical traits closely related with high wood quality. Higher temperatures could trigger onset and ending of cambial cell division, thus affecting wood quality by modulating duration of the growing season. Climate warming could also affect wood quality by impacting earlywood and latewood formation, as well as changing wood density, fiber length and microfibril angle depending on different species and growing conditions. In addition, this review indicates that the anatomical traits involved in wood quality are diverse and depend on the intended use. Improving our knowledge about the underlying mechanisms of how the wood anatomical traits respond to a changing environment with extreme climate events is thus still a crucial topic in the forest sciences. Selection of species and provenances best adapted to climate warming will be necessary to improve quality without sacrificing volume. Studies on wood traits and their relation to climate should therefore focus on a multitude of aspects including the physiology and genetics of boreal tree species.

POTENSI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN SONOKELING MELALUI PEMBERDAYAAN KELOMPOK BM CREATIVE WOODS DI DESA GIRIHARJO, KECAMATAN PANGGANG, KABUPATEN GUNUNG KIDUL

The object of this research in Giriharjo Village which has potential trees that can be used for making wooden crafts. The kind of tree is sonokeling. Sonokeling has a strong texture with brownish purple fibers. Sonokeling wood is high quality wood and it used for home decor, wooden watch, flashdisk cover and various other products. This research was carried out on since October 2018 – Mei 2019. The research method used qualitative- study case approach. The data collection technique through in depth interview, observation and documentation . The research result showed that in Giriharjo Village , there are BM creative woods group that make wooden crafts. However, this group has a problem to continue production process because the human resources have a lack of interest and constraints in marketing strategy. Therefore, innovation is needed that includes: institutional strengthening, cultivation sonokeling plants and internalization effective marketing strategy. Keywords: Empowerment, Institution, Cultivation, Marketing.

Influence of Tree Species, Harvesting Method and Storage on Energy Demand and Wood Chip Quality When Chipping Poplar, Willow and Black Locust

The cultivation of fast-growing wood (e.g., poplar, willow or black locust) in short rotation coppices and agroforestry systems presents an opportunity for producing biomass sustainably in the agricultural sector. Cost-efficient agricultural wood production requires the availability of high-performance machinery and methods with which high-quality wood chips can be produced at low cost. It is known from harvesting short rotation coppices in practice that both the wood chip quality and the performance of the harvesting machinery depend on a variety of factors (e.g., harvesting method, weather conditions, tree species). That is why this study examines in detail the influence of the tree species (different varieties of poplar, willow, black locust) and the wood condition (fresh, stored or dried, frozen) on the specific energy demand for comminution in a stationary drum chipper and on the particle size distribution of the wood chips produced. For all the tree species examined, the chipping of dried as well as frozen stems was connected with a significant increase in the specific energy demand for comminution. An increase of 31% has been measured if poplar stems are chipped in frozen conditions (max. 6.31 kWh t−1). Drying led to an increase of 59% for dried willow stems (max. 6.67 kWh t−1). Drying and frost had also an influence on the size and quality of the wood chips, but no globally significant connection could be established for the examined tree varieties.

The effect of finger length and adhesive type on the curing time of finger-jointed black pine (Pinus nigra L.) lumber

ABSTRACT Finger-joint is a technological process that uses small-dimension and low-quality lumber to obtain high-quality structural wood products. Curing time of an adhesive consists one of the most important factors on the final performance of finger-jointed wood. In this study, finger-jointed black pine (Pinus nigra L.) specimens were prepared to investigate the effect of finger length and adhesive type on the curing time of these assemblies, as specified by their static flexural properties. Two adhesive types (an emulsion polymer isocyanate and melamine-urea-formaldehyde adhesives), two finger lengths (12.5 and 20.0 mm) and four curing times (2.5, 7, 24 and 168 h) were used for this purpose. Statistical analysis results showed that finger length and curing time had a statistically influence on the bending behaviour of single finger-joint specimens. The necessary handling strength was attained between 7 and 24 h for the 12.5 mm specimens, while the 20.0 mm length finger-joints could be further processed after 2.5 h.

Transcriptomics and Proteomics Reveal the Cellulose and Pectin Metabolic Processes in the Tension Wood (Non-G-Layer) of Catalpa bungei.

Catalpa bungei is an economically important tree with high-quality wood and highly valuable to the study of wood formation. In this work, the xylem microstructure of C. bungei tension wood (TW) was observed, and we performed transcriptomics, proteomics and Raman spectroscopy of TW, opposite wood (OW) and normal wood (NW). The results showed that there was no obvious gelatinous layer (G-layer) in the TW of C. bungei and that the secondary wall deposition in the TW was reduced compared with that in the OW and NW. We found that most of the differentially expressed mRNAs and proteins were involved in carbohydrate polysaccharide synthesis. Raman spectroscopy results indicated that the cellulose and pectin content and pectin methylation in the TW were lower than those in the OW and NW, and many genes and proteins involved in the metabolic pathways of cellulose and pectin, such as galacturonosyltransferase (GAUT), polygalacturonase (PG), endoglucanase (CLE) and β-glucosidase (BGLU) genes, were significantly upregulated in TW. In addition, we found that the MYB2 transcription factor may regulate the pectin degradation genes PG1 and PG3, and ARF, ERF, SBP and MYB1 may be the key transcription factors regulating the synthesis and decomposition of cellulose. In contrast to previous studies on TW with a G-layer, our results revealed a change in metabolism in TW without a G-layer, and we inferred that the change in the pectin type, esterification and cellulose characteristics in the TW of C. bungei may contribute to high tensile stress. These results will enrich the understanding of the mechanism of TW formation.

The walnut plantations (Juglans spp.) in Italy and Spain: main factors affecting growth

Walnut tree species ( Juglans spp.) are commonly used for high-quality wood production in plantation forestry. In this paper, the most relevant walnut plantations in Italy and Spain have been reviewed and analysed under a geographic and technician management point of view. Between 2016 and 2019 a total of 96 plantations (15 - 25 years old) were visited distributed in the North-western part of the Mediterranean basin. A statistical analysis (linear model no interaction and PCA) was then performed to evaluate the relative importance of some environmental and management variables for walnut trees in analysed plantations. Results highlighted a variable situation with many different adopted planting schemes across the regions as well as a not standardised spatial layout and management type (thinning). Lower densities and smaller trees were adopted in Italy with about 200 trees ha -1 versus 330 trees ha -1 in Spain. In addition to the age of the plantation as one of the most influencing parameters also the plantation density and the average crown diameter were highly statistically significant. Overall, the interesting potentiality of walnut for timber production with active management in suitable areas was detected as the focal point for a successful timber production from walnut trees.