High-quality Source Research Articles

Prediction of Beef Production Using Linear Regression, Random Forest and k-Nearest Neighbors Algorithms

The rapid increase in the global population and evolving dietary habits have significantly heightened the demand for high-quality protein sources. Beef, as a vital protein source, plays a crucial role in meeting this growing demand. This study aims to develop and evaluate a machine-learning model to predict beef production using meteorological, agricultural, and economic data. To achieve this, three different machine learning algorithms—Linear Regression, Random Forest, and k-Nearest Neighbors—were employed. The results indicate that the Random Forest algorithm outperformed the other methods in terms of R² and error metrics, demonstrating superior predictive accuracy. The study highlights the potential of machine learning techniques in predicting beef production, offering valuable insights for stakeholders involved in strategic decision-making to meet nutritional needs. As the global demand for protein continues to rise, the importance of such predictive models becomes increasingly significant, emphasizing the distinct advantages that machine learning approaches provide in this context.

Reproductive outcomes in infertile women with endometriosis undergoing ART.

Background Endometriosis-related infertility and its treatment with assisted reproductive technologies (ART) have been broadly researched. Yet, underlying mechanisms of infertility, particularly in the absence of tubal dysfunction, remain unclear. While the impact of inflammatory milieu on the ovary and/or endometrium has been indicated as a contributing factor, recent evidence from euploid transfers and donor cycles questions the extent of these effects. Moreover, the frequent coexistence of other confounders, such as adenomyosis, further complicates the clinical picture, making it difficult to isolate the specific impact of endometriosis on ART outcomes. Objectives To evaluate the influence of endometriosis on various aspects of ART, including oocyte competence, ART success and whether surgical or medical treatments improve these. Methods We primarily focused on recent high-quality sources, including systematic reviews, large-scale observational studies, and meta-analyses, to ensure a robust and reliable synthesis of the available evidence. Outcome While oocyte yield can decrease in the presence of an endometrioma or history of endometrioma excision, oocyte quality, early embryo development indicators, aneuploidy rates, and clinical outcomes of endometriosis patients do not differ from other infertility diagnoses in ART settings. Surgical treatments and hormonal suppression before ART do not seem to improve outcomes. Ovarian stimulation for ART does not seem to exacerbate endometriosis. Conclusions and Outlook Endometriosis, despite its high prevalence among infertile patients, does not inherently impair ART success, except in cases where ovarian reserve is compromised due to ovarian disease or its surgical treatment. The causal link between endometriosis and infertility remains an enigma, and future studies should continue to explore this association with other confounding factors.

Key Characteristics and Controlling Factors of the Gas Reservoir in the Fourth Member of the Ediacaran Dengying Formation in the Penglai Gas Field, Sichuan Basin

This study focuses on the PS8 well in the Penglai Gas Field (Sichuan Basin), a newly identified key exploration area, where high-yield gas testing has been achieved from the Ediacaran Fourth Member of the Dengying Formation. Comprehensive analyses of drilling cores, cuttings, thin sections, analytical data, well logging, and production testing data were conducted to investigate the main characteristics of the gas reservoir and the factors controlling the formation model of the reservoir. The results reveal that the reservoir rocks in the Fourth Member of the Dengying Formation are primarily algal-clotted dolomite, algal-laminated dolomite, and arenaceous dolomite. The reservoir porosity is dominated by secondary pores, such as algal-bonded framework pores, intergranular dissolved pores, and intercrystalline dissolved pores, which contribute to the overall low porosity and extremely low permeability. The gas reservoir is classified as a unified structural–lithological reservoir, with the upper sub-member of the Fourth Member serving as a completely gas-bearing unit. This unit is characterized as an ultra-deep, dry gas reservoir with medium sulfur and medium CO2 contents. The development of this gas reservoir follows a “laterally generated and laterally stored, upper generation and lower storage” reservoir formation model. Regional unconformities and fracture systems developed during the Tongwan II Episode tectonic movement provide efficient pathways for hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. The high-quality source rocks in the lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation serve as both the direct cap rock and lateral seal of the gas reservoir, creating an optimal source–reservoir spatial configuration. This study provides valuable insights into the giant gas reservoir of the Dengying Formation, which can aid in optimizing exploration activities in the Sichuan Basin.

The Comprehensive Systematic Review of Traumatic Brain Injury and Visual Disorders

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability globally, affecting predominantly children, young people, and the elderly. Complications include concussions, focal injuries, and diffuse damage. Visual impairments caused by traumatic brain injury can have an influence on quality of life and functional independence. Understanding the relationship between TBI and visual abnormalities is critical for creating effective diagnostic tools and treatment plans. Methods: This systematic review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines, concentrating solely on full-text articles published in English from 2014 to 2024. Editorials and review articles lacking a DOI were excluded to ensure the use of high-quality sources. A literature review was performed using reputable databases such as ScienceDirect, PubMed, and SagePub to identify pertinent studies. Result: The preliminary database search revealed more than 200 relevant papers on the subject. Following a comprehensive three-stage screening process, eight studies were selected that met the specified inclusion criteria for in-depth analysis. The research were subjected to rigorous critical assessment, enabling an in-depth analysis of traumatic brain injury and visual disorders. This focused approach ensured that the analysis employed strong evidence closely linked with the study's objectives. Conclusion: TBI patients often experience visual dysfunctions, affecting their outcomes. The severity and type of injury significantly influence these issues. Comprehensive eye examinations are crucial for detecting subtle impairments, and long-term monitoring and rehabilitation strategies are essential for improved patient care.

The Analysis Study of Association of Obesity and Eczema: A Comprehensive Systematic Review

Background: Eczema is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that impacts 10% of the adult population worldwide, whereas obesity represents a significant global health issue. The relationship between eczema and obesity is intricate and differs among various populations. Mechanisms encompass eczema symptoms, avoidance of physical activity, gut microbiome influences, glucocorticoid medications, and factors related to obesity. Examining the relationship between eczema severity and related factors can guide targeted interventions and enhance comprehension of the shared pathways among these conditions. Methods: This systematic review adhered to PRISMA 2020 guidelines, focusing exclusively on full-text articles published in English between 2014 and 2024. Editorials and review articles without a DOI were excluded to ensure the utilization of high-quality sources. A literature review was conducted utilizing reputable databases including ScienceDirect, PubMed, and SagePub to identify relevant studies. Result: An initial search in databases yielded approximately 600 publications relevant to this topic. After a rigorous three-stage screening process, eight studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected for in-depth analysis. These studies underwent comprehensive critical evaluation, allowing in-depth exploration of the relationship between obesity and eczema. This systematic approach ensures that the analysis is based on high-quality evidence that is consistent with the research objectives. Conclusion: Studies demonstrate a clear correlation between moderate eczema and obesity. No significant association was discovered between severe eczema and high BMI. A higher BMI, comorbidities, and behavior may affect the association. Without a dose-response relationship, a bidirectional relationship is possible. To understand the complex association between eczema and obesity, future studies should investigate a non-linear relationship utilizing BMI as a continuous variable.

Controllable antibunching of two-magnon bundle in a hybrid ferromagnet-superconductor system.

We propose an alternative scheme for implementing the antibunching effects of two-magnon bundle in a hybrid ferromagnet-superconductor system, where a magnon mode from the yttrium iron garnet (YIG) sphere interacts with a three-level superconducting qubit via photon virtual excitation in the microwave cavity. With the help of the qubit driving from the ground state to the excited state, the cascaded emission of magnon occurs and then the two-magnon bundle is formed. By analyzing the ordinary and generalized second-order correlation functions, it is found that the antibunched two-magnon bundle could be achieved via properly choosing the system parameters, which is originated from the anharmonicity of dressed energy levels induced by magnon-qubit couplings. The distinct feature is that high-proportion n-magnon emission could be obtained via relaxing the restriction on the strong qubit driving and magnon-qubit coupling, which may provide a feasible method to realize the high-quality multimagnon source for quantum metrology and quantum information processing.

Tuberculosis disease burden in China: a spatio-temporal clustering and prediction study.

The primary aim of this study is to investigate and predict the prevalence and determinants of tuberculosis disease burden in China. Leveraging high-quality data sources and employing a methodologically rigorous approach, the study endeavors to enhance our understanding of tuberculosis control efforts across different regions of China. First, through nationwide spatio-temporal cluster analysis, we summarized the status of tuberculosis burden in various regions of China and explore the differences, thereby providing a basis for formulating more targeted tuberculosis prevention and control policies in different regions; Subsequently, using a time series-based forecasting model, we conducted the first-ever national tuberculosis burden trend forecast to offer scientific guidance for timely adjustments in planning and resource allocation. This research seeks to contribute significantly to China's existing tuberculosis prevention and control system. This research draws upon publicly available pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) incidence and mortality statistics from 31 provinces and municipalities of mainland China between 2004 and 2018. We organized and classified these data according to province, month, year, and patient age group. Overall, the sample included 14,816,329 new instances of PTB and 42,465 PTB-related fatalities. We used spatiotemporal cluster analysis to record the epidemiological characteristics and incidence patterns of PTB during this period. Additionally, a time series model was constructed to forecast and analyze the incidence and mortality trends of PTB in China. This study reveals significant regional variations in PTB incidence and mortality in China. Tibet (124.24%) and Xinjiang (114.72%) in western China exhibited the largest percentage change in tuberculosis (TB) incidence, while Zhejiang Province (-50.45%) and Jiangsu Province (-51.33%) in eastern China showed the largest decreases. Regions with significant percentage increases in PTB mortality rates (>100%) included four western regions, six central regions, and five eastern regions. The regions with relatively large percentage decreases in the mortality rate of PTB include Tianjin (-52.25%) and Shanghai (-68.30%). These differences are attributed to two main factors: (1) economic imbalances leading to poor TB control in underdeveloped areas, and (2) differences in TB-related policies among provinces causing uneven distribution of disease risks. Consequently, China may still face challenges in achieving the World Health Organization's 2030 tuberculosis control goals. Nationwide, the mortality rate of PTB in China increased between 2004 and 2018 (percentage change: 105.35%, AAPC: 4.1), while the incidence of PTB showed a downward trend (percentage change: -20.59%, AAPC: -2.1). Among different age groups, the 0-19 age group has the smallest disease burden. While incidence and mortality from TB were primarily found in adults 60 years of age or older, the age group of 0-19 years has the smallest burden of TB, highlighting obvious differences in age characteristics. It is predicted that the mortality rate of TB in China will continue to increase. In summary, the TB epidemic in China has been largely controlled due to the implementation of many public health programs and policies targeting specific groups and geographical areas. Finding and supporting effective health programs will make it possible to achieve the World Health Organization's goal of controlling tuberculosis in China.

Generation of High-Quality Single-Photon Sources in Cavity Optomagnonics

Abstract We propose a scheme for generating high-quality single-photon sources utilizing the conventional photon blockade (CPB) effect in a cavity optomagnonic system with Kerr nonlinearity. The realization of the CPB effect depends on both the Kerr nonlinearity and Kerr-like nonlinearity of the optical cavity, which is converted using magneto-optical coupling. The CPB effect can be realized in a cavity optomagnonic system with weak magneto-optical coupling by modulating the strength of the Kerr nonlinearity. Notably, our scheme supports photon blockade in both the strong and weak Kerr nonlinear regimes, which broadens the range of experimental parameters. Furthermore, we explored the parameter regimes where the CPB effect could not be achieved because of the combined effects of the magneto-optical coupling and Kerr nonlinearity. We also determined the optimal driving amplitude region for generating high-quality single-photon sources. This work not only provides a novel route for realizing the CPB effect but also establishes a versatile platform for producing single-photon sources with high purity and brightness.

Ultrasound-assisted modification of oat protein isolates: Structural and functional enhancements.

Escalating global protein demand necessitates the commercialization of protein rich products. Oat is a promising high-quality protein source but it requires structural and functional modifications to diversify its application. The current investigation was focused on the impact of different powers of ultrasonic waves (200, 400, and 600W) on structural and functional characteristics of oat protein isolates to improve its techno-functional properties. Higher strength ultrasound waves generated flat sheet structures which were observed while analyzing microstructure of oat protein isolate (OPI). However, non-significant variation in molecular weight distribution were observed in different treatments. At 600W power of ultrasonic waves the protein fragments show local accumulation, increased α-helix content. Due to uncoiling of protein structure decrease in β-sheets and β-turns was also observed at 600W. Protein turbidity decreased significantly under low power ultrasonic treatment (200W) which significantly increased at higher power. Moderate ultrasonic treatment (400W) promoted protein dissolution, and maintained a good balance between β-sheets (71.04±0.08), α-helix (16.27±0.02) and β-turns (12.68±0.03), exhibiting optimized flexibility and structural integrity. Whereas, higher strength (600W) significantly destroyed protein structure. The amino acid content decreased significantly with increasing ultrasonic power. The thermal characteristics of OPI remained unaffected after ultrasound treatment. In conclusion, modifications of secondary and tertiary structure induced by moderate ultrasonic treatment (400W) improved functional properties of OPI. The 400W treatment resulted in highest essential amino acid content (EAA) i.e., 22.75±0.82mg/100mg and total amino acid content (TAA) i.e., 64.94±2.7mg/100mg, which are significantly higher than WHO and FAO standards, suggesting best total and essential amino acid production in comparison to other treatments.

Lipidomic study of yak milk reveals potential biomarkers for the design of infant formulas.

The current research on yak milk reveals that it is an alternative to cow milk as another high-quality milk source for infant formula milk powder; however, the differences in the lipid profiles of human and yak milk are not yet clear. In this study, the lipidome and fatty acid composition of milk samples were analyzed and compared. We identified 298 lipid molecular species and 169 lipid molecular species that were significantly different in POS ion and NEG ion modes. Yak milk showed significant differences in the contents of most triglycerides (TGs), diacylglycerols (DGs), and polar lipid species compared with human milk, especially TAG (14:0/14:0/15:0) and TAG (12:0/16:0/17:0), which were more abundant in yak milk and were mainly related to glycerolipid metabolism. The potential biomarkers we discovered do not include polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). This comprehensive analysis will hopefully aid in the design of infant formulas using yak milk.

Clean and Green Bioconversion – A Comprehensive Review on Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae for Converting Organic Wastes to Quality Products

Abstract Food security remains a pressing global concern, exacerbated by population growth, diminishing agricultural lands, and climate uncertainties. As the demand for high-quality protein sources like eggs, meat, and milk escalates, conventional feed ingredients face challenges in meeting the burgeoning needs of livestock production. The projected increase in poultry and pig consumption further strains the availability of protein-rich feed sources, necessitating sustainable alternatives. Insects, notably black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), offer numerous advantages, including efficiently converting organic substrates into high-quality protein, fat, minerals, and vitamins. Their rapid reproduction, minimal environmental footprint, and ability to thrive on various organic materials make them an attractive protein source. However, consumer acceptance remains a hurdle, hindering their direct consumption despite their nutritional value. Incorporating BSFL into animal diets, especially poultry and swine, demonstrates promising results regarding growth and production. This review comprehensively overviews BSFL production systems, processing techniques, and nutritional profiles. Various factors influencing BSFL growth and feed quality are discussed, highlighting the importance of optimizing breeding systems and feed formulations. Processing methods are elucidated to ensure the safety and quality of BSFL-based products. Nutritional analysis reveals BSFL as a rich source of essential amino acids, fatty acids, and minerals, making them suitable replacements for soybean meal and fish meal. Despite the economic and environmental benefits of BSFL utilization, challenges persist, including regulatory issues, consumer perceptions, and production scalability. Standardized production protocols and legislative frameworks are needed to facilitate the widespread adoption of BSFL in animal feed industries. In conclusion, integrating BSFL into animal diets presents a promising solution to address protein shortages in livestock production while promoting sustainable resource utilization.

Postexercise Dietary Leucine Retention for Whole-Body Anabolism Is Greater With Whey Protein Isolate and Fish-Derived Protein Hydrolysate Than Nonessential Amino Acids in Trained Young Men.

Marine-derived proteins, such as blue whiting-derived protein hydrolysates (BWPH), represent high-quality sources of dietary protein, but their ability to support postexercise anabolism is not established. The impact of BWPH on whole-body anabolism was compared with an isonitrogenous whey protein isolate (WPI) and nonessential amino acid (NEAA) control in 10 trained young males (31 ± 4years) who, on three separate visits, performed a session of whole-body resistance exercise and then consumed, in randomized crossover fashion, BWPH, WPI, or NEAA (0.33g/kg; 19, 33, and 0mg/kgleucine, respectively) with L-[1-13C]leucine. Breath, blood, and urine samples were collected for 6-hr postprandial to assess dietary leucine oxidation, amino acid (AA) concentrations, and 3-methylhistidine: creatinine ratio. Peak and area under the curve concentrations for leucine, branched-chain amino acids, and essential amino acids were greater in WPI compared with BWPH (all p < .05) but with no differences in time to peak concentration. Total oxidation reflected leucine intake (WPI > BWPH > NEAA; p < .01), whereas relative oxidation was greater (p < .01) in WPI (28.6 ± 3.6%) compared with NEAA (21.3 ± 4.2%), but not BWPH (28.6 ± 8.8%). Leucine retention, a proxy for whole-body protein synthesis, was greater in WPI (185.6 ± 9.5μmol/kg) compared with BWPH (109.3 ± 14.1 μmol/kg) and NEAA (5.74 ± 0.30μmol/kg; both p < .01), with BWPH being greater than NEAA (p < .01). Urinary 3-methylhistidine: creatinine ratio did not differ between conditions. Both WPI and BWPH produced essential aminoacidemia and supported whole-body anabolism after resistance exercise, but a higher intake of BWPH to better approximate the leucine and EAA content of WPI may be needed to produce an equivalent anabolic response.

Research and Design of Sine Wave and Square Wave Signal Generator

In modern electronic systems, signal generators are widely used in fields such as communication, signal processing, and automatic control systems. High-quality signal sources are key to ensuring system stability and reliability, especially in testing and measurement processes. Traditional signal generators often use complex hardware designs and costly dedicated chips, making it difficult to meet the cost and size requirements for mid- to low-frequency applications. Therefore, it is important to design a simple, cost-effective, and high-performance signal generator based on general-purpose operational amplifiers. In response to this need, this paper designs and implements a sine wave and square wave signal generator based on the UA741 operational amplifier, with a focus on adjustable control of signal frequency and duty cycle. By optimizing the design of the RC oscillation circuit and feedback network, the sine wave generator can output high-quality signals with low distortion, while the square wave generator achieves flexible duty cycle adjustment via adjustable resistors. Simulation results show that these circuits exhibit good stability and flexibility, making them suitable for communication, signal processing, and automatic control systems. Despite achieving the desired results, further research is needed in component selection and circuit optimization to improve precision and adaptability. Future work will focus on the automation of circuit adjustment mechanisms and performance validation under extreme conditions to meet more demanding application needs.

The Analysis Study of Management of Rehabilitation in Patient with Bladder Dysfunction : A Comprehensive Systematic Review

Background: Management of bladder dysfunction, a condition causing bladder problems, requires effective treatment strategies. PMR specialists, urologists, and gynecologists are primarily involved in this process. However, there is a lack of consensus on optimal treatment protocols, necessitating interdisciplinary collaboration and comprehensive care frameworks. Methods: This systematic review complied with the PRISMA 2020 requirements, concentrating solely on full-text papers published in English from 2014 to 2024. Editorials and review articles lacking a DOI were omitted to guarantee the use of high-quality sources. A comprehensive literature review was performed using esteemed databases such as ScienceDirect, PubMed, and SagePub to locate pertinent studies. Result: The initial database search yielded more than 3,000 publications related to the topic. Through a rigorous three-stage screening process, eight studies were identified that met the predefined inclusion criteria for detailed analysis. These selected studies underwent thorough critical evaluation, enabling an in-depth examination of the management of rehabilitation in patients with bladder dysfunction. This meticulous approach ensured that only the most relevant and high-quality studies were included in the review, providing a robust foundation for the subsequent analysis. Conclusion: Rehabilitation therapy has shown promising results in managing bladder dysfunction in neurological conditions like multiple sclerosis, stroke, and spinal cord injury. Non-invasive interventions like pelvic floor muscle training and electrostimulation improve urinary function and quality of life. Advanced therapeutic approaches like high-intensity-focused electromagnetic therapy and virtual reality offer personalized treatment options.

The Effectiveness, Safety and Outcome of Low Dose Aspirin for The Prevention of Superimposed Preeclampsia in Women with Chronic Hypertension : A Comprehensive Systematic Review

Background: Low-dose aspirin therapy has been shown to reduce pregnancy-related complications, including pre-eclampsia, in pregnant women with chronic hypertension. However, mixed findings suggest that it does not significantly alter the likelihood of developing superimposed pre-eclampsia, preterm birth, or perinatal mortality in women with chronic hypertension. Methods: This systematic review complied with the PRISMA 2020 requirements, concentrating solely on full-text papers published in English from 2014 to 2024. Editorials and review articles lacking a DOI were omitted to guarantee the use of high-quality sources. A comprehensive literature review was performed using esteemed databases such as ScienceDirect, PubMed, and SagePub to locate pertinent studies. Result: The initial database search identified over 200 publications relevant to the topic. Following a meticulous three-stage screening process, eight studies were selected that met the predefined inclusion criteria for comprehensive analysis. These studies were subjected to a rigorous critical evaluation, providing an in-depth investigation into the effectiveness, safety, and outcomes of low-dose aspirin for the prevention of superimposed pre-eclampsia. This focused approach ensured that the analysis drew from high-quality evidence directly aligned with the study's objectives. Conclusion: Superimposed preeclampsia, a condition causing preterm birth and neonatal intensive care unit admissions, is a risk for chronic hypertension women. Aspirin, a low-dose medication, has shown mixed efficacy in preventing this condition, with dose-dependent effectiveness.

A Blockchain-Integrated Federated Learning Approach for Secure Data Sharing and Privacy Protection in Multi-Device Communication

ABSTRACT The secure transmission of communication data between different devices still faces numerous potential challenges, such as data tampering, data integrity, network attacks, and the risks of information leakage or forgery. This approach aims to handle the distributed trust issues of federated learning users and update data states rapidly. By modeling multi-source devices through federated learning, the model parameters and reputation values of participating devices are stored on the blockchain. This method incorporates factors such as experience, familiarity, and timeliness to more quickly gather reliable information about nodes to assess their behavior. Simulation results on the MNIST dataset show that when the proportion of selfish nodes is below 50%, the convergence time increases with the proportion of selfish nodes. Compared to advanced algorithms, the proposed model saves approximately 6% of interaction time. As the number of transactions significantly increases, the system’s TPS (Transactions Per Second) decreases, with an average TPS of only 3079.35 when the maximum number of transactions is 4000. The proposed scheme can filter out high-quality data sources during real-time dynamic data exchange, enhancing the accuracy of federated learning training and ensuring privacy security.

Physico-chemical and Sensory Analysis of Calcium-Fortified Cracker with Cricket Protein Source

Calcium (Ca) deficiency is a major public health problem that leads to bone health complications. This study aimed to develop a Ca-fortified cracker with a cricket protein source, a high-quality alternative source of protein that involves low-cost production. Four recipes of the cracker with cricket protein (Acheta domesticus) were prepared; control recipe, 15% of Ca by RDA per serving recipe (15% formula), 25% of Ca by RDA per serving recipe (25% formula), and 50% of Ca by RDA per serving recipe (50% formula). All recipes were assessed for satisfaction by 30 participants using the sensory evaluation method. The Ca-fortified cracker recipe which obtained the most acceptable rating by participants was sent for analysis, together with the control recipe. The findings of this study indicated that the 50% formula obtained significantly higher scores in taste and texture when compared with the other two Ca-fortified recipes (p&lt;0.05). In addition, its overall satisfaction score stayed at an acceptable level. The proximate analytical results indicated there were comparable results between the 50% recipe and control recipe, such as ash (2.42 g/100g for 50% recipe and 2.03 g/100g for control), moisture (3.66 g/100g for 50% recipe 2.99 g/100g for control), and protein (4.46 g/100g for 50% recipe and 4.33 g/100g for control). For Ca, the 50% recipe obtained Ca 183.38 mg/100g and the control recipe obtained 68.89 mg/100g. In conclusion, the cracker recipe with cricket protein contained 50% of Ca by RDA per serving, was acceptable to participants and comparable on proximate composition with the control recipe.

Enhanced Nutcracker Optimization Algorithm with Hyperbolic Sine-Cosine Improvement for UAV Path Planning.

Three-dimensional (3D) path planning is a crucial technology for ensuring the efficient and safe flight of UAVs in complex environments. Traditional path planning algorithms often find it challenging to navigate complex obstacle environments, making it challenging to quickly identify the optimal path. To address these challenges, this paper introduces a Nutcracker Optimizer integrated with Hyperbolic Sine-Cosine (ISCHNOA). First, the exploitation process of the sinh cosh optimizer is incorporated into the foraging strategy to enhance the efficiency of nutcracker in locating high-quality food sources within the search area. Secondly, a nonlinear function is designed to improve the algorithm's convergence speed. Finally, a sinh cosh optimizer that incorporates historical positions and dynamic factors is introduced to enhance the influence of the optimal position on the search process, thereby improving the accuracy of the nutcracker in retrieving stored food. In this paper, the performance of the ISCHNOA algorithm is tested using 14 classical benchmark test functions as well as the CEC2014 and CEC2020 suites and applied to UAV path planning models. The experimental results demonstrate that the ISCHNOA algorithm outperforms the other algorithms across the three test suites, with the total cost of the planned UAV paths being lower.

$N$-photon bundles emission in high-spin Jaynes-Cummings model

Abstract High-spin quantum systems, endowed with rich internal degrees of freedom, constitute a promising platform for manipulating high-quality $n$-photon states. In this study, we explore $n$-photon bundles emission by constructing a high-spin Jaynes-Cummings model (JCM) within a single-mode cavity interacting with a single spin-$3/2$ atom. Our analysis reveals that the $n$-photon dressed state splittings can be significantly enhanced by adjusting the linear Zeeman shift inherent to the internal degrees of freedom in high-spin systems, thereby yielding well-resolved $n$-photon resonance. The markedly enhanced energy-spectrum anharmonicity, stemming from strong nonlinearities, enables the realization of high-quality $n$-photon bundles emission with large steady-state photon numbers, in contrast to conventional spin-1/2 JCM setups. Of particular interest is the realization of an optical multimode transducer capable of transitioning among single-photon blockade, two- to four-photon bundles emission, and photon-induced tunneling by tuning the light-cavity detuning in the presence of both cavity and atomic pump fields. This work unveils significant opportunities for diverse applications in nonclassical all-optical switching and high-quality multiphoton sources, deepening our understanding of creating specialized nonclassical states and fundamental physics in high-spin atom-cavity systems.

Optimization of Fermentation Process of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Seeds and Evaluation of Acute Toxicity of Protein Extract in Mice

The seeds of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seeds, a high-quality vegetable protein source, encounter application limitations due to their high molecular weight and anti-nutritional factors. This study focused on optimizing the fermentation process by investigating key parameters such as inoculation amount, inoculation ratio, material-to-liquid ratio, fermentation temperature, and fermentation time. Both single-factor experiments and response surface methodology were used to determine the optimal conditions. The effects of fermentation on particle size, surface morphology (scanning electron microscopy), water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, solubility, and emulsification properties of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed protein were analyzed. In addition, acute toxicity was investigated at doses of 1.5 g/kg, 3 g/kg, 6 g/kg, and 12 g/kg. The results showed that the optimal fermentation conditions were an inoculum concentration of 10%, a ratio of Bacillus subtilis to Lactobacillus plantarum of 1:1, a material-to-liquid ratio of 0.8:1, a temperature of 35 °C, and a fermentation period of 4 days. Under these optimized conditions, the soluble protein content reached 153.1 mg/g. After fermentation, the functional properties of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed protein improved significantly: the water holding capacity increased by 89%, the oil holding capacity by 68%, while the emulsifying activity and stability indices improved by 6% and 17%, respectively. The macromolecular proteins in the seeds of Zanthoxylum bungeanum were effectively broken down into smaller fragments during fermentation, resulting in a more folded and porous surface structure. In acute toxicity tests, all mice treated with fermented Zanthoxum seed protein survived for more than 7 days after injection, and there were no significant differences in body weight, organ index, and hematological tests between groups, but FZBSP of 1.5 g/kg~12 g/kg caused varying degrees of steatosis and inflammatory damage in the heart and liver. In conclusion, this study confirms that follow-up pilot studies using 1.5 g/kg FZBSP have the potential for further development and utilization.