High-protein Supplement Research Articles

High Protein Supplementation Facilitates Weight Training Induced Bone Mineralization In Baseball Players

High Protein Supplementation Facilitates Weight Training Induced Bone Mineralization In Baseball Players

Safety of a Combined WB-EMS and High-Protein Diet Intervention in Sarcopenic Obese Elderly Men.

PurposeWhole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) especially in combination with a high-protein supplementation has been established as an efficient treatment against sarcopenia. However, there are several case reports of rhabdomyolysis after WB-EMS application. Thus, we asked if this training could potentially lead to deteriorations of the cardiac as well as the renal function.Materials and MethodsOne hundred sarcopenic obese men aged 70 years and older were randomly balanced (1-1-1) and allocated to one of the three study arms. During 16 weeks of intervention, these groups either performed WB-EMS and took a protein supplement (WB-EMS&P), solely received the protein supplement (Protein) or served as control group (CG). WB-EMS consisted of 1.5×20 min (85 Hz, 350 μs, 4 s of strain to 4 s of rest) applied with moderate-to-high intensity while moving. We further generated a daily protein intake of 1.7–1.8 g/kg/body mass per day. At baseline and 8–10 days after completion of the intervention, blood was drawn and biomarkers of muscle, cardiac and renal health were assessed.ResultsHereby, we found slight but significant elevations of creatine kinase (CK) levels in the WB-EMS group pointing to minor damages of the skeletal muscle (140 U/l [81–210], p < 0.001). This was accompanied by a significant, low-grade increase of creatine kinase–muscle brain (CK-MB, 0.43 ng/mL [−0.29–0.96], p < 0.01) and high-sensitivity troponin T (hsTnT, 0.001 ng/mL. [0.000–0.003], p < 0.001) but without a higher risk of developing heart failure according to N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP, −5.7 pg/mL [−38.8–24.6], p = 0.17). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was impaired neither by the high-protein supplementation alone nor in combination with WB-EMS (CG 76.0 mL/min/1.73 m2 [71.9–82.2] vs Protein 73.2 mL/min/1.73 m2 [63.0–78.9] vs WB-EMS&P 74.6 mL/min/1.73 m2 [62.8–84.1], p = 0.478).ConclusionIn conclusion, even in the vulnerable group of sarcopenic obese seniors, the combination of WB-EMS with a high-protein intake revealed no short-term, negative impact on the eGFR, but potential consequences for the cardiovascular system need to be addressed in future studies.

Soy Addition to Soft Pretzels Led to Greater Sensory-Specific Satiety in Inactive and Active Individuals

Abstract Objectives Protein and fiber have both been shown to modulate satiety sensations and food intake. Soft pretzels were formulated to contain soy ingredients high in both protein and fiber. Therefore, we hypothesized that soy substitution in soft pretzels would increase sensory-specific satiety following consumption. Additional objectives of this study were to determine if physical activity or previous protein supplement intake influenced satiety sensations. Methods Traditional and soy soft pretzels were produced to be isocaloric (1255 KJ or 300 Kcal/serving), equal in lipid content (6 g/serving), and similar in size and color. Soy pretzels were higher in protein and fiber due to the inclusion of soy flour, soymilk powder, and wheat gluten. Satiety was measured following consumption of both pretzel types using a randomized and balanced cross-over design (n = 51 subjects). Ten-centimeter visual analogue scales were used to measure hunger, desire to eat, how much they could eat, and thoughts of food before and after consumption as well as over time (every 30 minutes for 2 hours). Exercise frequency was recorded as days of exercise per week. Consumption of protein supplement frequency was measured using a 5-point scale. Satiety was examined using the area under the curve (AUC) of hunger, desire to eat, how much could they eat and thoughts of food ratings, normalized by the basal values. Results The AUC for hunger was approximately 32% greater after consumption of the soy pretzels as compared to traditional wheat pretzels (P = 0.0313), indicating greater satiety. The AUCs for desire to eat and how much subjects could eat were 34% (P = 0.0133) and 33% (P = 0.0320) greater in soy pretzels, respectively. The AUCs for thoughts of food did not differ between samples (P = 0.1808). Frequency of high protein supplement consumption and exercise frequency did not impact any satiety measurement in either sample or the difference between the samples. Conclusions Together these data suggest that consumption of the soy pretzels lead to greater satiety and reduced desire to eat, possibly due to the higher protein and fiber content. Satiation was not measured in this group; however, the higher satiety values could have implications on food intake subsequent to soy pretzel consumption. Funding Sources This study was supported by the Ohio Soybean Council.

Prebiotics Inhibit Proteolysis by Gut Bacteria in a Host Diet-Dependent Manner: a Three-Stage Continuous In Vitro Gut Model Experiment.

Dietary protein residue can result in microbial generation of various toxic metabolites in the gut, such as ammonia. A prebiotic is "a substrate that is selectively utilised by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit" (G. R. Gibson, R. Hutkins, M. E. Sanders, S. L. Prescott, et al., Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 14:491-502, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2017.75). Prebiotics are carbohydrates that may have the potential to reverse the harmful effects of gut bacterial protein fermentation. Three-stage continuous colonic model systems were inoculated with fecal samples from omnivore and vegetarian volunteers. Casein (equivalent to 105 g protein consumption per day) was used within the systems as a protein source. Two different doses of inulin-type fructans (Synergy1) were later added (equivalent to 10 g per day in vivo and 15 g per day) to assess whether this influenced protein fermentation. Bacteria were enumerated by fluorescence in situ hybridization with flow cytometry. Metabolites from bacterial fermentation (short-chain fatty acid [SCFA], ammonia, phenol, indole, and p-cresol) were monitored to further analyze proteolysis and the prebiotic effect. A significantly higher number of bifidobacteria was observed with the addition of inulin together with reduction of Desulfovibrio spp. Furthermore, metabolites from protein fermentation, such as branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) and ammonia, were significantly lowered with Synergy1. Production of p-cresol varied among donors, as we recognized four high producing models and two low producing models. Prebiotic addition reduced its production only in vegetarian high p-cresol producers.IMPORTANCE Dietary protein levels are generally higher in Western populations than in the world average. We challenged three-stage continuous colonic model systems containing high protein levels and confirmed the production of potentially harmful metabolites from proteolysis, especially replicates of the transverse and distal colon. Fermentations of proteins with a prebiotic supplementation resulted in a change in the human gut microbiota and inhibited the production of some proteolytic metabolites. Moreover, we observed both bacterial and metabolic differences between fecal bacteria from omnivore donors and vegetarian donors. Proteins with prebiotic supplementation showed higher Bacteroides spp. and inhibited Clostridium cluster IX in omnivore models, while in vegetarian modes, Clostridium cluster IX was higher and Bacteroides spp. lower with high protein plus prebiotic supplementation. Synergy1 addition inhibited p-cresol production in vegetarian high p-cresol-producing models while the inhibitory effect was not seen in omnivore models.

High-protein supplementation facilitates weight training-induced bone mineralization in baseball players.

The aim of this study was to determine whether weight training combined with high-protein intake enhances total and regional bone mineral density (BMD) in athletes. BMD of 27 Division 1 collegiate baseball players 18 to 22 y of age (N=13, 2 dropouts) received either 14% protein or isocaloric 44% protein supplements and were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry before and after a 12-wk weight training program (challenging upper and lower body). Baseline data showed unequivocally greater humerus BMD in the dominant arm than their contralateral non-dominant arm (∼20 %) among all baseball players. Humerus BMD of the non-dominant arm was enhanced by 2.7% after weight training for both low- and high-protein groups (main effect, P=0.008), concurrent with an unexpected small decrease in total body BMD (main effect, P=0.014). Humerus BMD of the dominant arm with greater baseline value than the non-dominant arm was not increased unless high protein was supplemented (+2.7 %; P < 0.05). Bones with relatively higher BMD show blunt adaptation against training, which can be relieved by high-protein supplementation. Total BMD of athletes cannot be further elevated by weight training.

Nutritional Evaluation on High Protein Supplement Diet by Biological Assay in Wistar Rat

Enteral nutrition is the best way to feed or supplement the diet when gastrointestinal tract functions of patients are partially or totally preserved. Whenever total enteral nutrition is needed, it represents the only source of nutrients for patients. Thus, it is mandatory to ensure that high biological value proteins are included in enteral formula. Objective: To investigate the nutritional effectiveness of protein blend constituted intended to be used in enteral nutrition products. Materials and Method :27 male Wistar rats, with initial body weight of 60±5 g, where divided into three groups and feed for 28 days with: Group A were fed ONS-ST, Group B were fed ONS-HP, and Group C were fed ONS-PF. Enteral diet was fed 30 g./day during 4 weeks and consumption was recorded every day. Observation on body weight and food consumption were determined during the Study. Growth study(PER and NPRR) and digestibility study (TD, BV and NPU) where calculated. Results: The obtained results for growth study and digestibility indicated that the supplement prepared with local food was a good protein source, especially when protein-mix was added.Experimental (Group B) and standard(Group A)had similar values for all analysed indices (PER, NPRR, TD, BV and NPU). These indices where also similar Group C, but lower than experimental and standard groups. Conclusion: The nutritional effectiveness of ONS-HP versus ONS-ST when administered for 4 weeks to rats were compared. There were no differences between the ONS-HP group and ONS-ST group in body weight and nitrogen balance. Additionally, there were no adverse effects associated with administration of ONS-HP. These results suggest that ONS-HP is as nutritionally effective as ONS-ST, and as useful for nutritional management as conventional enteral nutrition formulas, even in a lower administration volume.

Effect of Dietary Supplement, Base Mix, and/or Soybean Meal on Growing Pig Performance

A total of 60 crossbred pigs (Yorkshire × Duroc, initially 56.5 kg) were used in a 42-day trial to evaluate the effect of replacing a commercial high protein supplement with soybean meal and/or a base mix in rice bran-based diets on pig growth performance. Pigs were allotted to pens by body weight and pens were randomly assigned to dietary treatments in completely randomized design. There were 4 dietary treatments with 3 or 4 replicate pens per treatment and 4 pigs per pen. Dietary treatments were: 1) 80% rice bran with 20% high protein supplement (RBS20), 2) 95% rice bran with 5% high protein supplement (RBS5), 3) 97.5% rice bran with 2.5% base mix (RBB2.5), and 4) 92.5% rice bran with 5% soybean meal and 2.5% base mix (RBSBB). The base mix included vitamins, macro and trace minerals, L-Lysine, L-Threonine, and DL-Methionine. Overall (d 0 to 42) average daily gain was greater (P < 0.001) for pigs fed RBSBB and RBS20 diets than pigs fed the RBS5 or RBB2.5 diets. Pigs fed the RBS5 diet had reduced (P < 0.004) average daily feed intake compared to all other treatments. Similarly, feed efficiency (feed/gain) was improved (P < 0.004) for pigs fed RBSBB and RBS20 diets compared with pigs fed RBS5 or RBB2.5. For economics, income over feed cost was the greatest (P < 0.01) for the diet containing soybean meal and base mix compared to pigs fed the RBS20 diet, SBS5, and RBB2.5. In conclusion, feeding pigs a rice bran diet with base mix and soybean meal had similar growth performance and increased economic return compared to feeding a rice bran diet with high protein supplement. Use of soybean meal and base mix provides an opportunity for increased economic return for pig farmers.

Науково-практичне обґрунтування використання пробіотиків для поліпшення якості продукції птахівництва

Science and practice have proved that balanced nutrition involves the intake of the organic, mineral, and biologically active substances in the bird’s body in certain quantities and proportions due to their needs. Balanced poultry feeding is a guarantee of not only high productivity, but also the prevention of diseases that negatively affect the safety of livestock and product quality. Providing poultry with high-quality protein is especially important nowadays. Birds spend more essential amino acids per unit of body weight gain and, accordingly, more of them should be daily supplied to the body with feed. Plant proteins are the basis of grain feeds that contain all eleven essential amino acids required for protein synthesis in the body of chickens, ducks, geese, and turkeys. However, it was revealed that most of these amino acids are concentrated in grain in insufficient quantities and cannot fully satisfy the needs of highly productive poultry. As a result, it is necessary to additionally introduce high-protein supplements into the diet as a source of essential amino acids or use synthetic concentrates of lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan. High-protein supplements are coming in two types – animal and plant-based. From the plant-based ones, soy products are considered the most valuable as a concentrated source of the first limiting amino acid - lysine, and sunflower meal is rich in methionine. And even so, plant-based protein feed is not able to create a complete balance of all essential amino acids. This can be done only if the animal-sourced protein is introduced into the poultry diet in the form of fish meal, meat and bone meal, meat meal, or yeast. Besides, scientific research has proven that yeast can be considered a wonderful natural source of B vitamins. The analysis of scientific research indicates that today there is a wide search and study of various feed supplements that could be a source of complete protein and have in its composition a complete complex of amino acids for birds. There are not enough such high-quality feed additives in Ukraine, and those coming from abroad are distinguished by high cost and are often falsified. Therefore, the use of yeast in poultry diets as long as their industrial production according to the technology based on the state standard is relevant for solving a number of modern poultry farming problems and is of great scientific and practical importance.

How to handling with uncertain data in the TOPSIS technique?

Abstract The methods of multi-criteria decision making are more and more willingly used as assistance in finding an optimal solution to the problem. As the family of these methods grows, choosing the appropriate technique and whether the use of multiple methods for one problem will provide a similar final result may be a problem. In this paper, extensions of the classic TOPSIS method have been used to show one decision problem results. We used the Interval TOPSIS, Bag-Based TOPSIS, and Fuzzy TOPSIS methods to examine the influence of used methods to final rankings. They solved the theoretical problem of selecting a high-protein supplement for persons in power training. The results were then compared using selected similarity coefficients to emphasize the correlation between the resulting rankings. The research showed that the method used has an impact on the final ranking, which was confirmed by the indicators obtained through the similarity coefficients.

375 The effect of supplemental protein from weaning until first breeding on heifer development and uterine environment characteristics

Abstract Replacement heifer development is one of the most critical components of productive beef operations. By identifying the ideal uterine environment in pre-breeding heifers, fertility and reproductive efficiency can be maximized. Our hypothesis was that different levels of protein supplementation would affect the rate of development and uterine environment of beef heifers. To test the effects of dietary supplementation on these outcomes, a randomized complete block design with repeated measures was implemented. Commercial Angus heifers (n = 60) were blocked by BW into 4 weight classes. Within each weight class, three pens of 5 heifers each were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups of supplemental protein [10% (control), 20% (P20), and 40% (P40)]. All heifers were allowed access to ad libitum grass hay. Bodyweight and BCS were collected every 2 weeks to monitor heifer development. Uterine fluid samples were collected monthly by flushing with sterile saline to evaluate components of the uterine environment. Relative uterine pH was calculated by subtracting saline pH from the uterine flush pH. Separate mixed model ANOVAs and mean separation via PROC GLIMMIX (SAS 9.4, Cary, NC) were used to determine if protein supplementation treatments, time and their interactions influenced BW, BCS, or uterine environment. Bodyweight of the control group was significantly lower (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than P20 or P40 groups from December to March. There was an interaction between treatment and time for relative uterine pH (P = 0.002). In November, the P40 group exhibited less change in pH compared to the control group (0.33±0.1 vs. 0.74±0.1; P &amp;lt; 0.05). Whereas in December the P40 (0.23±0.1) group showed more basic uterine environment compared to the P20 (-0.22±0.1) or control (-0.13±0.1) groups (P &amp;lt; 0.05). In conclusion, higher protein supplementation does improve heifer growth and development, as well as altering the pH of the uterine fluid from weaning to first breeding

Healthy Life Trajectories Initiative: Summary of the evidence base for pregnancy‐related interventions to prevent overweight and obesity in children

This overview of systematic reviews (SRs) aimed to identify dietary and lifestyle interventions in pregnant women that reduce the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and/or risk factors thereof, in their children. Following identification of eligible SRs, a matrix of all included studies identified overlap between SRs. The most recent, comprehensive, high-quality SRs were selected for further dissagregation. We developed a Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE)-based effectiveness matrix incorporating effect size and study quality to prioritise interventions as (1) beneficial or harmful, (2) possibly beneficial or possibly harmful, (3) no effect, (4) possibly no effect, or (5) uncertain effect. Of the 27 SRs identified, 16 SRs were excluded due to overlap. From 11 remaining SRs, five discrete interventions were ranked "beneficial" or "possibly beneficial" for reducing risk factors for childhood obesity: (1) balanced energy/protein supplements, (2) dietary counseling alone, (3) low glycemic index dietary advice, (4) diet and exercise counseling, (5) diet counseling and supervised exercise. High protein supplementation was ranked "harmful" as it increased the risk of small-for-gestational age (SGA) infants in normal-weight pregnant women. Evidence of the impact of pregnancy-related diet or lifestyle interventions, on childhood obesity was limited. Five dietary interventions, alone or in combination with exercise, showed beneficial effects on the risk factors for childhood obesity.

2274-PUB: Glycemic Index and Response of Plant-Based Nutritional Supplement and Its Subjective Satiety in Indian Adults

Background: The major nutritional challenges faced by individuals with diabetes in South Asia is adhering to dietary advocacy and providing optimal nutrition with adequate protein and dietary fibre as they usually consume very high carbohydrate diet. This is particularly a concern in vegetarians. Aim: The objective of the study was to assess the Glycemic Index (GI) and Glycemic Response (GR) of two different flavors of a plant based nutritional supplement specially designed with high protein and fibre. The subjective satiety was also assessed. Methods: In all, fifteen overweight/obese subjects aged 18-45 years were recruited. After overnight fasting, blood samples were drawn at -5 and 0 minutes. Test and reference food providing available carbohydrates of 25g each was consumed by the participants. The capillary blood samples were drawn at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. Participants underwent 3 days of reference food testing and 1 day of test food test in random order with 2 days of wash out period. The GI was assessed using validated ISO, 2010 protocol. Satiety index was measured using Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The dietary intake of the subjects for previous day and the test day was measured by 24-hour dietary recall. The Incremental Area Under the Curve (IAUC) was calculated using the trapezoid rule. The study was registered in the clinical trial registry of India, CTRI/2018/04/012979. Results: The GI and GR of both flavors of the supplement was categorized as low GI. The GI and GR of Flavor 1 was 27.3±4.8 and 16.4 ±2.6 (Mean ± SEM) respectively. For Flavor 2 the GI and GR was 36.7±4.4 and 25.7 ± 2.3 (Mean ± SEM). For Flavor 1, 60% of participants reported feeling hungry only after 3 hours, showing good satiety. Conclusion: The plant based high fibre high protein supplement, along with regular meal could help in reducing the postprandial glycemic response and improve satiety. Disclosure V. Mohan: None. V. Parthasarthy: None. R. Jeevan: None. G. Viswanathan: None. K. Vasudevan: None. G. Nagamuthu: None. G. Rajagopal: None. P. Karthikeyan: None. S. Shanmugam: None. R. Anjana: None. R. Unnikrishnan: None. S. Vasudevan: None. A. Toppo: Employee; Self; Dr. Reddys Laboratories. S. Mehta: Employee; Self; Dr. Reddys Laboratories. S.A. Acharya: Employee; Self; Dr. Reddys Laboratories. R.M. Bhoite: Employee; Self; Dr. Reddys Laboratories.

Nutrition Knowledge and Satisfaction Levels of Postbariatric Surgery Adults in the United Arab Emirates: A Pilot Study.

Research assessing the nutrition knowledge of postbariatric surgery patients is limited, although this category of patients is predisposed to malnutrition. In this pilot study, we explored postbariatric nutrition knowledge, satisfaction levels with dietitian nutrition counseling, and decision to undergo bariatric surgery of 83 patients who attended a postbariatric outpatient nutrition clinic in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE). A cross-sectional design involving gender-stratified random sampling method was used to recruit 83 postbariatric surgery participants. A self-administered questionnaire was employed to collect information about nutrition knowledge related to dietary recommendations after bariatric surgery as well as participant views on dietitian nutrition counseling, their decision to undergo bariatric surgery, and nutrition-related complications experienced after the surgery. The mean (SD) knowledge score of postbariatric diet was 9.7 (2.05) out of a maximum possible score of 14. The majority of the participants (78.3%) correctly identified which foods are recommended during the first stage of the postbariatric surgery diet, and more than 90% knew about the importance of high-protein supplements after bariatric surgery. Female participants had significantly higher mean knowledge score compared to males (p=0.02). Although nearly 80% of the participants reported regular follow-up with their dietitian, only 10.8% reported high adherence to the dietitian's instructions. Moreover, more than two-thirds of the participants (71.1%) rated dietary advice provided by dietitians as vague. The most common complication experienced by the participants after bariatric surgery was nausea (61.4%). Furthermore, the majority of the participants (83.4%) found their daily and leisure activities to be more enjoyable after bariatric surgery. Ways of improving the quality of information delivery by dietitians should be explored to enhance patient comprehension and adherence to postbariatric surgery diet recommendations. Future research involving a larger and more representative sample to extend our findings are needed.

Macronutrient and Micronutrient Intake during Pregnancy: An Overview of Recent Evidence.

Nutritional status during pregnancy can have a significant impact on maternal and neonatal health outcomes. Requirements for macronutrients such as energy and protein increase during pregnancy to maintain maternal homeostasis while supporting foetal growth. Energy restriction can limit gestational weight gain in women with obesity; however, there is insufficient evidence to support energy restriction during pregnancy. In undernourished women, balanced energy/protein supplementation may increase birthweight whereas high protein supplementation could have adverse effects on foetal growth. Modulating carbohydrate intake via a reduced glycaemic index or glycaemic load diet may prevent gestational diabetes and large-for-gestational-age infants. Certain micronutrients are also vital for improving pregnancy outcomes, including folic acid to prevent neural tube defects and iodine to prevent cretinism. Newly published studies support the use of calcium supplementation to prevent hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, particularly in women at high risk or with low dietary calcium intake. Although gaps in knowledge remain, research linking nutrition during pregnancy to maternofoetal outcomes has made dramatic advances over the last few years. In this review, we provide an overview of the most recent evidence pertaining to macronutrient and micronutrient requirements during pregnancy, the risks and consequences of deficiencies and the effects of supplementation on pregnancy outcomes.

Effects of High Ambient Temperature and Bypass Protein Supplementation on Performance of Crossbred Lambs

The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of dietary supplementation with a source ofbypass protein (cottonseed meal, CSM) on the performance of growing crossbred wethers fed lowdigestibility roughage at high ambient temperature. Sixteen unshorn Border Leicester x Merino lambsaged 6 months and weighing 24.90.37 kg were allocated into a 2x2 factorial design (2 diets and 2ambient temperatures). Each group was fed either wheaten chaff + 2% urea ad libitum or wheaten chaff +1% urea ad libitum + 100g/d cottonseed meal. The results show that respiration rate and rectal temperaturewere significantly affected by ambient temperature (P&lt;0.01), but not by diet. Total dry matter intake wassignificantly higher (P&lt;0.01) at lower temperature than at high temperature, and significantly higher(P=0.04) on the supplemented diet than on the control diet. Water intake tended (P=0.06) to be higher onthe CSM+ diet than on the control diet, and was significantly at greater (P&lt;0.01) high ambient temperaturethan at low temperature. The concentration of NH3-N in the rumen fluid (ranged from 310±17 to 413±20mg N/L) did not differ significantly either between diets or ambient temperatures. Blood plasma ureanitrogen concentration was significantly higher in sheep on the control diet than in those on thesupplemented diet, and at low than high temperature. The organic matter digestibility was not significantlyaffected by temperature and diet. The rate of live weight gain was significantly (P&lt;0.01) reduced by highambient temperature and the interaction between diet and temperature was significant (P&lt;0.01). At lowtemperature, lambs on the supplemented diet grew significantly faster than those on the control diet, butnot at high temperature. In conclusion, high ambient temperature increases respiration rate, rectaltemperature and water intake but reduces dry matter intake and live weight gain. Supplementation with100 g/d of cottonseed meal could not outweigh the depressing effects of constant high ambienttemperature and humidity imposed in this experiment.

Protein supplementation can help to meet requirements in critically ill patients on a mixed surgical and medical intensive care unit

Providing at least 80% of estimated requirements for both energy and protein during critical illness is associated with improved clinical outcomes such as decreased mortality and reduced length of stay1. Overfeeding energy has been shown to increase carbon dioxide production, increase blood glucose and insulin requirements and increase triglycerides, all of which can delay recovery2. It can be a challenge to meet both energy and protein requirements without overfeeding, particularly when large amounts of intravenous calories are given or patients have raised protein requirements3, 4. An audit of the nutrient provision on general intensive care unit (GICU) in 2016 revealed that 80% of energy requirements were met in 91% of patients on enteral feeding, and 80% of protein requirements were met in only 27% of patients. Since this audit, the standard starter feeding regime has changed to a higher protein feed and a high protein supplement has been procured.

Glycemic Index and Response of a Plant Based Nutritional Supplement and Its Subjective Satiety Following Its Use in Indian Adults

Background: Diet plays a vital role in managing diabetes. Foods with a low glycemic index provide lower postprandial glucose spikes and induce satiety. The objective of this study was to assess the Glycemic index (GI) without milk and Glycemic response (GR) with milk of two different flavours of a plant-based supplement which is high in protein and fibre, along with a subjective assessment of satiety. Methods: Fifteen overweight/obese subjects aged 18 - 45 years were recruited. After overnight fasting, blood samples were drawn at 5 mins before food consumption (-5), 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. Participants underwent 3 days of reference food testing and 1 day of test food in random order with 2 days of wash-out period. The GI was assessed using a validated protocol recognized by FAO/WHO, as well as the guidelines by the International Dietary Carbohydrate Task Force for GI Methodology. The satiety index was measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The dietary intake of the subjects was measured by 24-hour dietary recall. The Incremental Area Under the Curve (IAUC) was calculated using the trapezoid rule. Results: Both the flavours of the supplement had low GI & GR. The GI and GR of Flavour 1 were 27.3 ± 4.8 & 16.4 ± 2.6 (Mean ± SEM) respectively. For Flavour 2 the GI and GR were 36.7 ± 4.4 & 25.7 ± 2.3 (Mean ± SEM). For Flavour 1, 60% and for flavour 2 66.7% of subjects reported feeling hungry only after 3 hours, showing good satiety. Conclusion: The plant-based high fibre high protein supplement in both flavours showed a low glycemic index and hence may be useful to include in the diets to reduce the postprandial glycemic response and could improve satiety.

Effect of nonmeat, high-protein supplementation on quality of life and clinical outcomes in older residents of care homes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Care home residents are at risk of malnutrition owing to reduced food intake, anabolic resistance in aging muscle, and a high prevalence of medical morbidity and functional dependency. There has been limited consensus regarding the effectiveness of a high-protein diet on quality of life or clinical outcomes in care home residents. The aim of this review was to evaluate the effectiveness of nonmeat, high-protein supplementation on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and relevant clinical and nutritional outcomes in older people in a care home setting. The following databases were searched (to February 2018) for randomized controlled trials: Embase, AMED, CINAHL, MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials, OpenGrey, clinicaltrials.gov, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, the ISRCTN registry, and the NIHR Clinical Research Network Portfolio. Trials were selected if they assessed a nonmeat, high-protein dietary intervention provided to care home residents who were aged 65 years or older. Data from included trials were extracted if they assessed care home residents aged 65 years or older and compared those residents who received protein supplementation with those who did not. Trial quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Meta-analysis was undertaken when appropriate. Seventeen studies with 1246 participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All studies were of low or moderate quality. There was no evidence of improved HRQOL when the Short Form 36 (SF-36) was used to assess outcomes (standardized mean difference [SMD] = -0.10; 95%CI, -0.51 to 0.31; P = 0.62), although significant improvement was seen in the 1 trial that used the EQ-5D instrument (SMD = 2.58; 95%CI, 2.05-3.10; P < 0.00001). Nonmeat, high-protein oral supplements can improve markers of nutritional status in care home residents. However, there is insufficient high-quality evidence to determine the effect of such supplements on HRQOL in older adults in care homes. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42015029313.

Quantitative qPCR Analysis of Ruminal Microorganisms in Beef Cattle Grazing in Pastures in the Rainy Season and Supplemented with Different Protein Levels.

We tested the hypothesis that supplementation with three protein levels improves fermentation parameters without changing the rumen microbial population of grazing beef cattle in the rainy season. Four rumen-cannulated Nellore bulls (432 ± 21kg of body weight) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with four supplements and four experimental periods of 21 days each. The treatments were mineral supplement (ad libitum) and supplements with low, medium (MPS), and high protein supplement (HPS), supplying 106, 408, and 601g/day of CP, respectively. The abundance of each target taxon was calculated as a fraction of the total 16S rRNA gene copies in the samples, using taxon-specific and domain bacteria primers. Supplemented animals showed lower (P < 0.05) proportions of Ruminococcus flavefaciens and greater (P < 0.05) proportions of Ruminococcus albus and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens than animals that received only the mineral supplement. The HPS supplement resulted in higher (P < 0.05) proportions of Fibrobacter succinogenes, R. flavefaciens, and B. fibrisolvens and lower (P < 0.05) proportions of R. albus than the MPS supplement. Based on our results, high protein supplementation improves the ruminal conditions and facilitates the growth of cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen of bulls on pastures during the rainy season.

Development of Volatile Compounds during Hydrolysis of Porcine Hemoglobin with Papain.

There is a growing market for the use of hydrolysates from animal side-streams for production of high-protein supplements. However, there can be issues with development of off-flavors, either due to the raw material in question or due to the hydrolysis process itself. This study examined the development of volatile compounds during hydrolysis of hemoglobin. Briefly, porcine hemoglobin was hydrolyzed by 0.5% papain for up to 5 h, and the development of volatile compounds was analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that there was significant development of a number of volatile compounds with time, e.g., certain Maillard reaction and lipid oxidation products, which are likely candidates for the aroma development during hydrolysis. Furthermore, it was shown that development of a number of the volatiles was due to the hydrolysis process, as these compounds were not found in a control without enzyme.