High-protein Soybean Research Articles

Evaluación agronómica y parámetros genéticos en soya para consumo humano directo en Puerto Rico

En las regiones tropicales del hemisferio occidental, el alto contenido de proteína de la soya [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] puede mejorar la dieta de la población. Para este propósito, sería necesario desarrollar cultivares adaptados a la región y con semillas de tamaño adecuado para consumo humano. Los objetivos del estudio fueron estimar la heredabilidad de algunas características agronómicas, las correlaciones genéticas y fenotípicas entre ellas y la comparación de las características agronómicas y reproductivas de las líneas, sembradas en distintas fechas en Puerto Rico. En diciembre de 1992 se evaluaron 89 plantas individuales F4:5 del cruzamiento de IAC-8 [Grupo de Madurez (GM) IX, no adaptado para consumo humano, con semilla de tamaño mediano] x Kanto-101 (GM III, adaptado para consumo humano, con semilla de tamaño grande), los padres y líneas controles. Las líneasF4:6 se evaluaron en ensayos replicados en junio y agosto de 1993. Las características consideradas fueron fecha de la floración completa (R2), fecha del llenado de las vainas (R6), fecha de la madurez completa (R8), altura de las plantas, ancho de las vainas y peso de 100 semillas. Las heredabilidades expresadas a base del promedio de las líneas fueron de intermedias (0.56) a altas (0.96). Las correlaciones fenotípicas y genotípicas variaron de cero a altas (0.96). Las correlaciones de rango fueron intermedias, positivas y significativas, variando desde 0.41 a 0.79. Para todas las características, los genotipos que fueron seleccionados en el 10% superior durante las siembras de junio y agosto, a base del promedio de las líneas, también fueron seleccionados en diciembre, a base de las medidas en plantas individuales. En el trópico, la selección de genotipos de soya con tamaño de semilla adecuado para consumo humano directo se puede realizar en distintas épocas de siembra durante el mismo año, en plantas individuales en las etapas iniciales del programa y en ensayos replicados posteriormente.

Increasing Seed Protein in Soybean with Eight Cycles of Recurrent Selection

Inverse relationships between seed protein and both seed yield and seed oil have limited progress in developing economically profitable high protein soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars. This study evaluated changes in and limitations to seed protein concentration, associated changes in seed oil concentration, and variability for these traits during eight cycles of recurrent selection for seed protein. Seed of a line with 483 g kg−1 protein was blended with seed of two F2 populations segregating for male sterility (ms2ms2). S0 plants from randomatings in the population were evaluated in each cycle for plant maturity and for seed protein and oil concentration. The 20% of plants with highest seed protein in Cycles 0 through 3 and the 10% of plants with highest seed protein in Cycles 4 through 7 were randomly intermated to initiate the next cycle. Plant maturity was not consistently associated with either seed protein or oil in the eight cycles of selection. Recurrent selection increased mean seed protein 5.8 g kg−1 and decreased mean seed oil 2.3 g kg−1 per cycle. A stronger inverse relationship between seed protein and oil was observed in later than in earlier cycles as indicated by steeper slopes of and decreased variability around regression lines in later cycles. Most of the alleles for this trait were accumulated in the high protein selections by Cycle 5. An average of 53% of the plants in Cycles 6 through 8 had 480 g kg−1 or greater seed protein. Progenies of these plants would be excellent sources of phenotypes that combine high seed protein with good agronomic traits.

Effects of Late-Season Nitrogen Fertilizer on Irrigated Soybean Yield And Composition

Even though soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] fixes N from the air, N demand at the R4 to R6 (pod-fill) growth stages of high-yielding, high-protein soybean may be greater than the amountsss of available N with normal farming practices. In Kansas, supplemental N has not been recommended on soybean regardless of yield level. Research was conducted at eight sites over a 2-yr period on irrigated soybean to evaluate effects of N rates (0, 20, 40 lb/acre) and sources (urea-ammonium nitrate solution [UAN], ammonium nitrate, urea, urea + N-[n-butyl] thiophosphoric triamide NBPT]) on leaf N concentrations, grain yield, and grain protein, and oil concentrations. The NBPT used is a commercially available urease inhibitor. Most N was broadcast but UAN was applied over the top of the canopy through flat-fan nozzles. All applications were made at the R3 growth stage. Nitrogen concentrations in leaf samples taken 2 to 3 wk after N application were unaffected by N fertilization. Soybean yields were increased significantly by late-season N application at six of eight sites; the average increase was 6.9 bu/acre or 11.8 %. Both of the nonresponsive sites had yields averaging under 50 bu/acre, whereas responsive sites yielded 56 bu/acre or more. Soybean plants at all locations were well nodulated. In most cases, 20 lb N/acre provided positive responses. Late-season N fertilization increased grain protein and oil concentrations at some sites, but overall combined analysis indicated nonsignificant effects. Nitrogen sources performed similarly. Application of UAN resulted in leaf burn, which probably reduced yields at the 40 lb N/acre rate. However, this would not be a problem for producers applying UAN through irrigation systems where the UAN would be much more diluted. Even when well nodulated, soybean with high yield potential may not be able to take in enough N to achieve maximum yield of high quality grain. Public and private soil test labs and crop consultants may have to reevaluate N recommendations for soybean with high yield potential. Supplemental N application at the R3 growth stage can provide positive economic returns for producers growing irrigated soybean with high yield potential. Research Question Can soybean symbiotically fix enough N to produce high yields under irrigation? Producers of irrigated soybeans are now routinely achieving yields in excess of 60 bu/acre. A soybean crop yielding 70 bu/acre requires nearly 250 lb N/acre. Late-season supplemental N may increase yields. In addition, future soybean marketing strategies may include protein and oil concentrations. Late-season supplemental N has potential to affect these seed quality considerations. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of late-season supplemental N on soybean grain yield and composition. Literature Summary Previous research on N fertilization of soybean has produced inconsistent results. Much of the earlier work evaluated N applied either preplant, at planting time, or early in the growing season. Results from previous work indicated both increased and decreased soybean yields. Few studies have evaluated the impact of late-season N application on irrigated soybean with high yield potential. Limited information exists on N rate and source effects. Study Description This research was conducted over a 2-yr period at four irrigated sites. Locations: Johnson County (JO94, JO95); Shawnee County (SN94, SN95); Reno County (RN94, RN95); Stafford County (SF94, SF95) N rates: 20 and 40 lb N/acre applied at R3 growth stage (first pods 0.25–0.5 in. long) and a 0 N check. N sources: urea-ammonium nitrate solution (UAN), urea, urea + N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), ammonium nitrate Applied Question Does late-season supplemental N increase yield and improve grain protein and oil concentrations of irrigated soybean with high yield potential? Application of late-season supplemental N increased soybean grain yield at six of eight locations in Kansas (Fig. 1). Nitrogen sources performed similarly, except the 40 lb N/acre rate of UAN, which resulted in lower yield than other N sources. The high rate of UAN caused severe leaf bum at most locations. The UAN was applied through flat-fan nozzles with a backpack sprayer in 40 GPA total volume. Leaf burn would not be a problem with more dilute UAN applied through an irrigation system. Figure 1Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Effects of late season N application on soybean yield. Although small increases in soybean protein and oil concentrations were noted at some sites, overall combined analysis indicated nonsignificant effects. Economic evaluation, based on yield, indicated that applying late-season supplemental N to irrigated soybean with high yield potential is a viable practice. Recommendation Late-season supplemental N at a rate of 20 lb/acre should be applied to irrigated soybean with high yield potential at the R3 growth stage.

Impact of increasing amounts of supplemental high-protein soybean meal on performance of range beef cows (1998)

One hundred and twenty spring-calving Hereford x Angus cows grazing low-quality, tallgrass-prairie forage were fed 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, or 6.0 lb soybean meal (SBM) per head daily. SBM as a source of supplemental degradable intake protein (DIP) can be effective in maintaining cow body weight and body condition during the winter grazing season. Performance as measured by changes in body weight and condition score was maximized when cows received approximately 3.5 to 3.8 lb/day. Below this level, cows lost about 48 lb (about .4 units of BCS) for every 1 lb decrease in the amount of supplemental SBM. The effect of amount of supplemental SBM on calf performance was minimal.

High protein soybean as a source of protein and energy for starter pigs

Two starter pig trials were conducted to evaluate a new type of soybean (SB), AC Proteus, containing higher levels of protein than conventional cultivars. In the first trial, AC Proteus was included at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, or 20% of the isonitrogenous and isoenergetic soybean meal based diets and fed to starter pigs from 10 to 25 kg In the second trial, AC Proteus was included at 0, 3.5, 7, 10.5 or 14% of the diet, or a conventional soybean, Baron, was included at 0, 4.4, 8.8, 13.3 or 17.7% of the diet on an isoenergetic and isonitrogenous basis.Amino acid levels in AC Proteus on an air-dry basis were higher than those in the conventional soybean, Baron. In the first trial, inclusion of AC Proteus at higher levels appeared to decrease feed intake and rate of gain, although this appeared to be due to lower levels of amino acids in the diets and overheating of the roasted soybean. In the second trial, inclusion of either type of soybean had no effect on feed intake, rate of gain, or feed conversion efficiency. At higher levels of inclusion of AC Proteus, feed intake was reduced slightly.AC Proteus appears to be an excellent source of protein and energy in starter pig diets and gives equivalent growth responses compared with soybean meal or conventional soybean. Care must be taken to optimize heat processing of AC Proteus. Key words: High protein soybean, starter pigs, growth trial

Evaluation of a New High Protein Variety of Soybeans as a Source of Protein and Energy for Dairy Cows

Twenty Holstein cows in midlactation were used in a Latin square design to evaluate the nutritional quality of a high protein soybean (CP 45%) fed raw or roasted. Treatments were 1) control (soybean meal); 2) conventional soybean (Maple Isle), raw; 3) conventional soybean, roasted; 4) high protein soybean (AC Proteus), raw; and 5) high protein soybean, roasted. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and consisted of approximately 10% whole crop barley silage, 15% corn silage, 19% alfalfa silage, 31% rolled barley, 17% cracked corn, and from 6.5 to 8.6% of the appropriate protein source on a DM basis. Replacement of conventional soybean with the high protein soybean increased milk and milk component yields. All soybean treatments lowered milk protein percentages versus soybean meal although milk protein yield was only reduced for the raw Maple Isle soybean treatment. Milk fat percentage was reduced for the roasted AC Proteus soybean treatment versus soybean meal and both Maple Isle soybean treatments, although total milk fat yield did not differ among treatments. Heat treatment by roasting tended to affect total milk yield positively for both types of soybeans, but only the increase for Maple Isle was significant. Milk from cows fed full fat soybeans had more long-chain fatty acids than milk from cows fed soybean meal. Roasting the soybeans further increased the amounts of long-chain fatty acids. The new high protein soybean, AC Proteus, appears to be an excellent source of supplemental protein and energy for lactating dairy cows.

Amino Acid Profile of High Seed Protein Soybean

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is used extensively to meet the protein needs of animals and humans. Although a good source of protein, soybean's nutritional value is limited by low concentrations of sulfur‐containing amino acids (i.e., methionine and cysteine). Thus, it is often necessary to supplement diets with synthetic amino acids, a practice that can be expensive and adds complexity to the diet formulation process. The objective of this study was to determine if amino acid concentrations in recent high protein germplasm releases differ from those in normal protein cultivars. The high protein (HP) lines BARC‐6, BARC‐7, BARC‐8, and BARC‐9 and a normal protein check, either Essex or Manokin were grown in eight different environments from 1989 to 1991. Seed was analyzed for amino acid concentrations, protein, oil, crude fiber, ash, carbohydrate, and moisture. Protein concentration of HP lines ranged from 495 to 530 g kg−1. The HP lines were lower in oil, crude fiber, and carbohydrate compared to the checks. Concentrations of 14 of the 17 amino acids differed among entries. Concentration of cysteine of BARC‐8, 13.7 g kg−1, was higher than any other entry. Methionine concentration of BARC‐7 (10.8 g kg−1) and lysine concentration of BARC‐9 (55.0 g kg−1) were significantly lower than the checks. Feeding trials are necessary to determine the practical significance of these amino acid differences.

Agronomic Performance and Economic Value of High-Seed-Protein Soybean

The long-term trend in relative value of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.] protein and oil is toward greater value of protein, thus furthering interests in the potential for increasing seed protein concentration in soybean. If a change in U.S. soybean breeding strategy for improving seed protein levels is required, it should be based on sound economic and biological principles. This research was conducted to: (i) develop high-protein soybean germplasm adapted to Mid-Atlantic latitudes; and (ii) compare agronomic performance, economic value, and stability of performance of resulting genotypes with that of normalprotein soybean cultivars. Fifty-two high-protein soybean lines were developed and evaluated in field tests in 1988 and 1989. Seven of the highest yielding high-protein lines, seven advanced commercial lines, and 'Essex' were evaluated in 11 field tests in 1990 [...]

High protein and low trypsin inhibitor varieties of full-fat soybeans in broiler chicken starter diets

Two broiler growth trials of randomized block design were conducted to evaluate the nutritional quality of two new varieties of full-fat soybeans (SB) in starter diets. Use of the high protein (HP) SB (44% CP) has the potential to replace conventional soybeans in poultry rations and reduce the amount of SB needed. Use of the low-trypsin inhibitor (LTI) SB may eliminate the cost of heat treatment before feeding to poultry. The protein sources were raw SB (39% CP, 70 Trypsin Inhibitor Units (TIU) g−1 DM), autoclaved SB, autoclaved HP SB, LTI (42 TIU g−1 DM) and commercially roasted SB. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic. Supplementation of diets with 0.3% DL-methionine was also studied, as the antiproteolytic activity of the TI makes sulphur amino acids less available for growth. Mean body weight gains, feed efficiency, dry matter and crude protein digestibilities and total carcass protein and energy content of the chickens fed HP, autoclaved or roasted SB were superior (P < 0.05) to those fed the raw SB diet. Performance of the chickens fed the HP SB diet was similar to those on the roasted SB diet. Growth and feed conversion of chicks fed the LTI diet were similar to those fed the raw SB diet. However, mean pancreas weights of the chicks fed LTI were lower (P < 0.001) than those fed raw SB which could be due to the lower trypsin inhibitor activity of the LTI beans. Chickens given the methionine supplemented LTI diet made greater weight gains (P < 0.05) than those on the nonsupplemented diet. Heat treatment is required for the LTI beans. Full-fat HP soybeans may replace conventional soybean meal in broiler chicken starter diets if the formulation is adjusted for the differences in their protein and fat contents. Key words: Soybeans, trypsin inhibitor, broiler, chicken growth

High Protein Soybean Performance Under Field Conditions

AbstractAn early maturing soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivar has been developed with substantially higher seed protein concentration than previously available cultivars. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of the high protein line under field conditions in Eastern Canada, and to investigate the interrelationships between protein and oil concentrations, seed weight and yield. A field experiment, including the high protein line OT89‐16 and its recurrent backcross parent Maple Arrow grown side by side, was conducted at McGill University, during 1990 and 1991. The protein concentration of OT89‐16 was 17 % greater than that of Maple Arrow for both years. However, the protein yield of OT89‐16 was not significantly increased, the oil content was 19 to 23 % lower, and oil yield per ha was over 30 % lower than those of Maple Arrow. The lower yield of OT89‐16 was closely associated with its lighter seeds. Further efforts to improve the high protein line should attempt to maintain the same high protein levels but achieve yield equal to that of the parent line through selection for heavier seeds.

Assessment of the protein quality of a new high-protein soybean cultivar by amino acid analysis

The contents of total protein, amino acids, and 4-hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins of a rudely grown soybean cultivar, Maple Arrow, and a newly released high-protein genotype, OT89-16, developed by back crossing to Maple Arrow, were compared as potentially useful and practical indices for evaluating their protein quality. The significant increase in protein and the respective decrease in methionine suggest that a large increase in protein was accompanied by a small but not significant decrease in the most limiting essential amino acid

Agronomic Characteristics That Identify High Yield, High Protein Soybean Genotypes

AbstractSeed yield and seed protein content are both heritable traits; however, breeding trials frequently reveal a negative correlation between the two traits. The objectives of this study were to measure and calculate various N‐dependent growth characteristics of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and to determine their relation to seed yield and seed protein. Well‐nodulated plants, each fixing approximately 180 mg N during pod fill, were grown hydroponically in a growth chamber with or without NO3−N during pod filling. Twenty growth‐yield characteristics, including yield, harvest index, N harvest index, and Kjeldahl analysis of N2 fixation, were measured or calculated for each of the 384 plants examined. The highest seed yields, approximately 10 g plant−1, and the highest seed N contents, approximately 560 mg plant−1, were obtained when well‐nodulated plants were provided some fertilizer‐N during pod fill. Except for N content (%) of the dried plant, correlations between each pair of the 20 N‐dependent growth‐yield characteristics were generally positive. In the absence of fertilizer‐N during pod fill, however, N content (%) of the seeds did not correlate with either harvest index or N harvest index, suggesting that insufficient N during pod fill interferes with the orderly mobilization of foliar‐N to the developing seeds. New physiological parameters (seed yield merit, N yield merit, and merit of genotype) are proposed for the identification of genetic lines that produce both a high seed yield and a high seed protein content.

Effects of Feeding Fish Meal to Cows on Digestibility, Milk Production, and Milk Composition

Holstein cows in early lactation, producing about 30 kg/d of milk, were fed high energy diets containing 5% Megalac®. Three protein treatments, soybean meal diet (16% CP), fish meal diet (16% CP), and soybean meal-fish meal diet (20% CP) were compared in a change-over design. Digestibilities of DM, gross energy, CP, and ADF were not affected significantly by protein treatments. The fish meal diet decreased DMI but increased milk and SCM production compared with the soybean meal diet. Daily production of milk, SCM, and milk components (fat, protein, and lactose) were highest and BW gain lowest for the high protein soybean meal-fish meal diet. The fish meal and soybean meal-fish meal diets increased fat percentage but decreased lactose percentage of milk compared with soybean meal diet. This suggests that, for each diet, the energy supply was adequate, and the observed changes were the effects of protein (i.e., AA) supply to the cows. Thus, there seems to be good reason to feed a good quality undegradable protein like fish meal to cows producing more than 30kg/d of milk.

Breeding Soybeans for the Economic Values of Seed Oil and Protein

The monetary value of meal has exceeded that of oil from a bushel of U.S. soybeans in 28 of the past 30 yr. Yet we continue to produce soybeans with higher oil and, consequently, lower protein content. This paper considers, theoretically, the biological and economical aspects of breeding soybeans for oil and protein content and seed yield. All assumed genotypes are compared with a “standard” soybean (18% oil, 35.86% protein at 13% moisture). Varying rates of loss or gain in protein per unit gain or loss in oil and varying ratios of oil to 44% meal prices are assumed. Chemical constituent values (CCV, the economic value of oil plus protein) of the seed of soybean genotypes varying in seed oil and protein content were determined by the formulae of Updaw and Nichols. Continuation of present breeding programs emphasizing increased seed yields will probably result in increased oil and decreased protein content of seed. High yielding, 20% oil-34% protein soybean cultivars are now available. Assuming a 1:1 tradeoff of protein for oil, a 22% oil, 32% protein soybean may be achievable by breeding for high oil and/or high yield. Meal protein content is a function of seed oil and protein. The rate of protein loss as oil increases must be minimized in order to maintain current minimum standard specifications of protein content of meal. The high protein-lower oil soybean with highest CCV will be achieved with maximum gain of protein per unit loss of oil as compared to the standard soybean. High protein-lower oil soybeans are higher in CCV/bu than either standard or high oil-lower protein soybeans when soybean oil is less than three times the value of 44% meal. The big constraint on the high protein-lower oil soybean to date is lower yielding ability. The yielding ability of high protein-lower oil soybeans must approach that of standard or high oil-lower protein soybeans to be competitive on a CCV/acre basis. High oil-high protein-high yielding soybeans are probably not achievable by conventional breeding methods but may be attainable by biotechnological approaches.

Genetic and Phenotypic Associations of Agronomic Characteristics in Four High Protein Soybean Populations1

Four hundred and twelve soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] progenies from crosses between two poorly adapted, high protein strains, ‘Pando’ (49.9% protein) and PI 159,764 (48.7% protein) and two adapted, average protein strains, SL12 (41.8% protein) and ‘Woodworth’ (40.4% protein) were evaluated replicated tests for two years at Lafayette, Ind. Data were recorded on seed yield, protein and oil percentage, and several agronomic characteristics to determine if interrelationships among these characteristics would facilitate or conflict with the development of high yielding, high protein strains with acceptable agronomic characteristics. High yield was positively associated with late maturity, increased plant height, lodging susceptibility, and resistance to shattering. High protein content was also associated with late maturity and increased plant height in progenies of two crosses and with increased severity of seed coat mottling. Because of a strong inverse relationship between protein and oil content, characteristics positively associated with high protein were associated with low oil content. Genetic correlations were large and variable for yield and protein percentage, were small for yield and oil percentage, and were negative for protein percentage and oil percentage. Yield components and yield related characteristics were measured on 52 progenies from one of the crosses. Characteristics closely associated with seed yield were number of seeds, pods, and nodes. Of these, number of nodes was also positively correlated with protein content. Selection for plants with high numbers of nodes should result in the development of base populations or lines where the negative correlation between yield and protein percentage would be negligible. The data indicated that group III or group IV strains combining high seed yield and protein content could be readily obtained from the populations studied. Adverse associations of lodging with both yield and protein were not strong enough to seriously interfere with the development of high yielding, high protein strains with adequate lodging resistance.

Título en español

Se evaluó la variabilidad genética de semillas de soja (Glycine max (L.) Mer.) obtenidas de cruces entre padres con alto contenido (PI 153.269, Pando) y bajo contenido en proteína (Wells, 'Woodworth'). Wells se cruzó con PI 153.269 y se lograron dos generaciones de retrocruces con Wells. Woodworth se cruzó con Pando y también se obtuvieron dos generaciones de retrocruces con Woodworth. Los padres y las líneas derivadas de las generaciones F2, BC1F1, y BC2F1 se evaluaron en dos ambientes. Se determinó el contenido de proteína y aceite mediante el uso de rayos infrarrojos. En ninguno de los dos cruces se encontraron líneas con contenido proteínico tan alto como el de los padres donantes. En el cruce entre Wells x PI 153.269, la línea derivada F2 más rica en proteína tuvo un contenido de 48.0%, mientras que el padre donante tuvo 49.4%. En el cruce entre Woodworth X Pando, la línea derivada F2 con mayor riqueza de proteína tuvo 46.0%, mientras que Pando tuvo 49.2%. Las varianzas genéticas y las medias de contenido de proteína de las poblaciones fueron disminuyendo con cada generación de retrocruce. Las heredabilidades en sentido amplio de contenido de proteína, expresadas a base de las líneas incluidas en el experimento, tuvieron un rango de 0.76 a 0.89. Se discuten las implicaciones que estos resultados sugieren para la utilización de un método de hibridación encauzado a mejorar la riqueza en proteína de la soja.

A Comparison of the True and Apparent Metabolizable Energy Measures Using Corn and Soybean Meal Samples

This study was designed to compare the results of the true metabolizable energy (TME) and the conventional apparent metabolizable energy (AME) assays in detecting differences in the metabolizable energy content of different samples of corn and soybean meal. The samples assayed were three pairs of high and low protein soybean meals (SBM) and six corn samples of varying bushel weight. Also included in the study were two additional corn samples of a single variety of which one was a normal crop (corn ND) and the other (corn D) was obtained from plants earlier afflicted with ‘eye spot’ fungal disease (Kabatiella zeae) so that the grain kernels did not fully mature. A somewhat larger difference was apparent in the metabolizable energy content of two of the three pairs of the high and low protein SBM using the AME assay as compared to using TME as a measure. Because of insufficient material the AME of two of the six corns that differed most in bushel weight could not be determined. The TME values for the six corns were very similar and so were the AME values for the four samples with sufficient assay material. In the case of the two corns of the same variety, corn ND showed an appreciably higher AME than corn D while the TMEs of these two samples were essentially the same. The multiplication factors for converting N-corrected AME to TME were greater for the low protein, high fiber SBM than for the high protein, low fiber samples, while the factors for corn samples were substantially smaller than those for either the high or low protein SBM. These results indicate that there may be no consistent relationship between AME and TME, although theoretically there should be a consistent relationship between these two energy measures regardless of the feedstuff assayed.

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The objective of the present study was to elucidate the effects of sulfur (S) application on selenium (Se) uptake and seed Se speciation in high-protein soybean (Glycine max L.) grown in different soil types.Pot experiments were conducted with soybean plants grown in yellow-brown soil (pH 5.68) and in calcareous alluvial soil (pH 7.87). Sodium selenate (Na2SeO4, 2 mg kg−1) was applied to soil with or without S fertilizer (S, 100 mg kg−1).Soybean grain yield and total biomass in calcareous alluvial soil were both approximately 1.3-fold the levels in yellow-brown soil. Following Se application, seed Se concentration in calcareous alluvial soil was 3.2-fold the concentration in yellow-brown soil, although additional S application reduced the corresponding seed Se concentrations by 55.6% and 38.6%, respectively. Generally, Se application facilitated Se translocation and enrichment in soybean seeds. Organic Se accounted for 92% of seed total Se and Se-methionine (>90%) was always the major Se species. Available Se (soluble and exchangeable fractions) accounted for 50.7% (yellow-brown soil) and 70.1% (calcareous alluvial soil) of soil total Se under Se treatment, while additional S application decreased the corresponding proportion of soluble Se by 12.6% and 14.4%.The bioavailability of selenate in calcareous alluvial soil was higher than the bioavailability in yellow-brown soil and was more negatively affected by S application. Although S application inhibited Se uptake in soybean plants in both soil types, it did not influence seed Se speciation and Se-methionine was the major Se species.

Practical considerations in commercial utilization of oilseeds

AbstractIn the past 40 years oilseeds have gained a dominant position in the U.S. agriculture. Soybeans have made more rapid progress in the feed and food industries than other oilseeds because of the low cost in their production, easy adaptability to solvent processing, and importance to the feed and food industries. The foreign markets have been a great asset to the soybean industry. However, each of the other oilseeds is finding its special place in the industry through modification of the seed by plant breeding, the development of new techniques in oil mill processing and other technical modifications. Even geographical location of a crop can be a deciding factor in the economics of successful operation. Production and processing of oilseeds in other countries often presents economic and food acceptance problems that are entirely different than those in the U.S. Both the favorable and unfavorable factors involved in production, composition, processing and conversion of the protein concentrates into acceptable foods are discussed. The recent oilseed research and development which holds promise for increasing utilization of oilseed in foods is reviewed. This includes progress in the breeding of high protein soybeans, new centrifugal techniques for reducing the gossypol in cottonseed meal, progress in the development and production of glandless cottonseed, processing new varieties of sunflower seed, the potential for new and improved oil solvents, the advantages of extrusion processing of oilseed meals, and other techniques which might be expected to improve the color, flavor, texture and other properties of oilseed proteins for foods.