High-protein Dried Distillers Grains Research Articles

Amino acid and energy digestibility of conventional corn dried distillers grains with solubles, high protein distillers dried grains, and corn fermented protein, and impacts on turkey poult growth performance and intestinal characteristics

Amino acids (AA) are an expensive nutritional components of poultry diets. Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is the primary co-product produced by the dry grind bioethanol industry, although new technologies are being implemented to produce high protein distillers dried grains (HP-DDG) and corn fermented protein (CFP), but data on their nutritive value in poultry are lacking. Two experiments (EXP) were conducted to determine the energy and AA digestibility of DDGS, HP-DDG, and CFP in poults in addition to a feeding trial to evaluate increasing dietary levels of HP-DDG and CFP on growth performance and intestinal characteristics. In EXP 1, six different DDGS sources were evaluated using poults to determine their nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) concentrations, and cecectomized roosters were used to determine their standardized ileal (SID) AA digestibility (SID-AA). In EXP 2, AMEn and SID-AA for HP-DDG and CFP were determined in young poults, and a feeding trial was conducted to evaluate growth performance and intestinal morphology and permeability of poults fed diets containing 7.5 and 15% HP-DDG or CFP from 1 to 32 d of age. In EXP 1, the AMEn concentration among the DDGS samples ranged from 2,530 to 3,573 kcal/kg DM but was not different (P = 0.57) among the samples, with an average SID for LYS of 66.6%. In EXP 2, different (P = 0.001) AMEn concentrations for HP-DDG and CFP were observed (3,114 and 3,760 kcal/kg DM, respectively), with the SID for LYS being 66.55 and 77.00% for HP-DDG and CFP, respectively. Including HP-DDG or CFP into the diet at 7.5 and 15% had no effect (P > 0.05) on growth, feed intake, or feed conversion. Neither co-product nor its inclusion rate affected intestinal morphology and permeability (P > 0.05). Overall, DDGS, HP-DDG, and CFP are excellent sources of AMEn and digestible AA, with dietary inclusion rates of up to 15% of HP-DDG or CFP having no impact on growth or intestinal characteristics.

Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids and metabolizable energy in three sources of high-protein corn distillers dried grains fed to weanling pigs

Two experiments were conducted to test the null hypothesis that there are no differences in the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and metabolizable energy (ME) among three sources of high-protein distillers dried grains (HP-DDG) fed to weanling pigs. The three sources included an experimental HP-DDG product and two commercial HP-DDG products (i.e., HP-DDG 40 and HP-DDG 50) that were fed to weanling pigs. In experiment 1, eight barrows (initial body weight: 11.09 kg) were allotted to one of four diets using a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with four diets and four periods of seven days in each square. A nitrogen-free diet and three diets containing each source of HP-DDG as the sole source of AA were prepared. Results indicated that values for the SID of Lys in the experimental HP-DDG; HP-DDG 50, and HP-DDG 40 were 0.524, 0.638, and 0.642, respectively. The SID of most AA in the experimental HP-DDG was less (P < 0.05) than in the other sources of HP-DDG, but no differences were observed between HP-DDG 40 and HP-DDG 50. In experiment 2, thirty-two weanling pigs (initial body weight: 18.0 kg) were randomly allotted to one of four diets. A corn diet was formulated to contain corn as the sole source of energy and three additional diets contained corn and each source of HP-DDG. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates and feces and urine were collected separately for four days after five days of adaptation. Digestible energy (DE) and ME in the three sources of HP-DDG were calculated by difference. Results from experiment 2 indicated that the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) in the corn diet was greater (P < 0.05) than in the diets containing the experimental HP-DDG or HP-DDG 40, and the ATTD of GE in the diets containing the experimental HP-DDG or HP-DDG 50 was greater (P < 0.05) than in the diet containing HP-DDG 40. On a dry matter basis, ME in the experimental HP-DDG, HP-DDG 40, and HP-DDG 50 were 17.05, 16.72, and 18.23 MJ/kg, respectively, with the ME of HP-DDG 50 being greater (P < 0.05) than in HP-DDG 40, but not different from the ME in the experimental HP-DDG. In conclusion, the SID of most AA in HP-DDG 40 and HP-DDG 50 was greater than in the experimental HP-DDG. The DE and ME in HP-DDG 50 was greater than in HP-DDG 40, but DE and ME in HP-DDG 40 were not different from DE and ME in the experimental HP-DDG.

Digestibility and nutritional parameters of maize ethanol coproducts and xylanase for broiler diets

ABSTRACT 1. The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional and energy values of four maize distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and one maize high protein distiller’s dried grains (HP-DDG) from ethanol production plants in Brazil; to evaluate the digestibility, performance, nitrogen balance and energy values for broiler chickens fed diets containing these coproducts (Experiment I); and to evaluate the effects of xylanase inclusion in diets containing maize DDGS for broilers on energy availability, digestibility, nitrogen balance and gastrointestinal morphometry (Experiment II). 2. For each experiment, 180 broiler chickens aged 17 and 30 days with initial weights of 450 ± 18 g and 1228 ± 33 g, respectively, were used; the chickens were distributed into 36 metabolism cages. The experimental design consisted of complete randomised blocks, with six replications per treatment and five birds per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of a basal diet (BD) and five test diets containing maize ethanol coproducts (Experiment I) one BD and five test diets containing DDGS with inclusions of 0, 8,000, 16,000, 24,000 and 32,000 BXU/kg xylanase (Experiment II). In Experiment I, HP-DDG and DDGS2 presented higher AME and AMEn values (14.1 and 13.9 MJ/kg and 13.4 and 13.3 MJ/kg, respectively), than did the other coproducts (p < 0.05). Compared with DDGS1 and DDGS3, DDGS4 and HP-DDG had higher digestible CP values (p < 0.05). In Experiment II, the inclusion of the enzyme quadratically affected the values of digestible CP and digestible EE (p < 0.05), with the maximum values occurring with the inclusion of 18 750 and 22,170 BXU/kg of xylanase, respectively. 3. The digestible NDF and digestible MM values linearly increased with the inclusion of xylanase (p < 0.05). The addition of xylanase had no effect on gastrointestinal morphometry (p > 0.05). It was concluded that the inclusion of between 18,000 and 22,000 BXU/kg of xylanase resulted in better digestible CP and digestible EE values.

PSVI-10 Evaluation of Corn Protein Source on Feed Intake Preference in Nursery Pigs

Abstract A total of 180 pigs (DNA 600 × 241, initially 7.7 ± 0.73 kg) were used to determine feed intake preference from various corn protein sources. A series of three 5-d preference trials with a different set of 60 pigs in each trial were used with two diets offered within each comparison. To determine feed intake preference, each pen was equipped with two identical feeders containing different diets. Feeders were rotated daily within pen to minimize feeder location bias. Feed consumption was used to determine preference between each diet comparison. There were 6 replicates of each diet comparison with 5 pigs per pen. The corn protein sources utilized in this experiment included: fermented corn protein, high protein dried distillers grains with solubles (HPDDGs), whole stillage solids (approximately 2/3 content of the fermented corn protein), and thin stillage solids (approximately 1/3 content of the fermented corn protein). Fermented corn protein and HPDDGs were included in the diet at 15% as a replacement for corn. Whole stillage solids and thin stillage solids were included in the diet at 10% and 5%, respectively, as a replacement to corn to match its contribution in fermented corn protein. The control diet was a standard nursery diet. Diet comparisons included: 1) Control vs. Fermented corn protein; 2) Whole stillage solids vs. Fermented corn protein; 3) Thin stillage solids vs. Fermented corn protein; 4) HPDDGs vs. Fermented corn protein; 5) Control vs. Whole stillage solids; 6) Control vs. Thin stillage solids. For comparison 1, pigs preferred (P &amp;lt; 0.001) the control diet by consuming 82.5% of their intake with this diet compared with the diet containing fermented corn protein (Table 1). For comparison 2, there was no difference (P &amp;gt; 0.05) in feed consumption of diets containing whole stillage solids and the fermented corn protein. For comparison 3, pigs preferred (P = 0.001) the diet containing thin stillage solids by consuming 75.8% of their intake with this diet compared with the diet containing fermented corn protein. In comparison 4, pigs tended to prefer (P = 0.067) HPDDG as compared with fermented corn protein. In comparisons 5 and 6, the control diet was preferred (P ≤ 0.028) compared with either stillage solids with the greatest difference when compared with whole stillage solids. These results indicate that whole stillage solids is the component of fermented corn protein that negatively affect feed consumption.

Research Note: Nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy and standardized ileal amino acid digestibility determination of high-protein dried distiller's grains and corn bran with solubles for broilers

Metabolism and digestibility trials were performed on broiler chickens to determine 1) nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) using total excreta collection and 2) standardized ileal amino acid digestibility (SIAAD) using the ileal digesta collection from high-protein dried distillers' grains (HP-DDG) and corn bran with solubles (CBS). The results of the metabolism trial indicated that AMEn values for HP-DDG and CBS were 3,334 kcal/kg and 2,083 kcal/kg on dry matter (DM) basis, respectively. Concerning the HP-DDG, the digestibility trial resulted in the following SIAAD values and digestible concentrations, respectively: 80.33% and 1.09 for Lys, 85.95% and 1.44 for Met+Cys, 75.58% and 1.24 for Thr, 89.58% and 1.66 for Arg, 84.91% and 1.08 for His, 86.37% and 1.35 for Ile, 90.64% and 4.56 for Leu, 85.76% and 1.80 for Val, and 88.67% and 1.90 for Phe. Concerning the CBS, the following SIAAD values and digestible concentrations were measured, respectively: 79.29% and 0.44 for Lys, 89.57% and 0.31 for Met+Cys, 78.89% and 0.40 for Thr, 92.28% and 0.66 for Arg, 87.48% and 0.36 for His, 93.40% and 0.35 for Ile, 92.27% and 1.01 for Leu, 90.97% and 0.51 for Val, and 88.81% and 0.45 for Phe. The digestibility average of CBS is 88.45% for essential amino acids and 85.21% for nonessential amino acids, whereas the digestibility average of HP-DDG is 85.83% for essential amino acids and 83.83% for nonessential amino acids.

High-protein dried distillers grains in dog diets: diet digestibility and palatability, intestinal fermentation products, and fecal microbiota.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of high-protein dried distillers grains (HPDDG) on palatability and metabolizable energy (ME) of the diet, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and energy, intestinal fermentation products, and fecal microbiota in dogs. Four diets containing 0, 70, 140, and 210 g/kg of HPDDG were manufactured. To evaluate the ME and the ATTD of macronutrients of HPDDG itself, an additional test diet was manufactured containing 70% of the control diet formula (0 g/kg) and 300 g/kg of HPDDG. Fifteen adult Beagle dogs were distributed in a randomized block design, with two periods of 15 d each (n = 6). The HPDDG digestibility was obtained using the Matterson substitution method. For the palatability test, 16 adult dogs were used, comparing the diets: 0 vs. 70 g/kg of HPDDG and 0 vs. 210 g/kg of HPDDG. The ATTD of HPDDG were: dry matter = 85.5%, crude protein = 91.2%, and acid-hydrolyzed ether extract = 84.6% and the ME content was 5,041.8 kcal/kg. The ATTD of macronutrients and ME of the diets and the fecal dry matter, score, pH, and ammonia of the dogs did not differ among treatments (P > 0.05). There was a linear increase in the fecal concentrations of valeric acid with the inclusion of HPDDG in the diet (P < 0.05). Streptococcus and Megamonas genera reduced linearly (P < 0.05), and Blautia, Lachnospira, Clostridiales, and Prevotella genera showed a quadratic response to the inclusion of HPDDG in the diet (P < 0.05). Alpha-diversity results showed an increase (P < 0.05) in the number of operational taxonomic units and Shannon index and a trend (P = 0.065) for a linear increase in the Chao-1 index with the dietary inclusion of HPDDG. Dogs preferred the 210 g/kg diet over the 0 g/kg HPDDG diet (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that the HPDDG evaluated does not affect the utilization of nutrients in the diet, but it may modulate the fecal microbiome of dogs. In addition, HPDDG may contribute to diet palatability for dogs.

Evaluation of fermented corn protein and its effects in either high or low branch chain amino acid to leucine ratio diets on nursery pig performance and feed intake preference.

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate fermented corn protein (FCP) in nursery pig diets. The removal of non-fermentable components before fermentation of DDGS results in high protein dried distillers grains (HPDDGs). Fermented corn protein is produced when protein and yeast fraction syrup from ethanol production is added back to HPDDGs resulting in a product with up to 50% CP and 2% Lys. In Exp. 1, 350 barrows, initially 6.0 kg, were used to evaluate FCP as a replacement to enzymatically treated soybean meal. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial with main effects of specialty protein source (FCP or enzymatically treated soybean meal) and level (5 or 10%) or a control diet without any specialty protein source. There were 5 pigs per pen and 14 replications per treatment. From d 0 to 31, pigs fed enzymatically treated soybean meal had improved (P < 0.05) ADG and feed efficiency (G:F) compared to pigs fed FCP. In Exp. 2, 350 pigs, initially 12.1 kg, were used to determine the effects of FCP with high or low Ile and Val (Ile + Val):Leu ratio on growth performance. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial with main effects of FCP level (10 or 20%) and Ile + Val:Leu ratio (low or high) in addition to a corn-soybean meal control diet with 5 pigs per pen and 14 replications per treatment. From d 0 to 21, ADG, ADFI, and G:F worsened (linear, P < 0.001) as FCP increased. High Ile + Val:Leu improved (P < 0.05) G:F compared to low Ile + Val:Leu. In Exp. 3, 180 pigs, initially 7.7 kg, were used in a feed intake preference trial evaluating various FCP fractions. A total of 6 diet comparisons with 5 pigs per pen and 6 replications per comparison were used. Corn protein sources and fractions used included: FCP, HPDDGs, whole stillage solids (approximately 2/3 of FCP), and thin stillage solids (approximately 1/3 of FCP), and a control diet. Pigs preferred (P < 0.001) the control diet by consuming 82.5% of their intake compared with a diet containing FCP. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in feed consumption of diets containing whole stillage solids compared to FCP. Pigs preferred (P = 0.001) the diet containing thin stillage solids by consuming 75.8% of their intake with this diet compared to the diet containing FCP. In conclusion, feeding FCP decreased growth performance in nursery pigs, but increasing Ile + Val:Leu improved G:F. Diet preference comparisons suggest that whole stillage solids are the component of FCP that leads to reduced feed intake.

Determination of in vitro dry matter, protein, and fiber digestibility and fermentability of novel corn coproducts for swine and ruminants.

New processes are being used in some dry-grind ethanol plants in the United States and Brazil to improve ethanol yield and efficiency of production while also providing nutritionally enhanced corn coproducts compared with conventional corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). The objectives of this study were to determine the chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of 5 conventional corn DDGS sources and 10 emerging novel corn coproducts for swine and ruminants, and compare coproducts produced using similar processes in the United States and Brazil. Chemical composition, on a dry matter (DM) basis, among the 15 coproducts ranged from 18.5% to 54.7% for crude protein (CP), 12.3% to 51.4% for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 1.6% to 8.6% for acid detergent fiber, 4.7% to 12.3% for ether extract, and 1.6% to 8.6% for ash. For swine, in vitro hydrolysis of DM and CP were greater (P < 0.01) for the three U.S. corn DDGS sources compared with the two Brazilian corn DDGS sources, but in vitro fermentability of DM was comparable (P > 0.05) among all sources except one U.S. DDGS source that had less fermentable DM. High-protein and yeast dried distillers grains (Ultramax, UM; StillPro, SP) coproducts also had comparable (P > 0.05) DM fermentability for swine, but UM coproducts had greater (P < 0.01) DM and CP hydrolysis compared with SP. High-protein distillers dried grains (HP-DDG) from Brazil had greater (P < 0.01) DM and CP hydrolysis, but less (P < 0.01) DM fermentability for swine than HP-DDG produced in the United States, using the same process. For ruminants, total DM digestibility was greater (P < 0.01) in conventional DDGS sources from the United States compared with the two DDGS sources from Brazil. Total protein digestibility for ruminants was comparable and above 81% for all coproducts except for a DDGS source from Brazil, a HP-DDG source from the United States, and a UM sample. Interestingly, the corn fiber + solubles coproduct had not only relatively high digestibility of NDF (67.9%), DM (91.6%), and total CP (81.9%) for ruminants, but it also had relatively high total tract digestibility of DM (86.2%) and CP (69.9%) for swine. These results suggest that nutrient digestibility of conventional DDGS sources produced in the United States appear to be greater than corn Brazilian DDGS sources, but new process technologies being implemented in ethanol and coproduct production in both countries can enhance the nutritional value of corn coproducts for both swine and ruminants.

PSIX-14 Evaluation of high-protein distillers dried grains on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs

Abstract A total of 1,890 growing-finishing pigs (PIC; 359 × 1050; initially 27.1 kg) were used in a 124-d growth trial to compare the effects of pigs fed diets with high-protein dried distillers grains (HPDDG) or conventional dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Conventional DDGS contained 29.0% CP, 0.48% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys and 9.2% oil, whereas HPDDG contained 39.3% CP, 0.68% SID Lys and 11.1% oil. All diets were formulated on an equal SID Lys-basis with diets containing HPDDG having less soybean meal than diets with conventional DDGS. There were 27 pigs per pen and 14 pens per treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2×2 + 1 factorial with main effects of DDG source (conventional DDGS or HPDDG) and level (15 or 30%). A corn-soybean meal-based diet served as the control and allowed linear and quadratic level effects to be determined within each DDG source. Pens were assigned to treatments in a randomized complete block design with initial weight as the blocking factor. Data were analyzed using lme4 package in R (version 3.5.2) with pen as experimental unit. Overall, there were no differences observed in ADG between pigs fed either DDG source. Pigs fed HPDDG had decreased (P&amp;lt; 0.001) ADFI and increased (P&amp;lt; 0.001) G:F compared with those fed conventional DDGS. Increasing either conventional DDGS or HPDDG decreased carcass yield and HCW (linear, P&amp;lt; 0.02); however, there were no differences between pigs fed HPDDG or conventional DDGS. Iodine value (IV) was greater (P&amp;lt; 0.001) in pigs fed HPDDG than conventional DDGS, and IV increased (linear, P&amp;lt; 0.02) with increasing DDG. These data suggest that pigs fed HPDDG had greater G:F and IV compared with pigs fed conventional DDGS, probably due to the difference in oil content.

PSVI-12 Phosphorous digestibility of corn ethanol co-products, from Brazil and USA, in growing pigs

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P, and their respective digestible values, of two high protein (HP) corn dried distillers’ grains (DDG) and of two corn DDG with solubles (DDGS), from Brazil and USA, in pigs. Fifty crossbred barrows (38.3±5.2kg BW) were fed a semi-purified P-free basal diet (BD), used to determine endogenous P losses, or four diets composed of 40% of each ingredient, as the only source of P, substituting for starch in BD: Brazilian HP DDG (BHP); USA HP DDG (UHP); Brazilian DDGS (BDG) and USA DDGS (UDG). Animals were fed at 2.8 x maintenance (110 kcal of DE per kg of BW0.75) for 9 d (7 d adaptation and 2 d of partial feces collection). Titanium dioxide was used as an indigestible marker (0.3%) for digestibility calculations. A randomized block design was used, with 10 replicates, using the pig as the experimental unit. Results were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey’s test (P&amp;lt; 0.05). The ATTD of P of UHP and UDG were 47% greater (P&amp;lt; 0.05) than those verified in BHP and BDG. The STTD of P of UHP and UDG were 45% higher (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than that of BDG. The STTD of BHP was similar (P &amp;gt;0.05) to the values of BDG and UDG. The total and standardized digestible P of UDG (0.40-0.44%, respectively) were greater (P&amp;lt; 0.05) than those of BDG (0.33-0.38 %, respectively) and of UHP (0.28-0.32%, respectively), which were similar (P &amp;gt; 0.05), and higher than that of BHP (0.22-0.27%, respectively). In conclusion, corn distiller’s co-products from Brazil and USA presented different ATTD and STTD P values, and USA DDGS (UDG) showed the highest apparent total tract and standardized digestible P among all corn coproducts evaluated.

248 Evaluation of RUP Content of NexPro Dried Distillers Grains plus Solubles in Corn Silage Based Growing Calf Diets

Abstract An 85 d growing study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing NexPro, a high-protein dried distillers grains plus solubles from the FluidQuip MSC post-fermentation separation process, in a corn-silage based diet and to determine the RUP content of NexPro and performance of growing cattle fed this feedstuff. Crossbred steers (n = 120, initial BW = 250 ± 24kg) were individually fed using the Calan gate system and assigned randomly to treatment. Treatments were arranged as a 3×4 + 1 factorial with test protein type (Soybean meal [SBM]; non-enzymatically browned soybean meal [SoyPass]; high-protein DDGS [NexPro]) and supplemental protein concentration (4.5, 9.0, 13.5, or 18.0% diet DM) as factors. Crude protein content of NexPro, SoyPass and SBM were 51.4, 48.8, and 52.4%, respectively. All treatments were compared to a control with 0.0% inclusion of test protein and a corn-based, urea-containing RDP supplement. Diets contained 80% corn silage with test protein replacing RDP supplement as inclusion increased. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure as a completely randomized design with individual animal as experimental unit. By design, RUP intake increased linearly (P &amp;lt; 0.01) across all treatments. Ending BW responded linearly (P &amp;lt; 0.01) for all treatments. Steers fed SoyPass or NexPro had no change (P &amp;gt; 0.18) in DMI, while SBM had a tendency for a quadratic increase (P = 0.07). Gains increased linearly (P &amp;lt; 0.01) for SoyPass and increased quadratically (P = 0.01) for SBM and NexPro. This resulted in linear increases (P &amp;lt; 0.01) in feed efficiency with increasing inclusions of test proteins. In situ mobile bag technique was used to determine RUP content of the supplemental proteins. The RUP content as a % of CP for NexPro, SoyPass and SBM were 50, 74, and 22%, respectively. Feeding DDGS from the FluidQuip process improved calf performance by increasing DMI, ADG, and efficiency in growing diets.

Assessment of a high protein distillers dried grain (HP-DDG) augmented with phytase in diets for European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax fingerlings on growth performance, haematological status, immune response and related gut and liver histology

Inclusion of high levels of plant protein ingredients in fish feeds induces the presence of undesirable compounds such as Anti-Nutritional Factors, including non-starch polysaccharides and phytates. The present study evaluated the effect of partial replacement of dietary soybean meal by a high protein distillers dried grains (HP-DDG) a co-product of corn based ethanol production. We evaluated HP-DDG in experimental diets with a supplemented commercial phytase on growth performance, physiological parameters and histological changes of the intestine and liver of European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax fingerlings. The experiment was conducted for six weeks. A total of 240 D. labrax fingerlings was randomly divided to four experimental treatments (each in triplicates groups) and fed to apparent satiation six days per week for a six weeks’ period. Four dietary treatments: containing 0, 30, 40 and 50% HP-DDG supplemented with enzyme phytase 0.5g kg-1 diet respectively, were tested. The results showed that growth performance and feed utilization efficiency of sea bass was significantly higher (P≤0.05) with increasing levels of HP-DDG-and phytase supplementation. Superior phosphorous utilization was also observed with respect to whole body retention for each incremental level of HP-DDG inclusion. Hematology and serum biochemistry (hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and humoral immune parameters including total protein, globulin, cholesterol, lysozyme activity and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were improved (P≤0.05) in fish fed diets with increased levels of HP-DDG and supplemented phytase. The findings suggest that the use of HP-DDG supplemented with phytase in sea bass diets enhanced growth, physiological and immunological responses, and evidenced a cost benefit advantage for European sea bass production compared to the use of a diet without either HP-DDG or phytase incorporation.

Effects of feeding high-protein corn distillers dried grains and a mycotoxin mitigation additive on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and pork fat quality of growing-finishing pigs.

Two experiments investigated the effects of feeding diets containing 30% of novel high-protein distillers dried grains (HP-DDG) sources to growing–finishing pigs on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and pork fat quality. A four-phase feeding program was used in both experiments, and diets within phases were formulated based on National Research Council (NRC; 2012) recommendations for metabolizable energy and standardized ileal digestible amino acid content of HP-DDG. In Exp. 1, a total of 144 pigs (body weight [BW] = 20.3 ± 1.6 kg) were fed either corn-soybean meal control diets (CON) or 30% HP-DDG diets (HP-DDG) containing 0.7 mg/kg deoxynivalenol (DON), 0.1 mg/kg fumonisins (FUM), and 56 μg/kg zearalenone (ZEA) for 8 wk. On week 9, a mycotoxin mitigation additive (MA) was added to CON and HP-DDG diets, resulting in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments consisting of: CON, CON + MA, HP-DDG, and HP-DDG + MA. Pigs fed HP-DDG had lower (P < 0.01) average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared with those fed CON during the first 8 wk. After MA was added to diets, pigs fed HP-DDG diets without MA had lower (P < 0.05) overall ADG than those fed HP-DDG + MA and less (P < 0.05) final BW than pigs fed CON or CON + MA. Adding MA to HP-DDG diets containing relatively low concentrations of mycotoxins was effective in restoring growth performance comparable to feeding CON. In Exp. 2, a different source of HP-DDG was used, and mycotoxin MAs were added to all diets at the beginning of the trial. A total of 144 pigs (BW = 22.7 ± 2.3 kg) were fed either a corn-soybean meal control diet or a 30% HP-DDG diet containing 0.5 mg/kg DON and 0.8 mg/kg FUM for 16 wk. Pigs fed HP-DDG diets had less (P < 0.01) final BW and ADG than pigs fed CON, but there were no differences in ADFI. Feeding the HP-DDG diets reduced (P < 0.01) hot carcass weight, carcass yield, longissimus muscle area (LMA), and percentage of carcass fat-free lean compared with pigs fed CON but did not affect backfat (BF) depth. Pigs fed HP-DDG had less (P < 0.01) saturated fatty acid (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content and greater (P < 0.01) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and iodine value in BF than pigs fed CON. These results suggest that feeding diets containing relatively low concentrations of co-occurring mycotoxins can be detrimental to growth performance, and the addition of MA alleviated the growth reduction. Feeding 30% HP-DDG reduced BW, ADG, carcass yield, LMA, and percentage of fat-free lean of growing–finishing pigs but yielded acceptable pork fat quality.

Evaluation of High-Protein Distillers Dried Grains on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Growing-Finishing Pigs

A total of 1,890 growing-finishing pigs (PIC; 359 × 1050; initially 59.8 ± 1.3 lb) were used in a 124-d growth trial to compare the effects of high-protein distillers dried grains (HPDDG) or conventional distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Conventional DDGS contained 29.0% CP, 0.48% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys, and 9.2% oil, whereas HPDDG contained 39.3% CP, 0.68% SID Lys, and 11.1% oil. All diets were formulated on an equal SID Lys-basis with diets containing HPDDG having less soybean meal than diets with conventional DDGS. There were 27 pigs per pen and 14 pens per treatment. Treatment diets were corn-soybean meal-based and arranged in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial with main effects of DDG source (conventional DDGS or HPDDG) and level (15 or 30%). A corn-soybean meal-based diet served as the control and allowed linear and quadratic level effects to be determined within each DDG source. Pens of pigs were assigned to 1 of the 5 treatments in a randomized complete block design with initial weight as a blocking factor. Data were analyzed using the lme4 package in R (version 3.5.2) with pen as experimental unit. Overall, there were no differences observed in ADG between pigs fed either DDG source or level. Pigs fed HPDDG had decreased (linear, P < 0.001) ADFI and improved F/G compared with those fed conventional DDGS. Increasing either conventional DDGS or HPDDG decreased carcass yield and HCW (linear, P < 0.02); however, there were no differences between pigs fed HPDDG or conventional DDGS. Iodine value (IV) was greater (P < 0.001) in pigs fed HPDDG than conventional DDGS, and IV increased (linear, P < 0.02) with increasing DDG source. In summary, these data suggest that pigs fed HPDDG had better F/G, but greater IV compared with pigs fed conventional DDGS, probably due to the difference in oil content.

Effects of Amino Acid Supplements in Plant-based Yellow Perch Diets

High protein distillers dried grains (HP-DDG) were tested in combination with fermented soybean meal (FSBM) or soy protein concentrate (SPC), with and without an essential amino acid complex, to assess utility of these plant protein alternatives in Yellow Perch Perca flavescens diets in a 63-d feeding trial. Four experimental diets were formulated to contain equal amounts of HP-DDG and FSBM or SPC, each with and without essential amino acids and compared to a fish meal/HP-DDG reference diet. Fish that received diets containing SPC displayed the greatest weight gain, feed conversion, and apparent protein digestibility. Weight gain was significantly reduced and feed conversion significantly increased in the diet containing FSBM without essential amino acids. No mortalities or health assessment differences were observed during the trial and all treatment fish readily accepted the experimental diets.

Impact of substitution of fish meal by high protein distillers dried grains on growth performance, plasma protein and economic benefit of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus)

Modern aquaculture requires the reduction of the feeds cost, which can partly be achieved by minimal use of dietary animal protein. Therefore, this experiment assessing the nutritional potential of using high protein distillers dried grains (HP-DDG) in formulation of affordable striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, diet for more sustainable development of aquaculture. Four diets containing 0, 25, 50 and 75% HP-DDG as partial replacement of fish meal were fed to P. hypophthalmus (108.58 ± 0.17 g fish−1) reared in circular fibreglass tanks (1 m3 adjusted to 0.8 m3; three replicates treatment−1) at an intial stocking density of 30 fish tank−1. The experiment lasted 14 weeks. The results indicated a significant negative linear regression of growth response (SGR and FCR) with increasing fish meal replacement with HP-DDG according to these formula Y = -0.00444*X + 0.724 and Y = 0.00952*X + 1.583, respectively. The reduction of SGR was 16.44 and 32.88%, and the increasing of FCR was 13.66 and 21.74% by 25 and 50% HP-DDG replacement, respectively compared to the control. The whole-body protein content was significantly decreased and lipids increased with the highest HP-DDG inclusion level. The plasma proteins tended to decrease with increasing HP-DDG (%). Therefore, replacing 25% of fish meal by HP-DDG is acceptable for growth and feed utilization. However, the economic revenue indicated the visibility of replacing 50% of fish meal using HP-DDG as determined by feed cost kg−1 gain (Y = 0.0396*X + 12.84) and net income (Y = -0.2908*X + 47.02).

Added fat fed with 30% dried distillers grains with solubles to pigs alters fatty acid composition in 4 fat depots but does not change carcass composition or quality

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of added fat on carcass characteristics as well as muscle and fat quality of pigs fed diets containing 30% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) or 30% high-protein dried distillers grains and 3% added fat in the form of choice white grease (CWG) or butter oil. Forty individually reared barrows (100 ± 3 kg; PIC C23 × 337) were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 diets. Dietary treatments included a positive control diet based on corn and soybean meal (PCON) formulated with 3% CWG; a diet based on corn and soybean meal containing 30% high-protein dried distillers grain (HPDDG) and 3% CWG; or diets based on corn and soybean meal formulated with 30% DDGS and containing either no added fat (30% DDGS), 3% CWG (DDGS + CWG), or 3% butter oil (DDGS + butter oil). Postmortem carcass characteristics and quality attributes were not different among diets ( P > 0.08) except the semimembranosus muscle from pigs fed HPDDG had a more basic ultimate pH ( P = 0.01) compared with all other treatments. Diet changed ( P < 0.01) SFA, monounsaturated fatty acids, and PUFA in s.c., i.m., belly and jowl fat depots. Regardless of additional fat inclusion, 30% DDGS in the diet decreased monounsaturated fatty acids and increased PUFA concentrations in backfat and belly and jowl fat. Although added fat in the diet altered fatty acid composition in multiple fat depots, adding additional saturated fat to the diet did not improve other measures of carcass quality.

PSII-14 Effects of high protein DDGS in SFC or DRC-based diets on finishing performance of steers

Abstract The effect of high protein dried distillers grains plus solubles in steam flaked corn (SFC) or dry rolled corn (DRC)-based diets on finishing performance was evaluated. Crossbred steers (n = 360, 288 ± 0.54 kg) were blocked into 3 BW blocks and assigned randomly to one of 36 pens. The treatment design was a 2 × 3 factorial. One factor was SFC or DRC-based diets, and the other factor was a control with no DGS (CON), regularly produced DDGS (DDGS), or High Protein DDGS (HiPro) included at 30% in the diet (DM basis). Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS, with pen serving as the experimental unit. There was an interaction (P = 0.02) between distillers treatment and corn processing for G:F, as including DDGS in DRC diets increased G:F from 0.157 to 0.163, with no difference when using HiPro (P = 0.18; 0.161). In SFC-based diets, there was a tendency (P = 0.11) for DDGS and HiPro to reduce G:F from 0.175 in CON diets to 0.171 in both DDGS and HiPro. When including HiPro, G:F tended (P = 0.10) to decrease SFC-based diets, with no difference (P = 0.18) in DRC-based diets. Gain increased using either distillers source (P 0.01) compared to feeding CON, and tended (P = 0.10) to be greater for DDGS than HiPro. Dry matter intake was lower (P &lt; 0.01) for cattle fed SFC-based diets than DRC-based diets, resulting in greater (P &lt; 0.01) G:F. Carcass adjusted final body weights mimicked the response observed in ADG, as DDGS tended (P = 0.10) to have a greater final bodyweight than HiPro and both were heavier (P &lt; 0.01) than CON. Including either DDGS or HiPro in DRC-based diets improved G:F, but including DDGS or HiPro in SFC-based diets had no impact on G:F.

223 Effects of high protein DDGS in SFC or DRC-based diets on nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation characteristics

Abstract The effect of high protein dried distillers grains plus solubles in steam flaked corn (SFC) or dry rolled corn (DRC)-based diets on rumen fermentation and nutrient digestion was evaluated. Six ruminally and duodenally cannulated heifers were utilized in a 6×6 Latin Square experiment using a 2×3 factorial treatment design. One factor was SFC or DRC-based diets, and the other factor was a control with no DGS (CON), regularly produced DDGS (DDGS), or High Protein DDGS (HiPro) included at 30% in the diet (DM basis). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS, with individual steer within period as the experimental unit. There was an interaction of apparent total tract starch digestibility (P 0.01), as including either DDGS or HiPro reduced starch digestibility in DRC-based diets and tended (P = 0.06) to reduce starch digestibility in SFC-based diets. Digestibility of starch was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for SFC versus DRC-based diets across distillers treatments. Dry matter and OM apparent total tract digestibility was lowest (P &lt; 0.01) for HiPro and DDGS was intermediate. There was no difference in molar acetate proportions (P &gt; 0.43) between treatments. Dry rolled corn tended (P = 0.08) to have greater propionate proportion than SFC (44 vs 38%; respectively). Ammonia concentration was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for DRC-based diets, and greatest for CON (P &lt; 0.01) over DDGS and HiPro treatments. Average ruminal pH was unaffected by treatment (P &gt; 0.16). Digestible energy (Mcal/kg) tended (P = 0.08) to be greater for CON over HiPro and DDGS. The use of HiPro did not affect apparent total tract nutrient digestibility as compared to DDGS in SFC or DRC-based diets. The use of either distillers product did result in a reduction in energy intake and digestibility, without affecting ruminal metabolic parameters.

Amino acid digestibility in plant protein sources fed to growing pigs.

ObjectiveThe objective was to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in 11 plant protein sources fed to growing pigs.MethodsEleven feed ingredients used were sesame meal, two sources of soybean meal (SBM) produced in the Republic of Korea, a source of SBM produced in India, high-protein distillers dried grains (HPDDG), perilla meal, canola meal, copra meal, corn germ meal, palm kernel expeller, and tapioca distillers dried grains (TDDG). Experimental diets were prepared to contain each test ingredient as a sole source of AA, and a nitrogen-free diet was also prepared to estimate the basal ileal endogenous losses of AA. Twelve barrows surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum with an initial body weight of 29.0 kg (standard deviation = 3.0) were individually housed in metabolism crates equipped with a feeder and a nipple drinker. A 12×9 incomplete Latin square design was employed with 12 experimental diets, 12 animals, and 9 periods. After a 5-d adaptation period, ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 in each experimental period.ResultsValues for apparent ileal digestibility of most indispensable AA in three sources of SBM were greater compared with other test ingredients except HPDDG and canola meal (p<0.05). Pigs fed diets containing SBM sources had also greater SID of most indispensable AA compared with those fed diets containing other test ingredients (p<0.05) except for HPDDG and canola meal. There was no difference in the apparent ileal digestibility and SID of AA among sources of SBM. The TDDG had the least value for the SID of methionine among test ingredients (p<0.05).ConclusionThe SID of most AA in SBM, HPDDG, and canola meal were greater than those in sesame meal, perilla meal, copra meal, and TDDG.