High Levels Of Productivity Research Articles

Unveiling Superabsorbent Hydrogels Efficacy Through Modified Agronomic Practices in Soybean–Wheat System Under Semi‐Arid Regions of South Asia

ABSTRACTThe sustainability of global agriculture at higher productivity level is a concern owing to climate change, serious environmental footprints, dipping factor productivity and shrinking availability of natural resources, especially. The situation is worsening in the ‘Food Bowl of India’—Indo‐Gangetic plains (IGP) by several amalgamated factors, such as declining groundwater, unpredictable precipitation owing to climate change and cultivation of heavy water duty crops. To neutralise these issues, a field experiment was executed for the period 2019–2021 to assess the efficacy of indigenous hydrogels (P‐hydrogel and Superabsorbent polymer hydrogel‐1118) and their application methods viz., seed treatment, slurry application and soil application on crop yield and water productivity, soil moisture dynamics and profitability in a soybean–wheat cropping system under irrigation and rainfed conditions. In both study years (2019–2020 and 2020–2021), due to higher seed germination percentage, irrigation application together with seed treatment and slurry application of superabsorbent polymer hydrogel‐1118 improved system productivity by 8.1%–26.7% and system water productivity by 17.6%–33.8% over control. Wheat grain yield was enhanced by 8.0% (2019–2020) to 32.2% (2020–2021) due to superabsorbent polymer hydrogel‐1118 hydrogel with 10 cm lesser use of irrigation water compared with control (no‐hydrogel). Soil moisture content in 0–15 cm soil layer was also found higher by 1.8%–2.4% in superabsorbent polymer hydrogel‐1118 and P‐hydrogel slurry‐applied plots. Therefore, higher gross profitability (31.8%), net profitability (89.8%) and B:C (26.9%) in wheat could be attributed to increased crop yields when seeds were treated with superabsorbent polymer hydrogel‐1118. Therefore, the utilisation of modified hydrogel application, in the form of seed treatment (seed coating) and slurry application has demonstrated improvement in seed germination, crop yield and water productivity and made soybean–wheat cultivation more economical. This approach presents a feasible solution to achieving a viable production system of soybean and wheat crops by reducing irrigation amounts in the IGP of India, as well as other comparable ecological places worldwide.

Information and Communication Tools for Effective Functioning of Distributed Project Teams

The paper analyzes the key aspects of the use of Agile methodologies by distributed project teams in the IT industry with an emphasis on the integration of information and communication systems for effective work in dynamic environments. The challenges faced by the virtual IT industry in the context of the COVID pandemic, the large-scale invasion of Russia, which generated radical changes in the approaches to the management of project teams, have been considered. The considerable attention is paid to the role of video conferencing and other digital tools, which have become basic in ensuring uninterrupted work and effective interaction in distributed project teams, during global crises. An analysis of the main stack of information and communication technologies in distributed project environments indicates the widespread use of such platforms as Zoom, Microsoft Teams, Google Meet, Skype, Slack, Trello, Jira, and others to ensure flexibility, adaptability and high productivity of teams. The importance of synergy between the Agile methodology and its derivatives and digital tools is highlighted, demonstrating how it helps distributed IT project teams to adapt to changes, ensure high quality software development and foster effective communities of like-minded people. The paper provides information on the use of Agile methodology in 2023, which indicates the growth in the number of distributed project teams and captures the key factors for their successful functioning. It focuses on the importance of the integration processes of modern information and communication technologies and adaptive management practices in the dynamic world of IT projects, making a valuable contribution to the understanding of how distributed project teams can maintain a high level of productivity and efficiency, overcoming systemic obstacles and challenges that are formed in poorly predicted project environments.

Impact Of Training On Employee Productivity And Performance: A Case Study Of Indian BPO Industry

Purpose: The purpose behind the research is to comprehend the impact of training for the enhancement of productivity and performance of the employees in the Indian BPO Industry. This research paper also focuses that training has a positive impact; not only for an individual employee but it also leads to achieving organizational goals in an effective manner. Research Methodology: Both primary and secondary data have been poised for the existing study. Data from primary sources was collected through questionnaires and personal interviews with industry leaders. Random samples of 5 Indian BPO companies operating in Delhi NCR were selected and a survey was conducted targeting 20 employees from each organization. The research was also carried out on secondary sources like newspapers, business journals, periodicals, magazines, etc. Histograms and pie charts are used for empirical analysis and interpretation of data. Managerial Implications: Academicians, researchers, management students, training managers and employees etc. will be able to understand the impact of training on employee productivity and performance with special reference to the Indian BPO Industry.Findings: Findings of this research study shows the positive impact of training on employee productivity and performance in the Indian BPO Industry. That is a clear identification of the fact that training results in high level of employee productivity and performance which further leads to achieving organizational growth.Scope for Further Research: The similar kind of framework can be applied to any other industry.

Modeling and mitigation of vortex formation in ejector deep hole drilling with smoothed particle hydrodynamics

Ejector deep hole drilling achieves high-quality boreholes in production processes. High feed rates are applied to ensure a high productivity level, requiring reliable chip removal from the cutting zone for a stable process. Therefore, a constant metalworking fluid flow under high volume flow rates or high pressure is required. Experimental results show a vortex formation at the outer cutting edge. This vortex can lead to delayed chip removal from the cutting zone, and ultimately, it can lead to chip clogging and result in drill breakage due to increased torque. This paper investigates modified drill head designs using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method. The investigated modifications include various designs of the chip mouth covering. Besides graphical analysis based on flow visualizations, flow meters are placed at the tool’s head to evaluate the impact of the modifications on the flow rate and possible increased resistance and relocation of the fluid flow from the outer cutting edge to other parts of the tool. The simulation results for the reference design show the experimentally observed vortex formation, validating the simulation model. By adding the tool’s rotation in the SPH simulation, which is not included in the experiments for observation reasons, the vortex formation is positively influenced. In addition, some designs show promising results to further mitigate the vortex formation while maintaining a sufficient fluid flow around the cutting edges.

Examining the Impact of Work-Life Balance on Satisfaction, Productivity, and Performance Among Faculty and Staff Members in Higher Education Institutions: The Case of Lebanese Private Sector

A major concern faced by many employees in numerous countries in several sectors due to the present dynamic, busy, and demanding business environment is Work-Life Balance. Maintaining an equilibrium between work and life is an issue that is gaining increasing recognition because of its considered importance to organizations and employees. In contrast, the deprivation of work-life balance (WLB) has drawbacks on the way employers estimate success in many matters. The research’s main objective is to study how work-life may impact faculty and staff members in Lebanese private higher education institutions (HEIs) and to identify if attaining a high level of satisfaction, performance, and productivity is associated with a better work-life balance. Besides, the moderating effect of perceived organizational support was also studied. To obtain the results, a mono-method quantitative research approach for the collection and analysis of data was employed. A self-directed survey questionnaire was distributed randomly among staff and faculty members working in Lebanese private universities. A total of 130 responses were gathered. For the purpose of revealing the relationships between the variables, SPSS software version 25 and Process SPSS Macro version 3.4 were used. The research’s findings showed that a relationship between work-life balance, and employees’ satisfaction, productivity, and performance exists. However, there was no evidence to support the idea that organizational support moderates the way WLB affects other variables. The findings encourage private HEIs in Lebanon to implement or reinforce existing practices that focus on WLB to attain better employee job satisfaction, productivity, and performance

The Impact of Work Environment on Worker Productivity in Companies in Lima

The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of work environment on worker productivity in companies located in Lima by identifying the main factors that influence this environment and its relationship with the levels of work performance. The study had a quantitative applied approach with a non-experimental, correlational, and cross-sectional design. A sample of 381 workers over 18 years of age and of both sexes working in companies in Lima was taken. Data collection was conducted through surveys, and the instrument was a questionnaire consisting of 18 items for the work environment variable, composed of 3 dimensions, and 17 items for the productivity variable, composed of 2 dimensions. The results showed that most workers perceived a positive work environment, with significant percentages in the dimensions of leadership, motivation, and job satisfaction. Specifically, leadership showed a 51.18% perception of a good work environment, followed by motivation with 45.67% and job satisfaction with 43.31%. A positive trend was observed regarding worker productivity, with a high percentage of efficiency (62.20%) and effectiveness (59.84%). It is concluded that there is a favorable work environment that contributes to high levels of productivity among workers in companies in Lima. A moderate positive relationship between work environment and productivity was identified (P<0.05; R=0.784).

Environmental performance of Penaeus vannamei shrimp production in intensive and super-intensive biofloc systems

Shrimp farms worldwide have been responsible for a series of social and environmental issues that affect their surrounding regions. Modern aquaculture seeks to achieve sustainable growth that offers a balance between environmental, economic, and social perspectives, and new aquaculture technologies have been developed and improved in recent decades. One such innovation is the biofloc technology (BFT) system, which is considered an alternative to conventional aquaculture because it allows for aquatic organism production with minimal water exchange, high stocking densities, and the possibility of high levels of productivity. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is one of the most common methodologies used to compare the environmental performance of different systems, considering resource consumption and the emission of pollutants during the productive life cycle. The present study uses LCA to compare the environmental performance of Penaeus vannamei shrimp production in two BFT systems, an intensive system in a pond and a super-intensive system in a greenhouse. The Functional Unit used was 1.0 ton of shrimp (animals with an average final weight of 12 g). The boundaries of the system were defined as from the cradle to the farm gate. Input data related to the use of natural resources, energy consumption, and environmental emissions were obtained over eight cycles of intensive and super-intensive production. The following results were obtained for intensive and super-intensive systems, respectively: global warming (GWP100a) 5691.12 and 5512.42 kg CO2 eq; acidification 59.57 and 59.05 kg SO2-eq; eutrophication 25.96 and 25.80 kg PO4 eq; ozone layer depletion (OLP) 0.000319 and 0.000311 kg CFC-11 eq; human toxicity 1165.98 and 1233.33 kg 1.4-DB-eq; aquatic ecotoxicity 1344.13 and 1925.96 kg 1.4-DB eq; marine ecotoxicity 1881,643.65 and 2070,517.23 kg 1.4-DB eq; terrestrial ecotoxicity 24.26 and 33.54 kg 1.4-DB eq; photochemical oxidation 2.10 and 2.03 kg C2H4 eq; abiotic depletion 0.006487 and 0.008359 kg Sb eq; abiotic depletion of fossil fuels 35,612.80 and 34,504.39 MJ. Among the eleven evaluated impact categories, the intensive system showed better results in five categories, while the super-intensive system showed better performance in six categories. Feed (reference diet) was the most significant factor in the environmental performance of the evaluated systems. Based on these results, we conclude that feed and electricity had the most environmental impact in both systems. In general, when comparing the use of production factors and productivity between the systems, it becomes more evident that the SS is more efficient than the SI.

Exploring Students' Knowledge about Hand Washing with Soap Through Video Media at Middle School

Purpose of the study: This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of using video media in increasing students' knowledge and attitudes about the importance of washing hands with soap at Public Middle School 31 North Bengkulu Methodology: This research uses quantitative methods with a pre-experimental One Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The research population was class III students at Public Middle School 31 North Bengkulu, with a sample of 35 students selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data analysis was carried out using the Wilcoxon test to test the difference between pretest and posttest results. Main Findings: This study concludes that the use of video media as a health promotion tool significantly increases the knowledge and attitudes of students at Public Middle School 31 North Bengkulu towards the importance of washing hands with soap. Video media is proven to be more effective than conventional methods in attracting attention and increasing student participation during the learning process Novelty/Originality of this study: This research is very urgent considering the high rate of transmission of infectious diseases among adolescents which can have a significant impact on their health and school attendance. Infectious diseases such as flu, diarrhea and respiratory infections often spread quickly in the school environment, causing high levels of absenteeism and reducing learning productivity.

Review on Current Issues related to Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are one of the most common occupational ailments in recent decades, significantly limiting people's daily lives. Globally, WMSDs are the major cause of employee pain, impairment, absenteeism, reduced productivity, and large financial costs. WRMSDs are illnesses that develop over time because of long-term occupational exposure to varying-intensity loads. WRMSDs are produced by discomfort or injury to the muscles and bones of the upper limbs because of activity. Low-extremity illnesses, like upper-limb diseases, may be just as dangerous, There is a high prevalence of neck and upper extremity problems among computer users. Upper extremities diseases were more common in older personnel. The physiological outcome of prolonged, repetitive, or repeating muscle contractions with insufficient recovery is localised muscular fatigue (WMSDs). Muscle tiredness has a substantial impact on occupational task performance, hence preventing it is crucial. The key challenge in ergonomics is to create work that avoids WMSDs while retaining high levels of output quality and productivity. Uncomfortable postures are commonly recognised as a major contributor of MSD among construction workers. Because of their linearity, ergonomic metrics can be incorporated into assembly line design models. They can also be utilised to take use of efficient solution methods established for optimal line design which are beneficial in the assembly line industry. Real-time risk assessment for work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) has proven to be challenging to research. Working at a fast speed and performing repetitive activities, as well as maintaining non-neutral body postures, are all physical risk factors for WMSDs. This review discuses common issue related to WMSDs which includes upper extremity, upper limbs, carpal tunnel syndrome, awkward postures, muscle activity, muscle fatigue, assembly line and risk assessment. The aim is to provide an overview of the problems related to the subject matter.

TRAINING TO BUILD PERSONAL BRANDING ON LINKEDIN SOCIAL MEDIA TO HANDLE EDUCATED UNEMPLOYMENT RATES AT HIGHER COLLEGE LEVEL

The number of unemployed in Indonesia according to the Central Statistics Agency as of August 2023 at the tertiary level has increased. Technology is developing rapidly and the emergence of new jobs, a combination of macro trends and technology adoption is causing the disappearance of a number of types of jobs. Students as one of the keys to the nation's success are required to have a high level of productivity, especially for those who are starting a career. The aim of this Community Service activity in the form of training is to build students' personal branding with Linkedin to prepare them for careers using Linkedin social media to anticipate the number of educated unemployed at the tertiary level. The method used is Participatory Action Research through the stages of problem identification, implementation and evaluation. Participants in this training numbered 90 students. The results show that the participants gained new knowledge and skills to prepare for a career and this is one solution in facing the challenges of technological disruption by using social media Linkedin.

Analysis of spatial patterns and influencing factors of farmland transfer in China based on ESDA-GeoDetector

Farmland transfer is a critical component in facilitating agricultural scale management and improving agricultural production efficiency. This study examines the spatial distribution of farmland transfer in China and identifies the factors influencing it, offering valuable guidance for advancing China’s farmland transfer practices. Through the application of mathematical statistics and GIS spatial analysis, the study investigates changes in spatial patterns related to the scale, rate, mode, and recipients of farmland transfer across China's 30 provinces from 2015 to 2020. Geographical detectors are also employed to identify the key factors influencing the extent and pace of farmland transfer. The study reveals that between 2015 and 2020, China's farmland transfer area increased from 29,789 to 37,638 million hectares. Provinces with abundant farmland resources generally experienced larger farmland transfers, while economically developed regions and major grain-producing areas saw higher rates of farmland transfers. The predominant mode of farmland transfer in China was leasing (subcontracting), accounting for over 80% of the total transferred area. Large-scale grain growers and family farms were significant participants in farmland transfers, acquiring approximately 60.1% of the transferred lands, followed by professional cooperatives (21.5%), enterprises (10.4%), and other entities (7.9%). Key factors influencing the farmland transfer area include the "regional farmland area", the "proportion of family farms supported by loans", and the "proportion of non-agricultural population", with explanatory powers of 0.663, 0.319, and 0.225, respectively. Notably, there is a substantial interaction between the "regional farmland area" and factors such as the "proportion of family farms supported by loans" and the "grain yield per unit area", with explanatory powers reaching 0.957 and 0.901, respectively. These findings offer valuable insights for promoting farmland transfer in agriculturally rich regions. Factors affecting the farmland transfer rate include "grain yield per unit area", "GDP per capita", and the "proportion of non-agricultural population", each with an explanatory power above 0.500. Moreover, their interactive explanatory powers with other indicators exceed 0.600, indicating that provinces with high agricultural productivity or economic development levels are more likely to undergo farmland transfer. The paper concludes by proposing strategies and recommendations to promote farmland transfer in both "large agricultural areas" and "metropolitan suburbs."

Evaluating the effects of ECON-ESG on load capacity factor in G7 countries

For the first time, this study introduces the ECON-ESG quadruple, developed by Işık et al. (2024a), by adding the economy (ECON) dimension to the classical ESG (environment, social, governance) triad. Based on this new concept, it explores the impact of ECON-ESG factors on the Load Capacity Factor (LCF) in G7. The impact of ECON-ESG factors on LCF is vital because sustainability through these factors plays a critical role in a sustainable environment with LCF. CS-ARDL model finds that while governance factors (GOVNF) positively affect LCF, economic factors (ECONF) have negative effects. Environmental factors (ENVF) and social factors (SOCF) do not affect LCF. These findings can be interpreted as follows: (i) Negative effects of ECONF on LCF can be interpreted as high productivity levels in G7 leading to high resource consumption, exceeding biocapacity. (ii) In G7 with high-income levels, increased consumption may lead to overconsumption of natural resources and exceeding biocapacity. (iii) High technological progress in G7 can sometimes paradoxically lead to greater resource consumption rather than encouraging more efficient resource use, increasing an ecological footprint. The positive effects of GOVNF on LCF can be interpreted as follows: (iv) High and quality governance practices and policies in G7 can increase biocapacity. (vi) Under good governance, governments and environmental organizations can positively impact LCF by raising public awareness of environmental issues and enabling society to use natural resources more sustainably. Therefore, policymakers should harmonize economic policies through ECONF and governance policies through social factors (GOVNF), which contradict each other in LCF. Additionally, the effect of the single composite form ECON-ESG introduced and proposed in this study on LCF is found to be negative. This requires policymakers and firms to re-evaluate their sustainability one more time from a holistic perspective, including economic factors, as done in this study.

Media Resources' Utilisation and Productivity of Lecturers’ in Public Polytechnics, South-west, Nigeria

The study was carried out with a view to investigating the influence of the utilisation of media resources on the productivity of public polytechnic lecturers in South-west, Nigeria. Descriptive survey research design was adopted while close-ended questionnaire was used for data collection. A total of 735 copies of questionnaire were administered to the lecturers, while 711 (96.7%) were returned and considered appropriate for data analysis. The data collected was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings from the study revealed availability of media resources to the lecturers and that printed and non-print resources topped the list of resources available to the respondents. Also, the study established regular use of media resources by the lecturers. They made use of media resources on regular basis and majorly for the purposes of preparing lecture notes, research and publications, obtaining general knowledge, paper presentation and proposals. High level of productivity, likewise positive significant relationship between media resource utilisation and job productivity of the respondents were established. The study recommended that modern and relevant media resources be provided for the lecturers to improve academic productivity, and that the lecturers should put in more efforts in attending and participating in seminars, workshops and conferences by presenting more papers and writing more journal articles to enhance productivity level.

Untapped Opportunities in Additive Manufacturing with Metals: From New and Graded Materials to Post-Processing

Metal additive manufacturing (AM) is an innovative manufacturing method with numerous metallurgical benefits, including fine and hierarchical microstructures and enhanced mechanical properties, thanks to the utilization of a local heat source and the rapid solidification nature of the process. High levels of productivity, together with the ability to produce complex geometries and large components, have added to the versatile applicability of metal AM with applications already implemented in various sectors such as medicine, transportation, and aerospace. To further enhance the potential benefits of AM in the context of small- to medium-scale bulk production, metallurgical complexities should be determined and investigated. Hence, this review paper focuses on three significant metallurgical aspects of metal AM processes: in situ alloying, functionally graded materials, and surface treatments for AM parts. The current text is expected to offer insights for future research works on metal AM to expand its potential applications in various advanced manufacturing sectors.

DETERMINAN MIGRASI INTERNASIONAL TENAGA KERJA

Labor migration is a phenomenon that occurs in various regions, especially East Java Province as one of the provinces that has a high level of productivity. The movement of labor can be influenced by various factors. This study aims to analyze the determinants of international labor migration in East Java in 2015-2019. the type of data used in this study is secondary data. The research method used in this research is panel data regression. The results of the study show that the GRDP variable influences positively but not significantly, while poverty and unemployment variables influences negatively and react not significantly. Meanwhile, the district/city minimum wage variable influences negatively and significantly on the number of international labor migration in East Java.

Community Social Capital in Community Forest Management in Poso Pesisir District

In Indonesia, commercial management of community forests began several hundred years ago. This research aims to measure the level of social capital in community forest management, and analyze its influence on community forest performance. The research was carried out using a survey method. Two villages in one district were chosen purposively. Respondents were 60 people that randomly selected from each village. The results of the research reveal that the level of social capital of the two communities in community forest management is classified as different. High social capital has facilitated the revival of good community forest performance, which is characterized by high levels of community forest productivity, as well as continuing sustainable management of community forests, the benefits of regulations. fair management and cost efficiency of community forest management. Strong social capital drives better performance. This research concludes that community social capital in managing community forests in Toini Village is relatively high, while in Betania Village it is low. Considering the differences in social capital that exist in society, the author suggests the need to increase parties, especially the government, to support forest management through increasing roles, facilitating the expansion of social networks, and strengthening the implementation of rules to the community.

The efficiency assessment of budgetary fund implementation in agro-industrial complex

In recent years, the agro-industrial complex has emerged as a crucial sector in the Republic of Kazakhstan, playing a pivotal role in ensuring the nation's food security. State support for agriculture constitutes a multifaceted mechanism encompassing measures that influence the income of agricultural industries, the structure and scale of agricultural production, the agri-food market, and the social fabric of rural areas. Financial resources are allocated from budgets at various administrative levels to support the agricultural sector of Kazakhstan. The primary objective is to assess the efficient utilization of budget funds allocated to the agricultural sector of Kazakhstan. A combination of economic-statistical, estimated-comparative, logical, and analytical analysis methods was employed to achieve this goal. The results reveal that a targeted agricultural policy, coupled with effective state regulation mechanisms, enables the attainment of high levels of productivity and efficiency in this industry. Nevertheless, despite these successes, the current role of the agro-industrial complex in shaping the economy is deemed insufficient. This is evidenced by indicators assessing the sector's contribution to macroeconomic benchmarks. In conclusion, an evaluation of the current state of development in the Republic of Kazakhstan's agricultural industry reflects a positive growth trend in recent years. However, the agricultural sector continues to be among the less profitable segments of the domestic economy, grappling with persistent challenges that have yet to be fully overcome.

Power BI and SQL Server Dashboard Data for Monitor Transportation Presence Employees at PT PON Gresik

Employee presence is a crucial aspect in office management. It reflects the way employees work in a company and can impact their productivity. A high level of productivity can indicate achievement of company targets. However, this attendance data is often large and has not been processed. To turn it into valuable information, Business Intelligence (BI) software is needed that is able to visualize employee attendance and transportation data. This research aims to create a dashboard that shows employee attendance data, including entry hours and attendance status, as well as transportation data such as expenditure for each type of vehicle and travel destination code. Microsoft Power BI was used for data visualization, while Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio was used to create the database. Data is collected and processed so that it can become a source of information. The research results include a daily attendance dashboard with peak attendance at 08.00 and 21.00. The trip dashboard shows the highest fare with travel code "7AA0112" exceeding Rp. 12,000,000.00 from PT. PON Gresik. Travel information shows transportation use in Jakarta, Bandung and Surabaya with the largest total fare in Jakarta reaching Rp. 97,761,000.00

THE INFLUENCE OF REWARD, PUNISHMENT AND MOTIVATION ON EMPLOYEE WORK PRODUCTIVITY AT PT TANI SEJATI MANDIRI MALANG

One of the aspects that is important for a corporate organization is employee work productivity. Corporate performance is assessed as good with a high level of productivity, and vice versa if it is assessed as poor with a low level of productivity. Some of the main efforts to achieve optimal work productivity include training and motivation. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of reward, punishment, and motivation on employee work productivity. This is quantitative research with an explanatory (cause-and-effect) approach. The population in this study were all 34 employees of PT Tani Sejati Mandiri Malang. Sampling in this study used a saturated sampling technique. The analytical method used is multiple linear regression with SPSS 26 software. From the overall hypothesis, it shows that reward partially influences employee work productivity, punishment partially influences employee work productivity, and motivation does not partially influence employee work productivity. Reward, punishment, and motivation have a simultaneous influence on employee work productivity. It can be concluded that reward, punishment, and motivation have a significant effect on employee work productivity at PT Tani Sejati Mandiri Malang. An increase in employee work productivity can have an impact on business progress. Keyword : Reward, Punishment, Motivation, Employee Productivity, Multiple Linear Regressi

The impact of digital trade regulation on the manufacturing position in the GVC

The existing literature finds that digital trade regulations have a detrimental impact on digital service. However, limited attention has been devoted to the impact of digital trade regulations on the manufacturing position in the global value chain. Drawing upon data covering 17 manufacturing industries in 54 economies from 2014 to 2018, we find that regulatory disparities in the digital trade lower the manufacturing position in the global value chain. In addition, this negative impact is bigger in industries characterized by high levels of digitization, servitization, intelligence, and productivity. Moreover, we evidence that the negative effect is bigger in developing economies, and is higher in economies with the underdeveloped digital infrastructure.