High Prevalence Of Overweight Research Articles

The association between secondhand smoke exposure and overweight/obesity among children and adolescents

This study aimed to investigate the association between secondhand smoke exposure in different places and overweight/obesity among children and adolescents. Children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 years old in Hunan Province were recruited for questionnaire surveys and physical examinations using a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method. Secondhand smoke exposure was evaluated according to the answer to the question, "Has someone smoked in front of you in the last 7 days?". Overweight and obesity were determined using BMI-for-age and BMI-for-sex according to the national standard WS/T586-2018. Multivariate logistic regression was used to explore the association between secondhand smoke exposure in different places and overweight/obesity among children and adolescents. A total of 187 863 participants were included in this study, with a prevalence of overweight and obesity of 28.4%. The prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure at home, school and other public places was 25.5%, 12.6% and 32.3%, respectively. Children and adolescents with secondhand smoke exposure at home, school and other public places had a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity than those without exposure. After adjusting for confounding factors, secondhand smoke exposure was positively associated with overweight and obesity among children and adolescents, and exposure at home showed the closest association (OR=1.091; 95%CI: 1.066-1.117). In conclusion, secondhand smoke exposure, especially at home, significantly increases the risk of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents. Comprehensive strategies should be implemented to avoid secondhand smoke exposure and protect children and adolescents from overweight and obesity.

Combined association of physical activity and depressive symptoms with cardiometabolic risk factors in Chilean adults

Cardiometabolic risk factors such as obesity, raised blood pressure, high blood glucose and dyslipidemia are emerging health concerns worldwide. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate the combined association between physical activity and depressive symptoms with cardiometabolic risk factors in Chilean adults. Data was obtained from the National Health Survey of Chile 2016–2017, with a sample of 5995 adult participants. Assessment of Physical activity and depressive symptoms were done using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) and the CIDI ShortForm (CIDI-SF), respectively. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to estimate the combined association of physical activity and depressive symptoms with cardiometabolic risk factors. Participants in the category ≥ 150 min/Depressive symptoms had the highest prevalence of overweight (OR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.17–2.05), obesity (OR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.49–2.59) and high waist circumference (OR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.39–1.92). Participants in the < 150 min/No depressive symptoms category had a lower prevalence of overweight/obesity (OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.60–0.78) and a 25% reduced high triglycerides prevalence, in comparison with the active category with no depressive symptoms. There is a positive association between depressive symptoms and overweight, obesity and waist circumference among subjects that complete physical activity recommendations but have depressive symptoms.

Worldwide trends in childhood overweight and obesity over the last 20 years.

Child overweight and obesity is associated with an increased risk of non-communicable diseases. The present work aimed to explain the global trends of overweight in children under 5 years during the last two decades in comparison to the global nutrition targets. We analysed secondary data from the Global Nutrition Report 2020 report for the years 2000 to 2020 from 194 countries, distributed in 23 sub-regions to examine the changes in prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity in children under five years of age. We also analysed the number of countries with applied national policies on overweight and obesity and their progress against the global nutrition targets. The analysis from 194 countries showed that children under five years constituted 8% of the world population. In the last 20 years, the global prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity has risen from 5.4% to 5.7% since 2000 to 2022. North and South Africa, West, and East Asia, North and South America, Eastern and Northern Europe, Polynesia, Micronesia, Australia, and New Zealand are the subregions with the highest prevalence of overweight and obesity. Furthermore, regions with the highest number of children affected include Asia with more than 18 million (48%) and Africa with more than 10 million (27%). More than half of the countries for which data were available had not reached the global nutrition target for childhood overweight by 2020. The prevalence of childhood overweight in most of the regions of the world has been steadily increasing during the last two decades. Our findings indicate that if public health measures are not implemented, 2025 World Health Organization´s global nutrition targets and 2020 Sustainable Development Goals will not be reached.

COVID-19-related lockdowns and changes in overweight and obesity, movement behaviours, diet quality, and health-related quality of life among regional Australian primary school children: A repeat cross-sectional study.

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the Australian state of Victoria (in particular, its capital, Melbourne) experienced some of the longest lockdowns in the world. This repeated cross-sectional study examined changes between March to June 2019 (pre-pandemic) and April to August 2022 (6 to 11 months following pandemic-related lockdowns) in overweight and obesity prevalence, physical activity, sedentary behaviour, sleep, diet quality, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among primary school children in north-east Victoria, Australia. Height and weight were measured for Grade 2, 4, and 6 students in 2019 (3889 children) and 2022 (1816 children). Grade 4 and 6 students self-reported on their movement behaviours, diet quality, and HRQoL. Participation declined among schools (2019:56%, 2022:34%) and students (2019:87%, 2022:75%). Compared to children in 2019, children in 2022 had a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity; were less likely to have met guidelines for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, recreational screen time, and vegetable consumption; had higher intakes of takeaway food, energy-dense nutrient-poor snacks, and sugar-sweetened beverages; and had lower HRQoL. Children's health-related behaviours and outcomes seemed not to have returned to pre-pandemic levels 6 to 11 months after the final lockdowns lifted for their communities. Continued monitoring and interventions targeting the drivers of childhood obesity are urgently needed.

Prevalence of Obesity among Elementary School Students in Yazd in 2016

Background: Pediatric obesity is one of the most serious public health problems due to high prevalence andnegative outcomes. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of Pediatric overweight and obesityand some associated factors among students of elementary school in Yazd- Iran- 2016. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 1253 healthy elementary school students wereselected by multistage sampling. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. The diagnosis of childhoodoverweight and obesity was based on WHO criteria. The parents of the students had the consent to participatein the study. Data analysis was performed by using SPSS version 16 software. Data were reported as mean ±standard deviation or frequency and analyzed by using chi-square test. P-value less than 0.05 were consideredstatistically significant. Results: In this study 531 (42.4%) were male and 722 (57.6%) were female. In this study 11.5 % of the boysand 10.2 % of the girls were obese. Also, 10.2 % of the boys and 14.8% of the girls were overweightrespectively. Relationship between gender and BMI was statistically significant (P&lt; 0.0001). Obesity wasmore frequent in boys but overweight was more frequent in girls. The relationship between BMI and father'soccupation (P= 0.03) and mother's occupation (P= 0.03) and mother's education (P= 0.02) was statisticallysignificant. Conclusion: Due to the high prevalence of obesity and overweight in primary school children, school-basedinterventions in this age group is necessary

Junk Food Consumption and Obesity Risk Among Students at Benghazi University: A Cross-Sectional Study

Consumption of junk food is an environmental factor linked to obesity and may heighten the risk of obesity-related diseases, representing a significant public health issue. The study aim is to clarify the association between junk food consumption and obesity among students at Benghazi University and will also examine students' knowledge of the adverse effects of junk food consumption. A cross-sectional study was conducted among students in the medical colleges of the University of Benghazi from January 2024. A self-administered questionnaire was utilized, including socio-demographic data, patterns of junk food consumption, knowledge about Junk food, and weight and height measurements. A total of 354 students participated in the study, with 67.5% female and 32.5% male. The majority (84.4%) were less than 25 years old. Notably, 98.9% of students consume junk food. 39.5% of students reported consuming junk food once or twice a week. Knowledge assessment revealed that 47.7% had good knowledge, 26.3% had fair knowledge, and 26% had poor knowledge regarding junk food. Based on the Body Mass Index (BMI) classification, 52.8% of participants had a normal BMI, 26.3% were overweight, 13.6% were obese, and 7.3% were underweight. Increased weekly junk food consumption was observed, alongside a high prevalence of overweight and obesity among students, despite a majority having normal BMI. No significant association between junk food consumption and BMI was found. Students acknowledged junk food's negative effects but continued consumption due to emotional factors and taste preference.

Diets, Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Nutritional Status in Tanzania: Scoping Review.

Globally, the intake of fruit and vegetables (F&V) is far below the recommended levels, contributing to various health challenges including micronutrient deficiencies and non-communicable diseases. In Tanzania, where the triple burden of malnutrition persists, there is a need to identify gaps in evidence, better understand diets and F&V intake and identify promising interventions for improved intake. We conducted a scoping review to summarize the evidence on dietary intake, F&V intake and nutritional status in Tanzania. This included three separate literature searches in PubMed covering the years 2012-2023. A total of 62, 37 and 15 articles met predefined eligibility criteria for the review of overall diet, dietary intake of F&V and nutritional status, respectively. Identified studies suggest that overall dietary practices among all population groups were primarily based on carbohydrate-rich foods, complementary feeding practices were suboptimal among young children and a low proportion of women of reproductive age (WRA) and pregnant and lactating women achieved minimum dietary diversity for women (MDD-W). Across all population groups, F&V intake was below the recommended 400 g per day. Analysis of nutritional status in Tanzania in population representative surveys showed high stunting prevalence in children below 5 years of age, and a high prevalence of overweight and obesity among WRA, particularly in urban areas. Additional research is needed to understand better the complex interactions between diet and nutrition and health outcomes, and to identify efficient and cost-effective strategies to improve overall dietary quality, including increasing F&V intake.

Obesity Prevalence and Associated Factors in Captive Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) in China: A Body Condition Assessment Study.

Obesity is a prevalent health issue among captive wildlife, but the obesity status of captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in China has not been systematically investigated. This study assessed obesity in 204 captive Asian elephants across 43 facilities by recording seven potentially relevant variables: sex, age, daily feed supply, proportion of high-calorie feed, outdoor enclosure area, outdoor time, and foot disorders. Body condition was evaluated using visual scoring, revealing a high prevalence of overweight and obesity, particularly in zoo-kept elephants. Over 70% of captive Asian elephants in China were classified as overweight or obese. Statistical analysis indicated that insufficient outdoor time is likely a primary contributor to obesity among zoo elephants. We recommend extending outdoor time and regulating the supply of high-calorie feeds (e.g., fruits, vegetables, and pellets) to promote exercise and balance energy intake. Additionally, implementing positive reinforcement training for routine health checks, including foot exams and blood sampling, could improve data collection on elephant health and welfare, ultimately enhancing obesity management and overall animal well-being.

Dietary Quality and Its Impact on Maternal Nutritional Status in Ondo State, Nigeria

Background: Malnutrition is one of the major problems that have bewildered human health in developing countries Objective: The study aimed to assess maternal diet quality and nutritional status of in Ondo state. Methods: This was a community based descriptive and cross-sectional study that consisted of 420 respondents (mothers). Respondents were drawn using multistage sampling procedure. Pre-test, semi-structured Interviewer administered questionnaire was used to elicit information from the respondents while anthropometric indices such as height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference were measurement and Waist hip ratio, mid upper arm circumference were computed according to standard. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated from weight and height measurements and classified into underweight (&amp;lt;18.5), normal weight (18.5-24.9), overweight (25.0-29.9) and obesity (≥30.0). Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics while level of significant was set P (&amp;lt;0.05). Results: The nutritional status of the women shows that there was a double burden of malnutrition indicating 10.7% under nutrition, 29.0% overweight and 4.8% obese. BMI was significantly associated with mothers’ age (p= 0.000), place of residence (p= 0.009), marital status (p= 0.017), mothers’ occupation (p= 0.026), occupation of spouse (p= 0.009), and monthly income (p = 0.008). Conclusion: There were existence of a double burden of malnutrition and high prevalence of overweight and obesity in the study area. Household food insecurity contributed greatly to the malnutrition observed in many mothers in the study. Nutrition and health promotion education intervention is recommended in the study area.

The prevalence of obesity and overweight among Iranian population: an umbrella systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundThe present umbrella systematic reviews and meta-analyses aim to determine the comprehensive prevalence of obesity and overweight across different age subgroups in Iran.MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive search across many databases, including Science Direct, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar, to retrieve papers published until November 2023. The meta-analyses included in this study examined the prevalence of obesity and overweight in Iran. The current umbrella meta-analysis finally contained 24 meta-analyses. We evaluated the scientific reliability of the studies using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR2).ResultsThe overall prevalence of overweight and obesity among the Iranian population was 18.38% (95% CI: 10.267, 26.496) and 10.91% (95% CI: 9.654, 12.177), respectively. The overall obesity prevalence in males was 9.93 (95%CI: 8.483, 11.388), and in females was 9.67% (95%CI: 8.317, 11.033). The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents was 12.43% (95% CI: 10.184, 14.683) and 6.51% (95% CI: 5.866, 7.157), and in adults, it was 27.39% (95% CI: 14.878, 39.914) and 17.20% (95% CI: 13.483, 20.919), respectively. Male children and adolescents had a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity than females, but adult males had a lower prevalence than females.ConclusionThis study presents the trend of obesity and overweight among the Iranian population. Since the trend of increasing overweight and obesity is alarming, policymakers and healthcare providers at the national and regional levels should design and implement preventive programs and interventions.

Femoroacetabular Impingement Morphological Changes in Sample of Patients Living in Southern Mexico Using Tomographic Angle Measures.

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a condition caused by abnormal contact between the femur head and the acetabulum, which damages the labrum and articular cartilage. While the prevalence and the type of impingement may vary across human groups, the variability among populations with short height or with a high prevalence of overweight has not yet been explored. Latin American studies have rarely been conducted in reference to this condition, including the Mayan and mestizo populations from the Yucatan Peninsula. We aimed to describe the prevalence of morphological changes in femoroacetabular impingement by measuring radiological angles in abdominopelvic tomography studies in a sample of patients from a population with short height. In this prospective study, patients with programmed abdominopelvic tomography unrelated to femoroacetabular impingement but with consistent symptoms were included. Among the 98 patients, the overall prevalence of unrelated femoroacetabular impingement was 47%, and the pincer-type was the most frequent. The cam-type occurred more frequently among individuals with taller stature compared to their peers. Alpha and Wiberg angles predicted cam- and pincer-type, respectively, with over 0.95 area under the curve values in ROC analyses. The inter-rater agreement in the study was >91%. In a patient population from Yucatan, Mexico, attending ambulatory consultations unrelated to femoroacetabular impingement, an overall morphological changes prevalence of 47% was observed. Angle measurements using tomographic techniques can be used to predict cam- and pincer-type femoroacetabular impingement. Average stature was observed to be shorter in patients with cam-type femoroacetabular impingement, but body mass index did not vary between groups.

Lifestyle Factors Associated With Childhood Obesity in South Asian Expatriates of Dubai: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background Obesity, a chronic disease caused by excessive fat deposits, increases the risk of various health conditions. Childhood obesity is a growing global concern, affecting millions of children. There is a paucity of research on the determinants of childhood obesity in the expatriate population of Dubai. This study aimed to explore modifiable key lifestyle factors contributing to childhood obesity in Dubai's South Asian expatriates. Methodology Based on prior research, we decided to evaluate the role of three most commonly associated lifestyle factors: physical activity, fast food consumption, and daily screen time. The hypothesis was that higher screen time and fast food intake would positively correlate with body mass index (BMI), while physical activity would show a negative correlation. The study applied a non-probability convenience sampling method and included 208 South Asian children aged 5-17 who visited a Dubai clinic between January and March 2024 and who didnot have any serious physical or mental health illness requiring long-term medication or any genetic disorder. Results Results showed that one-third of the children had a BMI of ≥85 percentile with no significant gender differences. Age was positively correlated with BMI percentile. Higher daily screen time is significantly associated with a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity as per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), and World Health Organization (WHO) classifications. The frequent intake of fast food is associated with a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity only as per the IOTF classification. Physical activity, however, was not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion We concluded that children who have a BMI of ≥85 percentile tend to have significantly higher daily screen time. The association between frequent fast food consumption and higher BMI was significant only under the IOTF criteria. Larger multicentric studies are needed to further validate these associations and to look for causal relationships. Nevertheless,this study underscores modifiable risk factors for childhood obesity, suggesting that small lifestyle changes could mitigate this epidemic.

Eating behaviours and associated lifestyle factors in a sample of Slovak adolescents.

An unhealthy lifestyle, inappropriate eating habits, and inadequate physical activity are the most common risk factors affecting health and causing the premature onset of non-communicable diseases. The study aimed to evaluate lifestyle factors, eating habits, and daily regimens in a sample of Slovak adolescents. The sample involves 524 students aged 15-22 years attending selected secondary schools from the model region of Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia. We assessed the prevalence of selected lifestyle factors and investigated the relationship between negative lifestyle factors and the presence of overweight and obesity. We found eating irregularities including avoidance of school lunch, inadequate daily consumption of vegetables, dairy products and wholegrain foods, and the high consumption of sweets and sweetened beverages. The prevalence of excess weight and obesity in the sample was 18.4%. Compared to the non-obese, overweight or obese students had significantly lower daily consumption of vegetables and used to avoid sports more frequently. Almost 37% of students did not do sports at all. Students who were not doing sports on regular basis used to skip breakfast more frequently, they ate fewer vegetables and more sweets and spent considerable time in sedentary activities. In the sample of secondary school students, we investigated several negative lifestyle factors and the relatively high prevalence of overweight and obesity. The results of the study can be used for the development of preventive measures to protect and promote the health of children and youth.

Beliefs underlying weight control behaviors among adolescents and emerging adults living with obesity: an elicitation qualitative study.

Weight control behaviors are commonly observed among adolescents and emerging adults. However, the high prevalence of overweight and obesity in both these age groups remains an imperative health concern. Adolescents and emerging adults represent the most vulnerable groups facing the health burden of obesity. This study was designed to articulate the underlying beliefs concerning weight control behaviors among adolescents and emerging adults living with obesity by an elicitation qualitative study based on the integrated behavioral model (IBM). Semi-structured and individual interviewing was utilized. Eligible participants were recruited during September and November 2020. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using a hybrid inductive and deductive content analysis approach. Twenty-seven participants, comprising 12 adolescents and 15 emerging adults living with obesity, were interviewed to explore their beliefs and strategies regarding weight control behaviors. Emerging adults were more likely to engage in extreme weight control methods. Three overarching themes emerged across both age groups: eating-centered concerns, focus on physical appearance, and social interference. Significant differences were noted while adolescents and emerging adults shared some common beliefs. Emerging adults expressed more economic concerns about weight control, whereas adolescents identified food restriction as the primary barrier to their weight management efforts. These findings highlight the nuanced differences in beliefs about the weight control practice of these two developmental groups. More beliefs-tailored and theoretically driven interventions are needed for these two unique age groups. Healthcare providers should address dietary and economic concerns while engaging adolescents and emerging adults in weight management. Future obesity interventions should incorporate shared and unique beliefs identified in each group to promote healthy weight management effectively.

Prevalence of and factors associated with overweight and obesity in patients with severe mental disorders in Shenzhen: results from the urban Chinese population.

To determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in patients with severe mental disorders (SMD) and the factors associated with their socio-demographic and disease characteristics in a cross-sectional population-based study. This analysis examined the prevalence of overweight and obesity in 14 868 managed SMD patients in an urban area of Shenzhen city based on data from the health information monitoring system in 2021. Multivariate logistic regression were used to identify the factors associated with the prevalence of overweight and obesity in patients with SMD. China. 14 868 patients with SMD. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in patients with SMD in this study was 32·6 % and 16·1 %, respectively. In multivariate analysis, married status, Shenzhen household registration, management durations of 5-10 years and >10 years, participation in family physician services, taking clozapine or aripiprazole, FPG > 6·1 mmol/l, hypertension, TC ≥ 5·2 mmol/l, TG ≥ 1·7 mmol/l, and more frequent follow-ups in the past year were associated with higher odds of overweight and obesity. Compared to their respective reference categories, living with parents, spouse and children, taking risperidone, aripiprazole, amisulpride and perphenazine, FPG > 6·1 mmol/l, hypertension, TC ≥ 5·2 mmol/l, TG ≥ 1·7 mmol/l, and more frequent follow-ups in the past year were associated with higher odds of obesity. We observed a high prevalence of overweight and obesity in patients with SMD in this study. The findings highlight the need for integrated management of overweight and obesity risk factors among patients with SMD.

Waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio: Exploring the associations for high blood pressure risk in school-age adolescents

BackgroundChildhood and adolescent obesity present a global health concern, notably due to its association with adverse outcomes such as high blood pressure (HBP). Waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) are promising indicators for assessing HBP risk in school-age adolescents. However, their association with Stavnsbo-recommended WC cutoff points and high BP prevalence necessitates further investigation, holding potential implications for early intervention and prevention strategies. ObjectiveInvestigate the association between high blood pressure (HBP) and WC cutoff points advised by Stavnsbo, along with WHtR, in adolescents from privileged socioeconomic backgrounds in Brazil. MethodsThis cross-sectional study in 2022 involved 216 students aged 9 to 16 from a private school in Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. Data, collected through an internal project monitoring anthropometric and social indicators, included validated blood pressure assessments. Statistical analyses, employing t-tests, chi-square tests, and logistic regression, explored relationships between WC, WHtR, and blood pressure, adjusting for covariates. ResultsFemale participants had a lower prevalence of obesity (2.9% vs 5.3%) but a higher prevalence of overweight (27.5% vs 17.5%) compared to males. The overall excess weight prevalence was 26.4%, with females showing lower absolute risk scores for WC (25.5% vs 34.2%), WHtR (19.6% vs 23.7%), and HBP (21.5% vs. 40.3%). Significant associations were observed between HBP and WC (X2 = 9.759, P = 0.002) as well as WHtR (X2 = 6.335, P = 0.012) among males, with those in the “Risk” category exhibiting higher HBP prevalence. Overall, both WC and WHtR demonstrated significant associations with HBP (X2 = 12.428, P < 0.001, and X2 = 9.550, P = 0.002, respectively). Logistic regression indicated higher odds for HBP in males with risk values for WC (OR 3.876 [1.714–8.765 CI], P = 0.001) or WHtR (OR 3.684 [1.457–9.315 CI], P = 0.006). In the overall analysis, participants with risk values for WC had 3.2 (1.688–6.080 CI, P < 0.001) times higher odds, and for WHtR, 3.4 (1.679–6.934 CI, P = 0.001) times higher odds of HBP. ConclusionThis study highlights the associations between WC, WHtR, and HBP in adolescent schoolchildren. The results underscore the significance of gender-specific assessments and emphasize the potential of these anthropometric measures as valuable tools for identifying and managing HBP risk in adolescents. Further research and clinical applications are imperative to deepen understanding and address the health needs of this vulnerable population.

Overweight prevalence among incarcerated individuals: A systematic review and metaanalysis including data from developed and developing countries

Incarcerated individuals are vulnerable and might face more health challenges as their dietary intake and physical activity are limited to what their national or institutional policies offer or allow. Excess weight might increase the risk of metabolic disorders, affecting the overall health status and increasing the financial burden on medical care within prisons and the community once incarcerated individuals are released after incarceration.(1) Some reports show a high prevalence of overweight and obesity among incarcerated individuals in developed countries.(2) However, evidence from developing countries is underreported.(3) The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the nutritional status of incarcerated populations in developing and developed countries.Systematic searches were conducted in Embase, Medline and Cochrane databases for crosssectional studies or baseline data from longitudinal or intervention studies of adults who were incarcerated. Studies that reported on nutritional status (body weight, body height, or BMI), as well as the prevalence of overweight or obesity, were included. Overweight and obesity proportions within studies were pooled into a meta-analysis and compared with national prevalence rates. First, the proportion of overweight and obesity within prisons in each study sample and the 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by sex and stratified according to each country’s income categories (World Bank 2023 fiscal year income(4)). Then, national overweight and obesity prevalence data were retrieved from the World Obesity Federation Global ObesityObservatory(5) for each country and adjusted for sex and year of data collection of the studies included in the meta-analyses. The proportion of incarcerated individuals with overweight and obesity was then compared with that of the general population using national data through a risk difference (RD) meta-analysis. The heterogeneity of studies included in the meta-analyses was assessed through I2, and a random or fixed-effect model was fitted accordingly.Overall, 71 studies met the inclusion criteria, and 38 were included in the meta-analysis. Studies in high-income countries reported higher proportions of overweight and obesity (73.3%, CI 73.1, 73.5) compared to upper-middle-income countries (65.9%, CI 64.1, 67.7) and lower-middle-income countries (52.8%, CI 47.1, 58.1). The prevalence of overweight and obesity in female incarcerated individuals was higher than that in the general population (RD 11.7%, CI 9.1, 14.3), especially in low and middle-income countries (RD 35.1%, CI 29.4, 40.7). The prevalence of overweight and obesity in male incarcerated individuals was lower than that in the general population in all income categories (RD -10.8%, CI -13.2, -8.4).Thus, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in incarcerated populations differed between developed and developing countries. Future research on managing overweight and obesity should consider female incarcerated individuals, especially in lower-middle-income countries.PROSPERO registration no CRD42022320861

Identification of the optimal method for measuring left atrium volume as a marker of undetected atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke and high prevalence of overweight

Abstract Introduction Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) is detected in approximately one-third of patients diagnosed with cryptogenic stroke undergoing prolonged ECG monitoring. Several risk factors for AF have been described, including left atrium (LA) enlargement, LA deformation, age, cardiovascular risk factors, and biomarkers as N-pro-BNP and troponin. Specifically, LA enlargement is a direct marker of atrial cardiopathy, which predisposes to AF. However, the methods to calculate LA enlargement vary. While LA biplane volume indexed to body surface area (BSA) remains the standardized method of choice according to current guidelines, it may underestimate the degree of enlargement in overweight patients. Additionally, overweight produces a systemic inflammatory state which is also associated with AF. Purpose The primary objective of the study was to define the best parameter among LA end systolic volume (LAESV), LAESV indexed to BSA (LAESV/BSA), and LAESV indexed to ideal BSA for identifying patients admitted for cryptogenic stroke with undetected paroxysmal AF. The secondary objective was to assess the accuracy of these parameters in both normal-weight and overweight patients. Methods Consecutive patients over 65 years-old diagnosed with cryptogenic stroke in our tertiary hospital were enrolled. All patients underwent 15-days ambulatory ECG monitoring to screen for undetected paroxysmal AF. Clinical, echocardiographic and laboratory data were prospectively collected. Ideal BSA was calculated using the Devine method. The accuracy of LA volume parameters in classifying patients with undetected paroxysmal AF was assessed using the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The analysis was stratified for overweight status (BMI &amp;lt; 25 or BMI ≥ 25). Results A total of 66 patients (Mean age 78.4 ± 7.6 years; 48% male) were included. Of them, 39 (59%) had hypertension, 16 (24%) had diabetes and 39 (59%) were overweight. AF was present in 21 (32%) patients. The mean LAESV, LAESV/BSA, LAESV/ideal BSA were 56.2 ± 23.0 ml, 34.2 ± 12.6 ml/m2, and 34.7 ± 14.1 ml/m2, respectively. Figure 1 illustrates the ROC curves for LA volume parameters in the main cohort and stratified by overweight status. Overall, no relevant differences in AUC were observed among LAESV, LAESV/BSA, LAESV/ideal BSA in each scenario. However, BMI significantly altered the discrimination performance of LA volume measures, which resulted optimal in normal-weight patients (AUC from 0.838 to 0.886) and absent in overweight patients (AUC from 0.838 to 0.521 to 0.564). Conclusions LAESV, LAESV/BSA, LAESV/ideal BSA show similar discrimination performance in identifying undetected AF in patients with cryptogenic stroke. However, the presence of overweight considerably impacts on the predictive value of LA volume parameters in this clinical scenario.ROC curves

The prevalence of overweight among 4-year-olds during and after the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with socioeconomic burden.

To assess the prevalence of overweight among Swedish 4 year olds in 2018, 2020 and 2022, taking socioeconomic variables into account. Aggregated regional data on children's body mass index were collected. The socioeconomic Care Need Index (CNI), foreign background, low education, being a single parent, low income and childhood poverty, were assessed. The differences in overweight, including obesity, were tested for Sweden and for regions. Data were available for 303 843 children, representing 87% of children born in 2014, 2016 and 2018. Overweight or obesity were found in 11 177 (11.4%) of children in 2022, decreasing from 2020 (13.3%, p < 0.001) but at the same level as in 2018. Regional low CNI, low level of foreign background, education and income as well as being a single parent were associated with a higher prevalence of overweight or obesity in all cohorts (p < 0.001). In regions with high levels of childhood poverty, overweight or obesity were more prevalent during (p = 0.009) and after the pandemic (p < 0.001). Three national cohorts demonstrate that the increase in overweight during the COVID-19 pandemic has returned to pre-pandemic levels, but the inequalities in health associated with socioeconomic vulnerability of the regions remained.

Association between Mediterranean diet adherence and dyslipidemia among type-2 diabetes mellitus patients in Dhaka, Bangladesh: a hospital-based study

BackgroundMediterranean diet (MD) adherence is critical for an individual's physical and mental health. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death in Bangladesh and are closely associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) and dyslipidemia. This study aims to determine the level of adherence to the MD among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and identify any association between poor adherence to the MD and dyslipidemia.MethodsThis facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital from March to May 2021. A total of 251 T2DM patients were interviewed. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were carried out using a logistic regression model with SPSS 23 statistical package software.ResultsThe prevalence of dyslipidaemia was 83% among T2DM patients. There was a high prevalence of hypertension (61%), overweight or obesity (57%), cardiovascular problems (30%), kidney disease (19%), and sleep problems (28%). Low adherence to MD was highly prevalent (49%) among participants, and another 28% had medium adherence. Patients with poor MD adherence had higher odds of developing dyslipidaemia (AOR: 2.8, 95% CI 1.18–6.63). Normal-weighted patients had lower odds of developing dyslipidaemia (AOR: 0.40, 95% CI 0.18–0.89) compared to overweight or obese individuals.ConclusionsThere was a relatively low adherence to MD among T2DM patients, which is a significant predictor of dyslipidemia. Therefore, T2DM patients should be more conscious of their dietary habits to control dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases effectively.