High Prevalence Of Malocclusion Research Articles

Influence of Shortened Tongue Frenulum on Tongue Mobility, Speech and Occlusion

(1) Background: The incidence of ankyloglossia is 0.02–10.7%. Its effect on selected dysfunctions has been described; however, no studies report its impact on several disorders in a group of subjects. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of ankyloglossia on swallowing, speech, occlusion and periodontium. (2) Methods: The study group consisted of 86 patients with ankyloglossia, and the control group (n = 86) had a normal tongue frenulum. Type of swallowing, tongue mobility, speech, occlusion and periodontium were assessed. (3) Results: Ankyloglossia pertained to 75.6% patients with infantile swallowing and 41.3% patients with mature swallowing. Limited tongue mobility was found in 29.4% subjects with moderate ankyloglossia and 70.6% subjects with severe ankyloglossia. All subjects with mild ankyloglossia and all the controls had normal tongue mobility. The relationship between dysglossia and ankyloglossia severity was statistically significant. Malocclusion or crowding was diagnosed in 62% subjects with ankyloglossia and 21.6% subjects in the control group. No periodontal abnormalities were found in any subject. (4) Conclusions: (1) A short tongue frenulum negatively influences swallowing and is associated with an “infantile swallowing pattern”. (2) Moderate or severe ankyloglossia significantly limits tongue mobility. (3) A short tongue frenulum negatively influences speech. (4) Ankyloglossia is associated with higher prevalence of malocclusion.

PREVALENCE OF CARIES AND THE NEED FOR URGENT DENTAL TREATMENT AMONG CHILDREN WITH NEUROLOGICAL IMPAIRMENT IN NORTHEASTERN BULGARIA

Introduction: Oral health is extremely important for the quality of life and well-being. Findings reveal that people with special needs have difficulties in getting dental care, which increases their risk of oral diseases. The recommendations for dental examination are identical for patients with and without neurological impairment. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of caries and overall dental health among children with motor and mental disabilities in Northeastern Bulgaria. Methods: A total of 53 children with neurological impairment under the age of 18 were selected from Varna and Ruse from April to October 2017. Data on age, gender, height, weight, caregiver education level were collected. Information on oral hygiene behavior and diet was gathered as well. The 2013 World Health Organization standards for dental caries were used to assess the oral health status. The data were analyzed with the statistical package Jamovi v.2.2.2.0. Results: Children were divided into two groups – with predominantly motor or mental impairment. Both groups had high rates of caries and need for urgent dental treatment with no significant difference observed. The CPITN correlated positively with motor impairment (Spearman's rho= 0.393; p= 0.043). It was discovered that children with motor impairment had a higher prevalence of malocclusion than children with mental impairment (rho= -0.331; p= 0.016). The number of caries correlated as well with the type of occlusion (Spearman's rho=0.378; p=0.005), the dentition type (rho=0.343; p=0.012) and the age (rho= 0.372; p= 0.006). Conclusion: The study findings indicate that both types of neurological impairments were associated with a high frequency of caries and a significant need for urgent dental care. More frequent dental examination is thought to improve oral health. Nevertheless, more studies are required to substantiate this theory.

Dental and maxillofacial manifestations of Steinert's myotonic dystrophy: A retrospective case series and therapeutic investigation

This retrospective study was performed to analyse the facial features and occlusal anomalies in 18 patients with Steinert's myotonic dystrophy (MD1). Medical and surgical management issues noted in this study may contribute to clinical decision-making. This series included 18 patients with MD1 who presented for maxillofacial consultations. For all patients, the following characteristics were assessed: sex, age, intellectual ability, oral condition, initial assessment of the occlusion and facial aspect. In total, 11 of 18 patients underwent surgery (10 achieved occlusion modification, whereas one did not). amongst patients who underwent surgery and achieved occlusion modification, six had stable class I results and four had unstable results or exhibited a slight degradation. Facial muscles play an important role in craniomaxillofacial development and facial aspects. A high prevalence of malocclusions is present in patients with MD1. Orthodontics and orthognathic surgery can improve the quality of life for affected patients. However, the long-term results of these treatments may be disappointing, and relapse can occur in patients with the most severe disease. Aspects of disease to consider while planning for surgery include oral health, risks of instability and relapse, and risks involving anaesthesia.

Upper airways dysmorphology and obstructive sleeping apnea in Down syndrome

Down syndrome (DS) is a complex genetic disorder caused by trisomy of chromosome 21 that alters the development of multiple systems, including craniofacial dysmorphologies. Mandibular hypoplasia, macroglossia and midfacial flatness are associated with higher prevalence of malocclusion and mouth breathing in DS. In this study, we assessed the morphology of the upper airways and tested whether alterations in the size and shape of the upper airways were associated with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), which compromises the quality of life in individuals with DS.To quantify differences in volume and shape of the upper airways, we obtained 3D reconstructions from head magnetic resonances scans in a cross‐sectional sample of 246 adult individuals, including 159 control euploid individuals and 87 individuals diagnosed with DS. Polysomnography tests were available in a subsample of individuals with DS, and AHI Index scores representing the number of apnea and hypopnea events per hour of sleep were used to indicate the severity of sleep apnea.Geometric Morphometric analyses based on the 3D coordinates of 15 anatomical landmarks located on the surface of the upper airways showed significant shape differences between DS and control individuals (P‐value=0.001), involving a retraction of the whole upper airways structure and a change in the angular inclination of the oropharynx region in individuals with DS. Volumetric analyses confirmed a significant 40% reduction in total upper airway volume in DS (P‐value<0.0001). Multivariate regression analysis showed that AHI scores explained 10.1% of upper airways morphological variation in DS, with a significant positive correlation between the shape and volume of the upper airways and the severity of OSA. Our study suggests that morphological biomarkers assessed from non‐invasive magnetic resonance images can be useful in diagnosing OSA, a sleep disturbance with high prevalence in DS that if treated correctly, can improve the quality of life of people with DS and prevent the appearance of early dementia.

Prevalence of malocclusion in early childhood and its associated factors in a primary care service in Brazil.

to evaluate the prevalence of malocclusion and its associated factors of children cared for by a PHC Service in Porto Alegre, Brazil. a cross-sectional study nested in a cohort, carried out in 12 Health Care Practices. Of the 414 children in the cohort examined, 268 were assessed for malocclusion. The presence of anterior open bite, posterior and anterior crossbite was evaluated by the criteria of Foster and Hamilton. Socioeconomic variables, breastfeeding habits and pacifier use information were collected through a standardized questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using a hierarchical approach by Poisson Regression with robust variance. out of the total 268 evaluated, 135 (50.4%) were boys, and the average age was 28.6 (± 11.9) months. Out of the 143 (53.4%) cases of malocclusion, 113 were anterior open bite, 16 were anterior crossbite, 27 were posterior crossbite, and 38 had increased overjet. In the final analysis, it was observed that there was a higher prevalence of malocclusion in children who never breastfed (PR = 1.44; 95%CI 1.00-2.08) and who always used a pacifier to sleep (PR = 1.81; 95%CI 1.14-2.86). the prevalence of malocclusion in this population was high and was associated with behavioral habits, such as the use of pacifier and not breastfeeding.

THE PREVALENCE OF MALOCCLUSIONS IN CHILDREN AGED 6-13 YEARS LIVING IN KYIV AND KYIV REGION

For many years, malocclusions have remained one of the most common dental pathologies in the world. Malocclusions are found in every second child and teenager in the world, and their prevalence does not change depending on the stage of the bite. Having polyetiological causes, malocclusions affect most body systems, which are closely related to the functions of respiration, chewing, swallowing, and speech.
 Our goal was to obtain up-to-date data on the prevalence of malocclusion in children during the period of mixed and early permanent occlusion. In this study, we examined 674 children aged from 6 to 13 years (with the mean age of 9.2).
 The examined patients' occlusion was assessed in three planes: sagittal, vertical, and transverse.
 In the sagittal plane, the occlusion was assessed according to Angle’s classification, children were divided into three groups according to this criterion: class I, class II, class III.
 The overbite was estimated in the vertical plane. Children were divided into three groups: normal group, overbite, open bite.
 The overlap in the lateral areas was estimated in the transverse plane. Children were divided into three groups according to this criterion: normal group, bilateral crossbite, unilateral crossbite.
 In 94.51% of all children aged from 6 to 13 years, living in the city of Kyiv and Kyiv region, there was a malocclusion in one of the three planes, regardless of the gender. Only 5.49% of children did not have a malocclusion.
 Among the total number of children examined, class I was observed in 324 children, class II in 296 children, class III in 54 children. Among all examined children aged from 6 to 13 years, overbite was diagnosed in 57.27% (386 children). The open bite was determined least often, with the incidence rate of 9.64% (65 children) among the examined 674 children. Unilateral crossbite was observed in 58 children (8.61%) among 674 subjects. In most cases, namely, in 43 children (74.14%) out of 58 children, unilateral crossbite was accompanied by the midline displacement. Bilateral crossbite was detected in 163 children (24.18%) among the total number of respondents.
 Bite anomalies in sagittal and vertical planes were observed in 444 children (65.88%), 91 children (13.5%) in the sagittal and transverse planes, 43 children (6.38%) in the vertical and transverse planes, and 59 children (8.75%) in all planes.
 Developing a strategy for early prevention and treatment of malocclusion in children, as well as eliminating bad habits are important factors in combating the growing number of patients with orthodontic pathologies.
 Our data indicate a high prevalence of malocclusion among children and teenagers and the need to review the prevention management and early treatment of children of this age group.

Differences in maturity pattern between mandibular posterior teeth and sagittal skeletal malocclusion

The availability of X-rays in dentistry may help visualize the stage of development of dental maturity. The high prevalence of malocclusion in a population and contradictory research results on dental maturation in each skeletal malocclusion encourage the authors to know the maturity pattern of the posterior mandibular teeth in each skeletal relation and the difference in women and men. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample size of 214 panoramic and cephalometric radiographs from skeletal malocclusion patients based on ANB angle (class I: 73, class II: 75, class III: 56) with an age ranging from 8 to16 years old. Maturation of the second premolar and second molar was assessed using Demirjian method. Statistical analysis used the non-parametric Kruskal Wallis test to show the difference in maturity patterns in each class of skeletal relations and Mann Whitney test to show the difference in females’ and males’ maturity patterns. There were significant differences in females and males dental maturity patterns in which female dental maturation was advanced than male. Differences in each skeletal relationare not significant.

FOXO3 Mediates Tooth Movement by Regulating Force-Induced Osteogenesis

The high prevalence of malocclusion and dentofacial malformations means that the demand for orthodontic treatments has been increasing rapidly. As the biological basis of orthodontic treatment, the mechanism of mechanical force–induced alveolar bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) has become the key scientific issue of orthodontics. It has been demonstrated that bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are crucial for bone remodeling and exhibit mechanical sensing properties. Mechanical force can promote osteoblastic differentiation of BMSCs and osteogenesis, but the key factor that mediates mechanical force–induced osteogenesis during OTM remains unclear. In this study, by performing reverse-phase protein arrays on BMSCs exposed to mechanical force, we found that the expression level of forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) was significantly upregulated during the mechanical force–induced osteoblastic differentiation of BMSCs. The number of FOXO3-positive cells was consistently higher on the OTM side as compared with the control side and accompanied by the enhancement of osteogenesis. Remarkably, inhibiting FOXO3 with repaglinide delayed OTM by severely impairing mechanical force–induced bone formation in vivo. Moreover, knockdown of FOXO3 effectively inhibited the mechanical force–induced osteoblastic differentiation of BMSCs, whereas the overexpression of FOXO3 enhanced this effect. Mechanistically, we revealed a novel regulatory model in which FOXO3 promoted osteocalcin transcription by activating its promoter in cooperation with runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2). We collectively obtained the first evidence that FOXO3 is critical for OTM, where it responds to mechanical force and directly regulates downstream osteoblastic differentiation in an efficient manner.

MALOCCLUSION: MODERN APPROACHES TO DIAGNOSTICS AND TREATMENT

The article presents an overview of modern approaches to the identification and justification of the choice of management tactics for patients with malocclusion and crowding of teeth. The questions of the etiology and pathogenesis of malocclusion that occurred both in early childhood and in older age are highlighted. There is a high prevalence of malocclusion in the population, which creates a number of medical problems (tooth erasability and mobility, changes in the upper-mandibular joint, abnormalities of the biomechanics of the lower jaw), but also a number of aesthetic and psychological problems. The classification of malocclusion anomalies is given. The article describes the currently relevant visualization methods for diagnosing malocclusion, which allow us to assess the severity of changes and adequately select the optimal method of correction, including orthopantomography and telerentgenography. The application of the calculation method is justified, which allows to establish the fact of a lack of space in the dental arch and to identify the need for its increase in case of crowding of teeth. Indications for extraction of teeth for correction of malocclusion have been determined. The factors determining the success of corrective treatment and the stability of the achieved results are listed.

Сomplex of recommendations for prevention of bite disorders in students of Saint Petersburg of the Cadet Housing of the Boarding Bedroom of the Russian Defense Ministry

The article presents data on the analysis of the prevalence of malocclusion and the position of individual teeth among the pupils of the Saint Petersburg Cadet Corps of the Boarding School of pupils of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. During the examination of girls aged 1014 years, in addition to the standard dental examination, the state of the dentition was assessed for the presence of pathology of the closure of the dentition, the position of individual teeth, as well as factors for the development of conditions such as impaired attachment of the frenulum of the lips and tongue, oral breathing, bad habits, parafunction of the tongue, dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint. At the same time, a high prevalence of malocclusion and the position of individual teeth in the surveyed contingent was revealed 93.8%. The analysis of the nature of violations of the closure of the dentition was carried out. Considering that the timely determination of the presence of factors for the development of malocclusion, as well as the pathological types of occlusions, and the position of individual teeth can reduce the time and volume of orthodontic treatment, the prevalence of this pathology was assessed and recommendations were developed in accordance with the severity of the identified pathology. It was noted that about half of the surveyed (47.1 %) have moderately expressed, and a quarter (24.2 %) have severe orthodontic pathology. Based on the analysis of factors predisposing to the development and progression of malocclusion, as well as the need for orthodontic treatment, dynamic observation groups were formed to prevent and treat this pathology. A set of recommendations is proposed that is used in the presence of changes in occlusion and predisposing factors, which allows not only to identify and eliminate their causes in a timely manner, but also to take a differentiated approach to the choice of an algorithm and scope of actions in each specific clinical situation with a given pathology (bibliography: 13 refs).

Prevalencia de maloclusiones y hábitos orales parafuncionales en preescolares de establecimientos municipales de Viña del Mar.

Introduction: Malocclusions are a public health problem at national and global level, being third in the ranking of the most prevalent oral pathologies.Its origin is multifactorial, with dysfunctional oral habits being a risk factor. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of malocclusions and dysfunctional oral habits in students aged between 4 and 6 years in state-run public schools in Viña del Mar, Chile. Material and methods: A prevalence study was carried out in 184 students selected by random cluster sampling. Malocclusions were assessed by clinical examination, while dysfunctional oral habits were assessed by questionnaires and clinical examination. The data were analyzed using Fisher’s exact test, Chi-square test and the PHI correlation coefficient. Results: The prevalence of malocclusions was 54.35% (95% CI [47.04% - 61.47%]), with dental crowding being the most frequent, while prevalence of dysfunctional oral habits was 95.11% (95% CI [90.82% - 97.45%]), led by lingual interposition. In none of the cases statistically significant differences of age, gender or class were noticed. The evidence provided by this study indicates that the presence of malocclusions is independent of the presence of dysfunctional oral habits, except between open bite and interposition of objects, whose magnitude of dependence was minor (0.2). Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of malocclusions and dysfunctional oral habits in preschool children, with dental crowding and lingual interposition being the most frequent, respectively. The presence of malocclusions is independent of the presence of dysfunctional oral habits.

Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among young adults in Jeddah city

OBJECTIVE:To assess the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs in a Saudi sample of Jeddah city.MATERIALS AND METHODS:A cross-sectional (descriptive) study was performed in 2017 among 3016 subjects (1507 females and 1509 males) selected according to stratified random sampling design. The inclusion criteria were Saudi students aged between 14-18 years with no craniofacial deformities or syndromes and no orthodontic treatment carried out. Malocclusion was assessed using the modified Bjork et al. system, and Angle's classification and orthodontic treatment need to be evaluated by using the IOTN (DHC). Descriptive, associations and gender differences were assessed by one-way ANOVA, Chi-square, and Fisher exact tests. Data was analyzed using STATA version 13.0 (StataCorp, College Station, Texas, USA). Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.RESULTS:Approximately 12% of the participants had normal occlusion, 57% had Class I malocclusion, 17% had Class II malocclusion, and 14% had Class III malocclusion. The highest prevalence of malocclusion traits was for displacement, followed by a crossbite. The IOTN results revealed slight need for orthodontic treatment in (n = 795-26%) moderate/borderline in (n = 1166-39%), and great need in (n = 1055-35%). Class II and III malocclusion, OJ, reverse overjet, scissor bite, open bite, midline discrepancies, and crowding were significantly higher in males than females (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION:Overall, there was a high prevalence of malocclusion and high orthodontic treatment need. The most common malocclusion was Class I. The most common orthodontic treatment need was moderate to borderline.

Pattern of malocclusion and caries experience in unrepaired cleft lip and palate patients in Enugu.

Clefts are common birth defects, usually accompanied by various malformations that include malocclusions, and may be associated with tooth decay. The aim of this study was to assess the malocclusion and caries status of the patients with unrepaired clefts who presented at the National Orthopaedic Hospital Enugu. A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted among patients with unrepaired cleft lip and/or palate that presented at the National Orthopaedic Hospital, Enugu between January 2009 and December 2011. Detailed records of 140 patients with cleft deformities who presented to the hospital within the study period were analyzed for the cleft pattern, whereas those patients above 6 years of age (52 patients) were analyzed for malocclusion using the Angle's classification of malocclusion. Assessment for dental caries according to WHO guidelines was made for all the patients. There were 74 males and 66 females. Cleft lip with or without alveolus involvement had equal prevalence (47.1%) (66 patients) with combined cleft lip and palate; eight patients had isolated cleft palate (4.71%). Angle's class 1 malocclusion was statistically significantly higher than other classes (P = 0.000). Class I malocclusion was seen in 38 patients (73.1%), whereas class 111 was seen in 8 patients (15.4%) and class 11 in 6 patients (11.5%). Eight patients (100%) who developed class 111 malocclusion all had a hard palatal defect. Proclining of maxillary anterior teeth (increased overjet) was the most common orthodontic anomalies, reported in 25 patients (48.1%) (P = 0.002). Caries prevalence of 12.9% was observed in this study. Caries experience was statistically significantly higher in deciduous than permanent teeth (P = 0.002). The high prevalence of malocclusion in these cleft patients emphasizes the need for an interdisciplinary team approach and early inclusion of dental care especially oral hygiene to prevent tooth decays.

Comparative Evaluation of BMI, Dental Age, Salivary Alkaline Phosphatase Levels, and Oral Health Status in Children with β Thalassemia Major.

ABSTRACTPurposeThalassemia poses clear systemic and oral health problems. Clinicians must be aware of various dental treatment needs in these patients. This study was undertaken to assess body mass index (BMI), dental age, salivary alkaline phosphatase levels, malocclusion, and treatment needs in children with β thalassemia major.Materials and methodsA total of 100 children within the age group of 2–15 years (50 thalassemic and 50 healthy controls) were included. Dental age, oral health status, malocclusion, and intervention urgency index was recorded. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected to assess the salivary alkaline phosphatase levels. The recorded data were statistically analyzed.ResultsA significantly greater number of thalassemia children were found to be in the underweight category. A significantly high OHI-S scores and low gingival index scores were observed in thalassemia children. Salivary alkaline phosphatase levels were significantly low in thalassemia children compared to the control group. Intervention urgency index scores were significantly high in thalassemia group of children.ConclusionThalassemia children had low BMI, gingival index scores, salivary alkaline phosphatase levels and higher prevalence of malocclusion, and high OHI-S index scores compared to the healthy control group. Intervention urgency index scores revealed greater dental treatment needs in children with thalassemia.How to cite this articleRani ST, Reddy ER, et al. Comparative Evaluation of BMI, Dental Age, Salivary Alkaline Phosphatase Levels, and Oral Health Status in Children with β Thalassemia Major. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(4):303–306.

The prevalence of malocclusion among 10–12-year-old schoolchildren in Khammam district, Telangana: An epidemiological study

Aim: The study aimed to determine the prevalence of malocclusion among 10–12-year-old school-going children in Khammam district of Telangana state. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 2550 schoolchildren aged 10–12 years old in the Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Mamata Dental College and Hospital, Khammam, Telangana, India, to assess the prevalence of malocclusion. An oral examination was conducted by a single trained examiner using a mouth mirror and probe. Occlusal characteristics such as molar relation, overjet, overbite, open bite, crossbite, midline deviations, midline diastema, and rotation were recorded. The data were tabulated and analyzed using the Chi-square test. Results: The results revealed that the overall prevalence of malocclusion was 76.6%. Of this, 65.9% of the children had Angle's Class I malocclusion, 9.25% had Class II malocclusion, and 1.37% had Class III malocclusion. About 15.4% showed an increased overjet (>3 mm), 0.2% had reverse overjet, 43.6% had increased overbite (>3 mm), 2% had open bite, 14.01% had crossbite, 46.23% had deviation of midline, 2.07% had midline diastema, and 2.98% had rotated tooth. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of malocclusion among schoolchildren in Khammam district of Telangana. Problems of a functional nature that arise from these morphological changes may become more complex skeletal problems in future with serious psychosocial consequences for the developing individual.

Epidemiological pattern of malocclusion in Brazilian preschoolers.

This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and distribution profile of malocclusion in Brazilian preschoolers and its association with macro-region, housing, gender, and self-reported race. In total, 6,855 children aged five years participating in the National Oral Health Survey (called SB Brasil 2010) were analyzed. Malocclusion was diagnosed according to the Foster and Hamilton index. We conducted descriptive, bivariate and multiple regression analyses (PR/CI95%). We identified that 63.2% of children had at least one of the occlusal problems evaluated: canines' key (22.9%), overjet (32.9%), overbite (34.6%), and posterior crossbite (18.7%) and, thus, were considered with malocclusion. Higher probability of the presence of malocclusion was identified among the residents of the Midwest (1.08/95%CI 1.01-1.15), Northeast (1.21/95%CI 1.14-1.28), Southeast (1.27/95%CI 1.20-1.34) and South (1.34/95%CI 1.26-1.42) regions when compared to residents in the North. It was also higher among female children (1.06/95% CI 1.02-1.09). No associations were identified concerning race and location of the municipality (capital/no capital). A high prevalence of malocclusion was identified in Brazilian preschoolers, and it was associated with gender and the macro-region. These findings may contribute to expanded public policies and greater access to treatment for this population.

Mouth breathing in children and its impact in dental malocclusion: a systematic review of observational studies.

Mouth breathing in childhood can compromise the dental occlusion and, consequently, the functions performed by the stomatognathic system. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate which is the highest prevalence of dental malocclusion in mouth breathing children. Bibliographic searches of observational studies were performed in five electronic databases (PubMed, LILACS, SciELO, Scopus and Open Grey) without language restriction, from 2007 to 2014. Were selected cross-sectional or longitudinal studies of the past seven years that described the prevalence of malocclusions of Angle Class I and Class II, division 1. After the selection, the studies were evaluated for their methodological quality. Subsequently, the description of the selected articles was made. From 125 records, seven articles were selected (5.6%), with a majority of Brazilian authors (71.43%). There seems to be a higher prevalence of malocclusion in mouth breathers when related to gender. The prevalence of malocclusion of Angle Class II, division 1, was higher than Class I malocclusion in mouth breathers, according to most studies in the sample. Interdisciplinary and controlled studies deserve more attention from researchers of the area, given the need for researches with greater methodological strength. Considering the results, the prevalence of malocclusion of Angle Class II, division 1 tends to be higher than Class I malocclusion in mouth breathing children.

Relationship between dental malocclusion with parent’s educational status

Objective: To determine the relationship between prevalence of malocclusion in children and parents educational status. Methods: A total of 2000 Saudi male and female subjects between the ages 12-16 years were selected randomly from secondary schools within Aseer region. Subjects presenting with identified systemic diseases were excluded from the study and were examined for malocclusion using a standard orthodontic assessment form. SPSS software, version 14.0, has been used to analyse the statistics of data thus collected. Results: The prevalence of malocclusion for children of parents with post-doctoral degrees was lowest at 76.6%. Parents with master’s degree show a slightly higher prevalence of malocclusion among their children at 4% and 8% in children of parents with only primary education. The highest prevalence of malocclusion was noted in subjects of the parents with Bachelor’s degrees (at 48%) and with secondary level education at 25%. Conclusion: The study shows that parents with higher levels of education have protective effect on their child’s occlusion probably due to better access to resources and higher level of motivation to interrupt habits which affected the child’s oral health. Further research involving larger sample size and distribution involving multiple co variables should be done to explore the potential role of various risk factors of malocclusion.

Malocclusion and Craniofacial Characteristics in Saudi Adolescents with Sickle Cell Disease.

Background:Sickle cell disease can result in dentofacial abnormalities. However, in Saudi Arabia, there are limited data with respect to orthodontic manifestations in patients with sickle cell disease.Objective:To determine the malocclusion and craniofacial characteristics in sickle cell disease adolescents and compare them with that of controls from the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.Methods:This comparative cross-sectional study included 112 Saudi patients with sickle cell disease, aged 12–18 years, and 124 age-matched Saudi controls from three major hospitals in Al Khobar and Dammam, Saudi Arabia. The Dental Aesthetic Index was used to assess malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs. Digital lateral cephalometric radiographs were recorded for each patient and control, and its analysis included linear and angular measurements.Results:The prevalence of malocclusion was 87.5% in sickle cell disease patients and 54% in controls (P = 0.0001). The percentage of sickle cell disease patients with severe malocclusion that required orthodontic treatment was higher than that of controls (37.5% vs. 26.6%). In the sickle cell disease cohort, incisal segment crowding (72.4%), overjet (67.3%) and maxillary misalignment in the anterior segment (56%) were the most prevalent types of malocclusions and were significantly higher than that of controls (P < 0.05). About 38% and 67% of the sickle cell disease patients had openbite and posterior crossbite, respectively, compared with 19.3% (P = 0.001) and 37.1% (P = 0.0001) of controls, respectively. Cephalometric analysis showed that SNA (86.7°) and ANB (9.9°) angles were significantly higher in sickle cell disease patients than in controls (81.5° and 2°, respectively). In addition, lower central incisor-to-Frankfort horizontal plane (55°) and interincisal angles (121.5°) were significantly lower in sickle cell disease patients than in controls.Conclusion:Adolescents with sickle cell disease had a higher prevalence of malocclusion and greater orthodontic treatment needs than controls. Similarly, they had greater incisal crowding, overjet, openbite and posterior crossbite and demonstrated higher SNA, ANB and lower interincisal angles than controls. The findings of this study suggest that adolescents with sickle cell disease should be provided frequent dental examinations and early orthodontic treatment to improve their oral health, and thus quality of life.

Normative need for orthodontic treatment and perception of the need for such treatment among Brazilian adolescents

ABSTRACTObjective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the normative need for orthodontic treatment and the perception of such need among students aged 11-14 years. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 346 students, randomly selected from public and private schools. The Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) was used to evaluate the normative need for orthodontic treatment (NNOT). The perceived need for treatment among students was assessed by a previously validated questionnaire. Data was analyzed by Pearson’s Chi-squared test (α = 5%). Results: The prevalence of malocclusion and NNOT was 65.6%. Of the sample, 73.7% felt they needed treatment, 66.2% wanted orthodontic treatment and 62.7% were satisfied with their dental aesthetics. A statistically significant association was observed between NNOT and the perception of the need for treatment among the students (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The present study demonstrated a high prevalence of malocclusion, which was reflected in the high normative need for orthodontic treatment. The opinion of patients regarding their expectations of orthodontic treatment should be valued. The students perceived a need for orthodontic treatment.