High Prevalence Of Cancer Research Articles

Primary sclerosing cholangitis and pancreatic cancer: A retrospective cohort study of United States veterans.

This retrospective study used International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes to identify patients with PSC, IBD, and pancreatic cancer from the Veterans Affairs (VA) Corporate Data Warehouse. The prevalence of pancreatic cancer in patients with PSC only, IBD only, PSC with IBD, and neither PSC nor IBD were compared. Logistic regression was used to control for age, gender, chronic pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus, and tobacco and alcohol use. A total of 946 patients with PSC were identified from a population of over 9 million veterans. 486 (51.4%) of these had concurrent IBD. Additionally 112,653 patients with IBD without PSC were identified. When adjusted for confounding factors, patients with PSC had a significantly higher prevalence of pancreatic cancer compared to the general population and those with IBD without PSC (2.4% vs. 0.2% and 0.5%, respectively). Veterans with PSC, particularly those without concomitant IBD, have a high prevalence of pancreatic cancer compared to the general veteran population. Our findings support the need for multicenter prospective studies investigating the benefits of screening for pancreatic cancer in patients with PSC.

Knowledge, misinformation, stigma, and disclosure hesitancy among women receiving curative treatment for cervical cancer at a tertiary hospital in South Africa

The high prevalence and burden of cervical cancer in low- and middle-income countries have spurred much research into preventing and screening for the disease. However, little research has focussed on the experience of living with the disease and undergoing treatment in South Africa. Our aim was to explore knowledge, misinformation, stigma, and disclosure hesitancy among women receiving curative treatment for cervical cancer at a tertiary hospital in South Africa. We conducted semistructured interviews with 15 women who completed curative treatment for cervical cancer at an academic hospital in South Africa. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analysed using thematic analysis. In this article, we describe participants’ knowledge and understanding of cervical cancer, their experience of misinformation and stigma and hesitancy to disclose their illness to others. Participants reported little knowledge about cervical cancer. They reported many sources of misinformation, such as family members and even medical professionals, which at times contributed to delays in seeking diagnosis and treatment. Furthermore, participants reported feeling stigma associated with their diagnosis. We highlight the central role that communication can play in increasing knowledge, reducing stigma and misinformation, and facilitating disclosure among women with cervical cancer. We include recommendations for health care practitioners and researchers.

Relationship Between Serum 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Level and Breast Cancer Prognostic Factors

Vitamin D deficiency plays an important role in the development of various diseases, including cancer. Regarding the high prevalence of breast cancer and vitamin D deficiency in Iran, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between vitamin D deficiencies and prognostic factors in breast cancer. This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was performed from March 2015 to March 2017 at Imam Reza hospital in Kermanshah city, Iran. 145 breast cancer patients with pathologic confirmation and before the neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatments were included by simple and convenient sampling. Serum 25(OH) D levels were measured in all patients before receiving treatment. The collected data were analyzed by using SPSS software (version. 20), and the relationship between the levels of 25(OH) D and the studied factors was assessed by inferential statistical tests in each group. The results showed that there was a statistically significant direct relationship between serum vitamin D levels and some factors, including age, ER, and PR, but a significant inverse relationship was observed between serum vitamin D levels and the level of ki67 and metastasis. There was no statistically significant relationship between the mean serum level of vitamin D and tumor grade and P53 receptor, but high levels of vitamin D were associated with low-grade tumors and P53 negativity. According to the findings, lower levels of vitamin D can be associated with higher levels of ki67 and P53, higher-grade breast cancer, a higher rate of metastases, as well as lower percentage of hormone receptor positivity.

A nationwide pilot study on breast cancer screening in Peru.

A high prevalence of advanced breast cancer (BC) is a common scenario in Latin America. In Peru, the frequency of BC at Stages III/IV is ≈50% despite implementation of a programme for breast cancer screening (BCS) along the country. We carried out a study to assess the feasibility and develop an instrument to evaluate the knowledge, barriers and perception about BCS in a nationwide pilot study in Peru among candidates for BCS. We conducted a systematic review of 2,558 reports indexed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Medline-Ovid and EMBASE, regarding to our study theme. In total, 111 were selected and a 51-items survey was developed (eight items about sociodemographic characteristics). Patients were recruited in public hospitals or private clinics, in rural and urban areas of nine departments of Peru. We surveyed 488 women from: Lima (150), Cajamarca (93), Ica (59), Arequipa (56), Loreto (48), Ancash (38), Junín (15), Puerto Maldonado (15) and Huancavelica (14); 27.9% of them were from rural areas. The mean of age was 53.3 years (standard deviation ± 9.1). Regarding education level, 29.8% had primary, 33.2% secondary and 37.0% higher education. In total, 28.7% of women did not know the term 'mammogram' and 47.1% reported never receiving a BCS (36.9% from urban and 73.5% from rural population). In women that underwent BCS, only 67% knew it is for healthy women. In total, 54.1% of patients had low levels of knowledge about risk factors for BC (i.e. 87.5% of women respond that injuries in the breast produce cancer). Cultural, economic and geographic barriers were significantly associated with having a mammogram where 56.9% of participants considered a cost ≤ 7 USD as appropriate. Mammogram was perceived as too painful for 54.9% of women. In addition, women with a self-perception of low-risk for BC and a fatalistic perception of cancer were less likely to have a BCS. We found that it is feasible to conduct a large-scale study in Peru. The results of this pilot study highlight an urgent need of extensive education and awareness about BCS in Peru.

Cancer-associated stroke: a study of prevalence and predictors among ischaemic stroke patients

The association between cancer and stroke is well documented and entails a worse prognosis for both pathologies. However, the prevalence of active and occult cancer among stroke patients is not sufficiently established, and neither are the predictors of cancer-associated stroke. Their knowledge is important for better identification and optimisation of the treatment of these patients. The aim of this retrospective study is to analyse the characteristics of ischaemic stroke in patients with and without active cancer in a sample of patients admitted to a stroke unit for two years. An overall descriptive and case-control analysis is performed to assess the differences between the two groups. In a sample of 616 patients with ischaemic stroke, a prevalence of cancer was found to be 19.2%, which was active (prior or diagnosed after the stroke) in 7.5% of them. Active cancer was associated with the finding of lesions in several vascular territories, lower haemoglobin and haematocrit values, and higher fibrinogen and C-reactive protein values, a tendency to worse functional status and higher mortality at three months. A high prevalence of systemic cancer, of any type, as well as active and occult, was found among patients with ischaemic stroke. The presence of ischaemic lesions in several vascular territories and some laboratory markers could be factors to consider in attributing the stroke to cancer or looking for an occult neoplasm in some patients.

The impact of breast cancer on social cognition in female Colombian patients

BackgroundThe high prevalence of female breast cancer is a global health concern. Breast cancer and its treatments have been associated with impairments in general cognition, as well as structural and functional brain changes. Considering the social challenges that some of these patients face, it is important to understand the socio-emotional effects of breast cancer as well. Nevertheless, the impact of breast cancer on social cognition has remained underexplored. The objective of this study was to assess social cognition domains and other relevant cognitive and emotional variables (executive functions, anxiety, or depression) in females with breast cancer.MethodsThe participants were 29 female patients diagnosed with breast cancer and 29 female healthy controls. We assessed emotion recognition, theory of mind, empathy, and moral emotions. We also included measures of general cognitive functioning, quality of life, anxiety, and depression. Linear multiple regressions were performed to assess whether the group (patients or controls), GAD-7 scores, emotional and social subscales of EORTC QLQ-C30, and IFS scores predicted the social cognition variables (EET, RMET, MSAT).ResultsPatients with breast cancer showed impairments in emotion recognition and in affective theory of mind. In addition, patients had lower scores in some executive functions. Only theory of mind between group differences remained significant after Bonferroni correction. Emotion recognition was associated with executive functioning, but anxiety levels were not a significant predictor of the changes in social cognition.ConclusionsSocial cognition impairments, especially in theory of mind, may be present in breast cancer, which can be relevant to understanding the social challenges that these patients encounter. This could indicate the need for therapeutic interventions to preserve social cognition skills in patients with breast cancer.

Zinc in Prostate Health and Disease: A Mini Review.

Introduction-With the high global prevalence of prostate cancer and associated mortalities, it is important to enhance current clinical practices for better prostate cancer outcomes. The current review is towards understanding the value of Zn towards this mission. Method-General information on Zn in biology and multiple aspects of Zn involvement in prostate health and disease were referred to in PubMed. Results-The most influential feature of Zn towards prostate health is its ability to retain sufficient citrate levels for a healthy prostate. Zn deficiencies were recorded in serum, hair, and prostate tissue of men with prostate cancer compared to non-cancer controls. Zn gut absorption, albumin binding, and storage compete with various factors. There are multiple associations of Zn cellular influx and efflux transporters, Zn finger proteins, matrix metalloproteinases, and Zn signaling with prostate cancer outcomes. Such Zn marker variations associated with prostate cancer recorded from biological matrices may improve algorithms for prostate cancer screening, prognosis, and management when coupled with standard clinical practices. Discussion-The influence of Zn in prostatic health and disease is multidimensional, therefore more personalized Zn requirements may be beneficial. Several opportunities exist to utilize and improve understanding of Zn associations with prostate health and disease.

Synthesize of Bi2O3/Gln-TSC nanoparticles and evaluation of their toxicity on prostate cancer cells and expression of CASP8, BAX, and Bcl-2 genes.

Due to the high prevalence and considerable increase of prostate cancer, finding novel therapeutic compounds for the treatment of prostatic cancer has been the goal of many researches. In this study, we aimed to fabricate the Bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) NPs, functionalized with glutamine (Gln) and conjugated with Thiosemicarbazide (TSC). Then, the anticancer mechanism of the synthesized NPs was investigated using the cellular and molecular tests including MTT assay, Flow cytometry, Caspase-3 activity assay, Hoechst staining and Real Time PCR. The FT-IR and XRD assays confirmed the identity of the synthesized Bi2O3/Gln-TSC NPs. The size range of the synthesized spherical particles was 10-60nm and the zeta potential was -23.8mV. The purity of the NPs was confirmed by EDX-mapping analysis. The Bi2O3/Gln-TSC was considerably more toxic for prostate cancer cells than normal human cells and the IC50 was calculated 35.4 and 305µg/mL, respectively. The exposure to the NPs significantly increased the frequency of apoptotic cells from 4.7 to 75.3%. Moreover, the expression of the CASP8, BAX, and Bcl-2 genes after exposure to the NPs increased by 2.8, 2.3, and 1.39 folds. Treating the cancer cells with Bi2O3/Gln-TSC increased the activity of the Caspase-3 protein and apoptotic morphological features were observed by Hoechst staining in the treated cells. This work showed that Bi2O3/Gln-TSC has considerable cytotoxicity for prostate cancer cells and could inducing both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis.

Superficial radiation therapy for nonmelanoma skin cancer: A review

AbstractBackgroundThe high prevalence of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) has become a global health‐care burden. Various modalities have been established to treat NMSC, with surgery being the mainstay approach. Superficial radiation therapy (SRT) has been in use for over a century to treat various conditions. Recent discussion among the dermatological community has promoted the use of SRT for the treatment of NMSC.Materials and MethodsA literature search was conducted using electronic databases (Medline, Pubmed, Embase, CINAHL, EBSCO) and textbooks, in addition to the authors' clinical experience with SRT.ResultsMultiple retrospective medical record reviews have deemed SRT to be highly effective and associated with minimal side effects. Moreover, SRT yields superior cosmetic results. Over the past decade, SRT has become a mainstay of dermatologist treatment of NMSC due to the new technological advances of the devices. These advances include improved controllability, precision in delivery, additional safety precautions, and have sparked a resurgence in research and clinical evidence on SRT. Most recent data have revealed that the NMSC cure rate is about 93%–100% with excellent 5‐year follow‐up data. Image‐guided SRT using ultrasound guidance may additionally improve cure rates in the future.ConclusionSRT has shown to be an effective option for NMSC. It can also be effectively used in the management of keloids. The limitations across most studies encompass localized patient selection and a predominance of retrospective reviews in the literature. Additional research is warranted to further support SRT's efficacy in clinical practice.

Epidemiology of Different Types of Cancer in District Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan

Aim: Cancer incidence are rising but its prevalence in District Dera Ghazi is not available on government or private level. Therefore, it is difficult to deal with cancer about its statistics and specific type prevalence. Our study was aimed to find the prevalence of cancer in various tehsils of Dera Ghazi Khan District, along with its trend from 2015 to 2021. Method:This was a cross-sectional study, conducted on cancer prevalence in three tehsils of Dera Ghazi Khan includes; DG Khan, Taunsa and Tribal area. A self-made questionnaire was used to assess the cancer prevalence in the form of;gender discrimination, prominent cancer types, number of death per year, number of cancer cases in various tehsils and number of live cancer patients and individuals survived. Results:Total 817 cancer patients were included in this study, 415 belong to Tribal area tehsil. Total 350 female cancer patients were reported in this study, 173 were affected by breast cancer and mostly of them belong to urban area. Breast, blood, liver, throat and stomach cancers were most prevalent in district. Highest proportion of cancer affected individuals were aged between 25 to 65 years. Cancer death rate was found to be in increasing order from 2015 (68) to 2020 (116). 2021 was recorded with 109 deaths. 157 cancer patients were under treatment and only 18 patients could have recovered from cancer in last 5 years. Conclusion:Cancer was highly prevalent in DG Khan especially in tribal area. Reason for high cancer prevalence might be presence of radioactive elements in environment, illiteracy and unavailability of cancer treatment and early diagnose center in DG Khan District. Keywords: Liver Cancer; Epidemiology; DG Khan; Breast Cancer; Colorectal Cancer

Von Willebrand factor and cancer: Another piece of the puzzle

Von Willebrand factor and cancer: Another piece of the puzzle

Health Education in Preventing Breast Cancer among Rural Women of Pakistan: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Background: Breast Carcinoma (BC) is the most prevalent cancer among females of Pakistan. Pakistan is a low-middle-income country and breast self-examination (BSE) is an inexpensive and feasible method for early detection of any changes in breast tissue. Our study aimed to empower the rural women to be self-aware and self-detect initial stage of possible breast cancer and enable them to seeking healthcare on time. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with women given health education about breast self-examination in rural settings of Islamabad, Pakistan. The pre and post intervention difference in knowledge and practices were tested through paired t-test. Results: During the pre-test, the knowledge (16.4%) and practice (16.7%) of BSE in women was low. Following intervention during the post-test, the knowledge of women about BSE increased to 99.4%, (t=21.585, p=0.000) and 56.7%, (t=11.613, p=0.000) of them practiced BSE in the previous month. Conclusion: In a country with high burden of breast cancer, women residing in rural areas and under low income quintile, breast self-examination can prove an effective strategy in addressing high prevalence of breast cancer among Pakistani females.

BK and JC polyomaviruses and risk of urothelial bladder carcinoma: a preliminary study in the northern shores of Persian Gulf, Iran

BackgroundBladder cancer is a challenging public health concern in South of Iran because of its high prevalence and the related medical expenses. Although the exact etiology of bladder cancer remains unknown, given the cell transforming ability and oncogenic potential of the members of Polyomaviridae families, this study was conducted to evaluate the magnitude of BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) and John Cunningham polyomavirus (JCPyV) among patients with bladder cancer residents in the northern shores of the Persian Gulf, South of Iran.MethodsTotally 211 patients with bladder cancer were enrolled in this study. Bladder biopsy samples of these patients and patients with interstitial cystitis as well as autoptic samples of healthy bladder were tested for detection of BKPyV and JCPyV by semi-nested PCR–RFLP followed by sequencing.ResultsBKPyV and JCPyV were detected in 1.7% and 6.1% of bladder cancer samples, respectively. These samples were infected with JCPyV genotypes 2, 3 and 6 and BKPyV genotypes I and IV. BKPyV and JCPyV coinfection was detected in 2 samples. Moreover, one of the healthy bladder samples was positive for BKPyV, and one of the interstitial cystitis samples was positive for JCPyV. Although the majority of infected patients were in the age group 70–79 years, male, residents in Tangestan, stage Ta–T1, and low-grade and high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma, the prevalence of BKPyV and JCPyV among patients with bladder cancer was not statistically associated with age, gender, place of residency, and stage and grade of the tumor.ConclusionDespite identifying BKPyV and JCPyV in a number of bladder cancer biopsy specimens and the high prevalence of bladder cancer among people resident in South of Iran, it is suggested that these viruses are unlikely to be effective causative factors in bladder carcinogenesis in this region. Therefore, environmental risk factors and genetic backgrounds may have a more prominent role than human polyomaviruses in the development of bladder cancer in South of Iran.

Interval Advanced Gastric Cancer After Negative Endoscopy

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is effective in reducing gastric cancer mortality through detection of early-stage cancer in areas with a high prevalence of gastric cancer. Although the risk of post-endoscopy advanced gastric cancer (AGC) is low, interval AGC remains a concern. We investigated the characteristics and predictors of interval AGC after negative EGD. We included 1257 patients with gastric cancer within 6 to 36 months of a "cancer-negative" index EGD between 2005 and 2021 at a tertiary university hospital in South Korea. Observation time on the index EGD was used as a quality indicator. We compared the clinical and endoscopic characteristics and quality indicators between interval AGC and screen-detected early gastric cancer (EGC). Within 6 to 36 months of negative EGD, 102 AGCs (8.1%) and 1155 EGCs (91.9%) were identified. The percentage of patients with shorter observation time (<3 minutes) in the index EGD was higher in the interval AGC group than in the detected EGC group (P= .002). A multivariable analysis comparing screen-detected EGD and interval AGC was adjusted for age, sex, family history of gastric cancer, H.pylori status, endoscopic findings, and endoscopy-related factors including gastric observation time and interval time. A shorter observation time (<3 minutes) (odds ratio, 2.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.20-4.30), and interval time >2 years (odds ratio, 1.84; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-3.24) were associated with an increased risk of interval AGC. A shorter observation time during index EGD is an important predictor of interval AGC. Further, withdrawal time longer than 3 minutes may be a quality indicator for screening EGD.

Parental Acceptance of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination in Districts with High Prevalence of Cervical Cancer in West Java, Indonesia.

BackgroundCervical cancer is the second-highest cause of death in women with cancer, which is mostly caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, specifically HPV 16 and 18. Next to Pap smear and visual inspection with acetic acid, HPV vaccination is highly recommended to support preventive measures.ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine parental acceptance of HPV vaccination in districts with high prevalence of cervical cancer and different levels of household income in West Java, Indonesia by taking several factors into account.MethodsA questionnaire was delivered to 286 parents who met the major inclusion criteria of having daughters at 5th or 6th grade of elementary schools in three selected districts: Bandung, Purwakarta and Karawang. In particular, logistic regression analysis was applied to investigate the correlation of acceptance towards HPV vaccination with sociodemographic factors.ResultsRespondents in Bandung, Purwakarta and Karawang were willing to pay for HPV vaccine at a price range of US$ 1.38–20.69, US$ 0.07–34.48, and US$ 1.38–6.90, respectively. In addition, respondents’ spouse was the key person influencing their decision to vaccinate their children.ConclusionEducation level and health beliefs toward cervical cancer have significant correlation (p-value <0.05) with acceptance towards HPV vaccination.

Recommendations for Gastric Cancer Screening in Korean Americans

In the United States, Korean Americans have the highest incidence rate of gastric cancer and have a five times higher risk than non-Hispanic Whites. Early detection is important for cancer treatment and survival. In countries where there is a high prevalence of gastric cancer, such as Korea and Japan, national screening programs have been implemented. In the United States, immigrants of countries like Korea and Japan continue to have many of the same risk factors as in their home country. However, recommendations for gastric cancer screening in the United States are lacking, even for these high-risk populations. We conducted a literature search of relevant information to identify appropriate screening measures and criteria for gastric cancer screening for Korean Americans. Based on the data from the Korean national screening program, the proportion of gastric cancers diagnosed at an earlier stage increased significantly. Furthermore, endoscopic screening was associated with a decrease of about 50% in gastric cancer death risk for those between 40 and 74 years old. Therefore, there is a similar need for screening for Korean Americans who have a similar diet and lifestyle as native Koreans. By increasing early detection, routine screening via endoscopy in high-risk Korean Americans may have a significant impact on decreasing the morbidity and mortality associated with gastric cancer, as seen in the Korean studies.

Immunohistochemical Markers for Distinguishing Metastatic Breast Carcinoma from Other Common Malignancies: Update and Revisit.

Due to the high prevalence of breast cancer in the female, a metastasis from primary breast cancer is usually considered in the differential diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma in the female patient, even for those without a history of breast cancer, as some breast cancers are first diagnosed as metastases. Immunohistochemical analysis for breast cancer markers is the most common way to determine breast cancer origin besides clinical history and histology. In this review, we (1) summarize the commonly used and the newly identified breast cancer markers, including GCDFP-15, mammaglobin, GATA3, SOX10, and TRPS1; (2) point out the strengths and weaknesses of using these markers for breast cancers with luminal/epithelial or basal/myoepithelial differentiation; and (3) recommend diagnostic panels to differentiate breast carcinoma from carcinoma with similar morphology of other origins.

Methylation pattern of caveolin-1 in prostate cancer as potential cfDNA biomarker.

High prevalence and mortality of prostate cancer (PCa) are well known global health issues. Novel biomarkers for better identifying patients with PCa are the subject of extensive research. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) shows low specificity in screening and diagnostics, leading to unnecessary biopsies and health costs. Eighty patients with PCa and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) were included in the study. We analyzed CAV1 gene expression and methylation in tissue. CAV1 cfDNA methylation from blood and seminal plasma was accessed as a potential PCa biomarker. Although methylation in blood plasma did not differ between PCa and BPH patients, methylation in seminal plasma showed better PCa biomarker performances than tPSA (AUC 0.63 vs. AUC 0.52). Discrimination of BPH and Gleason grade group 1 PCa patients from patients with higher Gleason grade groups revealed very good performance as well (AUC 0.72). CAV1 methylation is useful biomarker with potential for further seminal plasma cfDNA research, but its diagnostic accuracy should be improved, as well as general knowledge about cfDNA in seminal plasma.

Nanomedicine and versatile therapies for cancer treatment.

The higher prevalence of cancer is related to high rates of mortality and morbidity worldwide. By virtue of the properties of matter at the nanoscale, nanomedicine is proven to be a powerful tool to develop innovative drug carriers with greater efficacies and fewer side effects than conventional therapies. In this review, different nanocarriers for controlled drug release and their routes of administration have been discussed in detail, especially for cancer treatment. Special emphasis has been given on the design of drug delivery vehicles for sustained release and specific application methods for targeted delivery to the affected areas. Different polymeric vehicles designed for the delivery of chemotherapeutics have been discussed, including graft copolymers, liposomes, hydrogels, dendrimers, micelles, and nanoparticles. Furthermore, the effect of dimensional properties on chemotherapy is vividly described. Another integral section of the review focuses on the modes of administration of nanomedicines and emerging therapies, such as photothermal, photodynamic, immunotherapy, chemodynamic, and gas therapy, for cancer treatment. The properties, therapeutic value, advantages, and limitations of these nanomedicines are highlighted, with a focus on their increased performance versus conventional molecular anticancer therapies.

Challanges of Meeting the Palliative Care Needs of Colorectal Cancer patients in Iran: A Qualitative Research.

Background:Despite the high prevalence of Colorectal Cancer (CRC) in Iran and the need to pay more attention to the Palliative Care (PC) needs of patients with this disease, a few studies have previously examined the PC needs of them by gaining the patients', family members', and treatment team's views. This study aimed to investigate the challenges in the way of meeting the PC needs of CRC patients.Materials and Methods:This study was a qualitative content analysis study conducted on 43 participants (including 15 patients, 20 health care providers, and eight family members) through purposive sampling and semi-structured individual interviews in Omid Educational and Medical Center and Iranian Cancer “Control Center (MACSA) in Isfahan from May 2020 to December 2021. Data analysis was performed simultaneously with data collection using conventional qualitative content analysis with the Graneheim and Lundman approach. In order to assess the trustworthiness of the obtained data, credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability criteria were used.Results:Data analysis led to the production of 615 primary codes, 16 sub-categories, and five main categories. These five main categories included “Lack of facilities and equipment”, “Lack of quality of services provided by the treatment team”, “Insufficient financial support to the patient and family”, “Insufficient psychological and emotional support from the patient and family”, and “Inefficiency of the patient and community awareness process”.Conclusions:To improve the quality of care and increase patients’ satisfaction with the provided services, it is recommended that policymakers should meet the challenges of the PC.