High Pressure Loss Research Articles

Conjugate Heat Transfer Study of Innovative Pin-Fin Cooling Configuration

The Paper involves experimental and numerical heat transfer analyses of four pin-fin cooling configurations in a rectangular channel. Two design concepts were studied with two separate pin-fin (cylindrical and triangular) geometries. The first design includes a single-wall pin-fin configuration where the coolant flows through an array of full-length cylindrical (PF) and triangular pin fins (TF). The second configuration involves a double-wall pin-fin–jet configuration where the coolant jet impinges on the target wall, then flows through the array of partial-length cylindrical pin fins with jets (PFC) and partial-length triangular pin fins with jets (TFC). IR thermography was used to measure the steady state wall temperature of the target surface to estimate the overall cooling effectiveness . A transient heat transfer experiment was conducted to evaluate the internal heat transfer coefficient from the transient wall temperature. It is found that the double-wall pin-fin–jet (PFC and TFC) configurations show higher cooling effectiveness compared to the single-wall pin-fin (PF and TF) designs and the triangular pin fin (TF and TFC) showed a higher heat transfer augmentation compared to the cylindrical pin fin (PF and PFC) design. Numerical study later confirmed that the triangular pin fin creates a pair of streamwise vortices that augments the local heat transfer. The presence of the pin fin in the double-wall configuration prevents the development of a strong crossflow that negatively affects the heat transfer of the impinging jet. In addition, the triangular pin fin not only prevents the strong crossflow but redirects the coolant in the lateral direction that eventually contributes to the formation of a counterrotating vortex pair in the streamwise direction and thus augments local heat transfer and improves overall cooling effectiveness. Pressure drop measurement showed that the full-length triangular pin fin has a higher-pressure loss but the partial-length pin fin can lower the pressure loss considerably without compromising additional cooling performance.

Mechanism and detection of oscillatory flow in a supersonic cascade

The throttling process in a supersonic cascade is investigated in a free-jet wind tunnel at Mach 2.4. High-speed schlieren imaging and high-resonance frequency pressure measurements are used to capture the flow features. A flap is placed at the channel exit to choke the flow linearly. In the throttling process before the onset of oscillatory flow, the shock train leading shock leads to large area of flow separation near the suction surface and high total pressure loss. The oscillatory flow is triggered by the expansion of the flow separation induced by the impingement of the shock train leading shock onto the suction surface, which belongs to the Dailey criterion. The alarm is triggered during oscillatory flow detection, based on the pressure data at the optimal S5 transducer, either before the large-amplitude pressure fluctuation begins or after it ends. Comparing with other algorithms, the derivative-based algorithm has no data to be stored and no expensive calculation is the best technique for detection. To adjust the alarm margin, three detection points are set upstream of the S5 transducer and detection is performed based on the schlieren images. All algorithms detect the sudden drop in light intensity caused by the arrival of the shock train leading shock at the detection location. The alarm margin is the largest at point C, which is farthest from the suction surface tip, and smallest at point A, which is closest to the suction surface tip.

Global protected-area coverage and human pressure on tidal flats.

Tidal flats are a globally distributed coastal ecosystem important for supporting biodiversity and ecosystem services. Local to continental‐scale studies have documented rapid loss of tidal habitat driven by human impacts, but assessments of progress in their conservation are lacking. With an internally consistent estimate of distribution and change, based on Landsat satellite imagery, now available for the world's tidal flats, we examined tidal flat representation in protected areas (PAs) and human pressure on tidal flats. We determined tidal flat representation and its net change in PAs by spatially overlaying tidal flat maps with the World Database of Protected Areas. Similarly, we overlaid the most recent distribution map of tidal flats (2014–2016) with the human modification map (HMc) (range from 0, no human pressure, to 1, very high human pressure) to estimate the human pressure exerted on this ecosystem. Sixty‐eight percent of the current extent of tidal flats is subject to moderate to very high human pressure (HMc > 0.1), but 31% of tidal flat extent occurred in PAs, far exceeding PA coverage of the marine (6%) and terrestrial (13%) realms. Net change of tidal flat extent inside PAs was similar to tidal flat net change outside PAs from 1999 to 2016. Substantial shortfalls in protection of tidal flats occurred across Asia, where large intertidal extents coincided with high to very high human pressure (HMc > 0.4–1.0) and net tidal flat losses up to 86.4 km² (95% CI 83.9–89.0) occurred inside individual PAs in the study period. Taken together, our results show substantial progress in PA designation for tidal flats globally, but that PA status alone does not prevent all habitat loss. Safeguarding the world's tidal flats will thus require deeper understanding of the factors that govern their dynamics and effective policy that promotes holistic coastal and catchment management strategies.

Structure Optimization Design of Pulseoscillation Amplifier for Hydraulic Oscillator Based on Numerical Simulation

Hydraulic oscillator is one of the effective tools to solve the problem of high friction in directional drilling and horizontal drilling. However, there are some problems with this kind of tools such as high pressure loss and insufficient vibration force. Because of its self-excited oscillation characteristics, pulse oscillation amplifier can realize the amplification of pulse jet pressure under the condition of lowpressure loss, which is one of the effective ways to solve the above problems of hydraulic oscillator. In this paper, according to the working characteristics of hydraulic oscillator and the demand of pulse amplification, the structure of pulse oscillator amplifier was optimized based on numerical simulation method. Firstly, the geometric and numerical models of the pulse oscillator amplifier were constructed, and the flow field distribution and pulse amplification effect of the pulse oscillation amplifier under different structural parameters were simulated and analyzed, and the influence of different structural parameters on the pulse amplification effect was explored. Secondly, the structure of the pulse oscillator amplifier was optimized by Response Surface Method, and the optimal structure based on the effect of outlet pressure amplification was obtained: upper nozzle diameter D1=22mm, upper nozzle length L1=26mm, lower nozzle diameter D2=28mm, lower nozzle length L2=28mm, cavity length L=58mm, cavity diameter d=80mm, angle 60°. Its pressure loss was 0.3MPa and outlet pressure peak value was 4.5MPa, which was 1.8 times of the inlet pressure peak value of 2.5MPa. Finally, the minimum relative error between the experimental results and the numerical simulation results was 4%, which has verified the credibility of the numerical simulation and structural optimization results.

Design simulation and test of hydraulic control system of RFID reamer while drilling

With the gradual improvement of exploration and development in deep and ultra-deep Wells, the demand for slim-hole drilling is increasing day by day. However, both the phenomenon of neck constriction and drill-jamming accident occur from time to time in the drilling process, and the annulus clearance between borehole and casing is too small, which resulting in high slurry annulus pressure loss, low displacement efficiency and poor cementing quality. Therefore, a kind of RFID reamer while drilling has come into being, the reamer blades can be controlled to open and close with the aid of RFID tag recognition technology without increasing the drilling cost, so as to complete the reaming operation while drilling. Taking the hydraulic control system as the research object, the hydraulic circuit has been designed based on AMESim software in this paper, so has its dynamic performance simulation analysis been carried out, finally, the ground test has been completed, the results show that the hydraulic control system is capable of accurately identifying the RFID tag information to drive the reamer blades to open and close, the overall pressure loss of the tool is about 1.0 MPa as the blades opened completely, which meets the requirements of field test.

Petcoke composites as HPHT fluid-loss control additive for oil-based drilling fluids

In the present work, composites based on petroleum coke (shot petcoke) and unmodified lignites as high pressure and high temperature fluid loss control additives (HPHT) in oil-based drilling fluids were synthesized and evaluated. Several petcoke composites were synthesized with coke content among 48 wt% and 85 wt%. Petroleum coke composites with lignites controlled the fluid-loss better than organophilic lignite. Petcoke composite with leonardite (a type of lignite) (FPC-L) was that showed the smaller fluid-loss (6.8 mL) in organophilic lignite (FOL) comparison (5.7 mL), because of colloidal lignite (fouling) helps plug off the permeable parts of filter-cake. Applying the reverse osmosis filtration models (Hermia’s models); the blocking mechanisms that occurred most probably were found. FOL fluid-loss control mechanism is by filter-cake formation, while FPC-L is by filter-cake fouling. Petcoke composites controlling fluid-loss by three mechanisms colloidal fouling of the cake filtration: (i) intermediate blocking, (ii) standard blocking and (iii) complete blocking. Colloidal lignite is a determinant factor in the fouling of pore volume and permeability the filter-cake. Cake filtration permeability was estimated by 1H-NMR. Use lignite-petcoke composites as fluid-loss control additive of lower environment impact for oil-based drilling fluids.

Experimental study on the off-design performances of a micro humid air turbine cycle: Thermodynamics, emissions and heat exchange

Micro humid air turbine (mHAT) is a promising distributed generation technology. However, the experiments, especially on the off-design characteristics, are still insufficient to support the theoretical model. In this paper, a detail experimental study is presented on a mHAT converted from a recuperated microturbine by introducing a humidifier, an aftercooler and an economizer. The steady-state thermodynamic performances, and the combustion and emission characteristics are evaluated at rated and part load condition. The off-design performances of the heat exchangers are also evaluated. It is shown that the specific output power and the electrical efficiency are relatively increased by 45% and 18.6% respectively comparing with the recuperated cycle at the rated load, and show a greater relative increment at part load, such as 58.1% and 21% respectively at 62.5% load. Introducing water into the air reduces the risk of NOx formation, but increases dramatically the risk of CO formation and incomplete combustion in the combustion chamber, thus the combustion efficiency deteriorates up to 92.5% at 50% of full load. The introduced heat exchange units display the characteristic of high effectiveness and low pressure loss, which is important for gas turbine system. The recuperator developed for the dry air also displays superior thermodynamic performance for the wet air with humidity ratio up to 0.108 kg·kgda−1.

Investigation of air filter properties of nanofiber non-woven fabric manufactured by a modified melt-blowing method along with flash spinning method

Nanofibers are used in various fields and applications, such as medical care, environment protection, apparel, and agriculture; it is believed that they will continue to show substantial growth in the future. In this study, we focused on the filtration application of nanofibers. The filtration performances achieved polymeric nanofiber mass production by a melt-blowing method. First, the filtration performances of the fiber were experimentally tested with different thicknesses. Then, the computational fluid dynamics flow-analyzing software was used to simulate the pressure loss and flow resistivity of the trial-produced filter under the same conditions as those used in the experiment. Then, a three-directional physical model was proposed and used to calculate the fiber's gap size with different diameters under the same filling rate and the assumption that the fibers always exhibit uniform distribution. Consequently, it was confirmed that the trial-produced non-woven filter possessed excellent filtration abilities and that the investigated data can be used as a standard to manufacture non-woven fabric for producing high-performance filters and face masks. However, the manufacturing method of non-woven fabric filters must be investigated to satisfy both high particle filtration efficiency and low pressure loss in order to develop a high-performance filter.

A narrative review of intraoperative floppy iris syndrome: an update 2020.

Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS) is characterized by intraoperative floppiness or billowing of the iris, progressive miosis, and iris prolapse through the surgical wounds. It was originally reported about fifteen years ago, which was later identified to be closely associated with tamsulosin, the most commonly used α1 adrenoceptor antagonist for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). A variety of risk factors, including age, gender, hypertension, axial length of the eye, 5α-reductase inhibitors, other α adrenoceptor antagonist and neuromodulators, have been connected with IFIS. If IFIS occurs during phacoemulsification surgery, complications such as corneal endothelial loss, iris trauma, posterior capsule rupture (PCR), high intraocular pressure and vitreous loss are significantly increased. Therefore, preoperative evaluation of high-risk patients and appropriate intraoperative intervention is crucial to avoid severe complications. This review summarizes the pathogenesis and clinical features of classic IFIS, and provides some clinical pearls to ophthalmologists that may help identify, prevent or reduce IFIS associated complications. Additionally, from the perspective of clinical occurrence of IFIS, there are some recommendations for urologists as well. In conclusion, both ophthalmologists and urologists should be aware of this special clinical situation and communicate with each other about their own fields. A multidisciplinary interaction is of importance to simplify potentially complicated clinical issues.

Evaluation and optimization of water-salt based drilling fluids for slim-hole wells in one of Iranian central oil fields

Abstract Slim-hole drilling in oil and gas industry has been developed extensively in recent years. Drilling fluid, in addition to providing appropriate rheological properties should produce a low annular pressure loss (APL) gradient while drilling. During slim-hole drilling, drilling mud hydraulics is an important concern, because due to reduced annular clearance, pressure loss can occur in drill pipe and annulus considerably. In this research, water based drilling muds were selected for the experimental work due to its low price, simple preparation and easy access to the required water. The research includes development and testing of water-salt based fluids. In this study, sixty-five samples of fluids were analyzed for their rheological parameters, the were considered using three various case study gas field wellbore configurations 6 1/8, 5 7/8 and 4 1/8 inch for their calculate APL gradients. Each composition was evaluated by the Power-Law and Bingham Plastic models and results of both models were compared. Choose of optimum fluids is based on suitable rheological properties, minimum annular pressure losses and maximum fluid transport ratio. Also, the effect of high temperature (180°F) on frictional pressure losses was studied. For an optimal formulation at high temperature from a well with distinct configuration 6 1/8 inch had an APL gradient of 0.149 psi/ft compared to 0.176 psi/ft at atmospheric condition. It was found that effect of high temperature on drilling fluids behavior is affirmative. On the other hand, the observed effect of high temperature on Power-Law fluids greater than Bingham Plastic fluids. Fluids with xanthan, in spite of high cutting carrying capacity and due to high viscosity have exhibited high frictional pressure loss. However, for some fluids, the annular pressure loss increased at high temperature due to green starch fermentation.

Estimating fouling and hydraulic debottlenecking of a clarifier piping system in the expansion of a chemical manufacturing plant

Abstract Debottlenecking and estimating fouling in a clarifier piping system for the expansion of an existing chemical manufacturing facility in the U.S. Gulf Coast was analyzed and modified. The existing clarifier piping system fitting data was gathered for the real-world operation from the field. This data was used in the Applied Flow Technology (AFT) Fathom, a program used to study hydraulic systems. The hydraulic results with and without recommended piping modifications along with changing piping roughness factors were also analyzed. The two piping roughness factor cases tested were roughness of 0.152 mm and fouling of 25.4 mm. The AFT Fathom results showed that without piping modifications and specifying fouling of 25.4 mm, required flow cannot be established due to insufficient driving force for liquid movement. The measured field flow data confirmed that the reduced clarifier capacity was due to high pressure losses in the hydraulic system. Also, it was found that the existing clarifier nozzle was inadequately designed originally, and replacing the nozzle showed an increase in the clarifier capacity due to reduced entrainment of the air. These modifications were further adapted in the plant expansion and operations were validated using the actual plant data. The plant data matched closely with the estimated capacities of the clarifiers. AFT Fathom hydraulic software was effective in predicting a fouling severity in the clarifier piping system and debottlenecking of the clarifier capacity was done. The conclusions derived from this study can be used all over the world where clarifiers are utilized.

Comparative analysis of air scouring and unidirectional flushing of water distribution systems

Abstract Unidirectional flushing is a widely used method to remove sedimented particles from water distribution systems and prevent water discolouration events. However, it shows low efficiency in cases of high pressure losses, usually requires large volumes of water, and does not remove incrustations. Air scouring is known for being very effective in particle removal with minimal impacts from pressure loss, requiring little water and improving hydraulic capacities by removing soft incrustations. Flushing sequences of unidirectional flushing and air scouring were performed in similar conditions on 18 pipe sections from four water distribution networks located in the province of Quebec, Canada; unidirectional flushing was also performed on 14 additional pipe sections located in three other water distribution networks. Total suspended solid concentration of flushed water, water flow and pressure were recorded to estimate the amount of flushed particles, the required water volume and the evolution of hydraulic capacities. Within the studied networks, the water requirements for air scouring were approximately 8-fold less than for unidirectional flushing and did not significantly improve the hydraulic capacity of the cleaned pipes.

High frequency pressure loss measurements of laminar-turbulent transitional flow

This paper presents a method for identifying, via pressure measurements at frequencies ranging from 10 Hz–142 Hz, laminar-turbulent transitional flow. The fluctuations in pressure can be successfully used as a diagnostic to infer whether the flow is fully laminar, turbulent or transitioning between the two defined regions. The critical Reynolds number of a flow can be determined from the diagnosis of the pressure loss data at high-frequency when monitored with respect to time. With sufficient resolution of the data, the swift movement between laminar and turbulent flow can be witnessed.

A Novel Topology Optimization Approach for Flow Power Loss Minimization Across Fin Arrays

Fin arrays are widely utilized in many engineering applications, such as heat exchangers and micro-post reactors, for higher level of fluid–solid contacts. However, high fluid pressure loss is reportedly the major drawback of fin arrays and a challenge for pumping supply, particularly at micro-scales. Previous studies also indicate that fin shapes, spacing and alignment play an important role on the overall pressure losses. Therefore, we present a numerical tool to minimize pressure losses, considering the geometrical aspects related to fin arrays. In this regard, a density-based topology optimization approach is developed based on the pseudo-spectral scheme and Brinkman penalization in 2D periodic domains. Discrete sensitives are derived analytically and computed at relatively low cost using a factorization technique. We study different test cases to demonstrate the flexibility, robustness and accuracy of the present tool. In-line and staggered arrays are considered at various Reynolds numbers and fluid–solid volume fractions. The optimal topologies interestingly indicate a pressure loss reduction of nearly 53.6 % compared to circular fins. In passive optimization test examples, the added solid parts reduced pressure loss of a circular fin ( 9 % ) by eliminating the flow separation and filling the wake region.

The association between aortic arterial stiffness, carotid intima-media thickness and carotid plaques in community-dwelling older adults: A population-based study.

Information on the associations among arterial stiffness, carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and carotid plaques as biomarkers of atherosclerosis is limited in diverse populations. We aimed to assess whether aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV) - as a surrogate of arterial stiffness - is associated with increased cIMT and the presence of carotid plaques in a cohort of older adults of Amerindian ancestry. Atahualpa residents aged ≥60 years (n = 320) underwent aPWV determinations, and carotid ultrasounds for cIMT and plaque assessment. Multivariate models were fitted to assess the independent association between the aPWV, and cIMT and carotid plaques, after adjusting for relevant confounders. Differences in risk factors across these biomarkers were investigated. Mean values of aPWV were 10.3 ± 1.8 m/s, and those of cIMT were 0.91 ± 0.21 mm (24% had a cIMT >1 mm). Carotid plaques were observed in 118 (37%) subjects. In univariate analyses, risk factors associated with an increased aPWV included age, female gender, poor physical activity and high blood pressure. An increased cIMT was associated with age, male gender, a poor diet, high blood pressure and severe tooth loss. The presence of carotid plaques was associated with increasing age, poor physical activity and high blood pressure. Multivariate models showed a significant association between aPWV and cIMT (β: 0.028; 95% C.I.: 0.001-0.056; p = 0.047) but not between aPWV and carotid plaques (OR: 1.14; 95% C.I.: 0.83-1.56; p = 0.423). This study shows an independent association between aPWV and cIMT but not with carotid plaques. These biomarkers may indicate distinct phenotypes for atherosclerosis.

Effect of the nozzle structure of the large-diameter slurry shield cutterhead on the scouring characteristics

The mud cake of the large-diameter slurry shield severely affects the tunneling efficiency and construction safety, the avoidance and elimination of which largely depends on the scouring characteristics of the nozzle. Based on the solid–liquid two-phase flow theory and dynamic mesh technology, this paper establishes a mud flow model of the nozzle on a slurry shield cutterhead and a cutterhead rotation model and builds a simulation model of the cutterhead nozzle scouring process with CFD. By verifying the simulation model with the self-developed 1 Mpa pressure-bearing scouring test bench, the paper conducts an analysis on how the convergence angle, outlet diameter, and length–diameter ratio of the 12 m large-diameter slurry shield cutterhead affect the scouring characteristics of the nozzle. The results show that when the convergence angle is 13°, the flow fields will be more uniformly distributed inside the nozzle, the average flow rate will be maximized, reaching 3.29 m/s, and the pressure loss will be minimized, thus leading to a relatively good scouring performance. With the assurance of both high flow speed and low pressure loss, the nozzle outlet diameter can be set between 30 and 60 mm for optimal flushing effect; at this point, the average mud flow rate is no less than 3 m/s, and the pressure loss is no more than 106 pa, which can help solve the caking problem to some extent. With the increase in length–diameter ratio, the loss of static pressure and total pressure witnessed a relatively high rise, as result of which a smaller long-diameter ratio will be more appropriate, also considering the mud flow rate reaches a maximum value of 3.24 m/s when the ratio is 3 and satisfying results could be achieved when the above ratio has the value of about 3.

Development and Performance Evaluation of a Deep Water Synthetic Based Drilling Fluid System

With the enhancement of environmental protection awareness, the requirements on drilling fluid are increasingly strict, and the use of ordinary oil-based drilling fluid has been strictly restricted. In order to solve the environmental protection and oil-gas reservoir protection problems of offshore oil drilling, a new synthetic basic drilling fluid system is developed. The basic formula is as follows: a basic fluid (80% Linear a-olefin + 20% Simulated seawater) + 2.5% nano organobentonite + 3.5% emulsifier RHJ-5# + 2.5% fluid loss agent SDJ-1 + 1.5% CaO + the right amount of oil wetting barite to adjust the density, and a multifunctional oil and gas formation protective agent YRZ has been developed. The performance was evaluated using a high-low-high-temperature rheometer, a high-temperature and high-pressure demulsification voltage tester, and a high-temperature and high-pressure dynamic fluid loss meter. The results show that the developed synthetic based drilling fluid has good rheological property, demulsification voltage ≥ 500 V, temperature resistance up to 160°C, high temperature and high pressure filtration loss < 3.5 mL. After adding 2% - 5% YRZ into the basic formula of synthetic based drilling fluid, the permeability recovery value exceeds 90% and the reservoir protection effect is excellent. The new synthetic deepwater drilling fluid is expected to have a good application prospect in offshore deepwater drilling.

Gelişmekte olan laminer akışta mini kanallı soğutucu bloğun çok yanıtlı taguchı yöntemi kullanılarak optimizasyonu

Excessive heat dissipation which adversely affects the working performance of electronic equipment is an important technological problem due to developing technology, increasing power and reducing dimensions. In this context, researches on the liquid-cooled mini-channel blocks are increasing. While it is expected that the cooling blocks is desired to have high heat transfer performance with a minimum pressure drop in terms of operating costs. This requires optimization of the geometric structure in the design of the cooling block. In this study, the design of a mini channel water cooled block to be used for the cooling of a chip, has been optimized with three different materials for high heat transfer performance and low pressure losses. The performance of the mini-channel cooling block, which is designed with different materials and different channel dimensions by utilizing the Taguchi orthogonal matrix, was investigated by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). As a criterion, the pressure loss and the maximum temperature at the base were taken into consideration. Since both criteria were taken into consideration, Multi Response Taguchi Analysis was used in the optimization. Temperature and pressure loss values were evaluated and optimized by the use of different weight values.

Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Measurements in a High Aspect Ratio Channel With Circular Pins and Strip Fins

Abstract This paper focuses on the measurements of heat transfer enhancement and pressure drop of different pin or fin configurations in a high aspect ratio (AR = 9.57/1.2) channel. Two different pin-fin shapes including circular pins and strip fins were studied. Different pin-fin spacings for circular pins (S/D = 2, 4) and strip fins (S/W = 8, 16) were investigated, respectively. In addition, the thickness effect of the strip fin was included in this study. The regionally averaged heat transfer measurement method was used to acquire the heat transfer coefficients on two opposite featured surfaces within the test channel. For each configuration, the tested Reynolds number was ranging from 20,000 to 80,000. The results indicate that the channel with circular pins has better heat transfer enhancement and higher pressure loss than their strip fins counterparts. However, the strip fins are considered better designs in terms of thermal performance. For the gas turbine designers aim at developing an improved internal cooling feature, this work demonstrates the great potential of the strip fins as a novel and effective cooling design compared with the conventional circular pins.

Shape optimization of an orifice meter using the adjoint method and surrogate based optimization

Orifice flow meters are utilized extensively to measure the flow rate thanks to their simple design and relatively lower cost. The main drawback is the high pressure loss with respect to the other obstruction meters. The objective of the present study is to find the optimal shape of an orifice plate that reduces the pressure loss. To reach this goal, the adjoint method was used to reshape the sharp edged orifice plate. Moreover, surrogate based optimization was employed to determine the optimal parameters of interest that control the flow through orifice meter. The optimal shape of the orifice plate using the adjoint method shows 55% reduction in the pressure loss coefficient at a Reynolds number Re=1.84×104. Besides, the effect of inserting a downstream ring was investigated. Applying the adjoint method on the orifice plate with downstream ring reduces the pressure loss by 34%. Moreover, the surrogate based optimization was conducted when a ring is used downstream of the orifice plate. Design of experiment (DoE) was conducted on three parameters viz. the distance of the ring behind the orifice, the tip angle of the orifice and the tip angle of the ring. Numerical simulations were carried out to provide the artificial neural network by the necessary training data. The optimum shape reduces the pressure loss by 68%.