High Significant Positive Correlation Research Articles

Bafa Gölü'nün (Türkiye) ekolojik ve trofik durumunun fitoplankton bazlı değerlendirilmesi

Phytoplankton groups are one of the major quality element to be used in the evaluation of the trophic and ecological state of freshwater ecosystems according to the EU Water Framework Directive. This research was made to assess the trophic and ecological status of Lake Bafa in Turkey, on the basis of phytoplankton communities. Büyük Menderes River is one of the most important factor that carries pollutants to Lake Bafa. The eight sampling station were assigned to evaluate the ecological and trophic state of the lake. Phytoplankton species were collected monthly for 2 years study period. Most commonly used phtoplankton indices Q index and Carlson’s Trophic State Index (TSI), and different versions of diversity indices were used to estimate trophic and ecological state of the lake. Similarities between the sampling stations were clustured by using the unweighted pair group method using arithmetic average (UPGMA), based on phytoplankton communities. Correlations between the applied indices were determined by using Pearson Correlation. After the identification of collected phytoplanktons, total of 63 taxa which belong to classis of Cyanophyceae (11.2%), Bacillariophyceae (49.2%), Chlorophyceae (23.8%), Xanthophyceae (1.5%), Euglenophyceae (11.2%) and Dinophyceae (3.1%) were detected. The 1st and 2nd stations were the most similar stations to each other (88%) according to phytoplankton communities. Secchi disc depth (SD) and TP played an important role in the distribution of phytoplankton species in Lake Bafa. The highest significant positive correlation was determined between Q and TSI (r = 0.987, p˂0.01). Considering the TDI values in the phytoplankton composition of the lake, it can be said that although the productivity status of the studied lake is still “mesotrophic”, it has a tendency towards “eutrophic” state. According to the Q values, the first five stations reflect the moderate ecological state, while the 6th, 7th and 8th stations represent the poor ecological state.

Новые параметры прижизненной оценки мясной продуктивности овец породы джалгинский меринос

Abstract. For breeding work in order to increase productivity indicators in sheep, it is necessary to use the most informative exterior parameters. This dictates the need to develop new approaches to assessing phenotypic parameters. Purpose. Development of new parameters for live assessment of meat productivity of sheep of the Dzhalginskiy merino breed and study of their significance using the method of principal components. Scientific novelty. We have proposed several new parameters for the lifetime assessment of the parameters of meat productivity and studied the possibility of their use in sheep of the Dzhalginskiy merino breed. Methods. The possibility was studied for life determination of the size of individual muscle groups using such parameters as the girth of the shoulder, forearm and thigh by instrumental methods, as well as measuring the parameters of the muscle eye, the thickness of the femoral muscle and fat using ultrasound. To assess the significance of the proposed parameters, in comparison with those used in existing practice, we applied the principal component method and correlation analysis. Results. Five main components have been established, which determine 70, 3% of the total phenotypic variability in sheep of the Dzhalginskiy merino breed. They characterize the size of the forelimbs, the size of the chest, the parameters of the muscular eye, the size of the hind limbs and the thickness of fat in the lumbar region. The parameters of the shoulder, forearm and hip girth we proposed showed high significance in the calculation of the components. The thickness of the femoral muscle was found to be of little significance. It was also found that most of the measurements used do not reliably correlate with each other. High positive significant correlations were found only between body weight and average daily weight gain, thickness and width of the muscle eye, shoulder girth and height at the sacrum. Thus, we have found that for the phenotypic assessment of the Dzhalginskiy merino sheep, it is advisable to use the girth of the shoulder, forearm and thigh as additional parameters.

Investigation of Some Performance Parameters of Professional Football Players According to Game Regions

Background and Study Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the Anaerobic Speed Reserve (ASR), Maximal Sprint Speed (MSS) and Maximal Aerobic Running Speed (MAS) parameters in terms of the players' playing positions on the field. Material and Methods: In this study, a total of 89 players consisting of 20 stoppers, 15 backs, 25 centre midfielders, 17 wingers and 12 strikers from 4 different 3rd league teams in Turkey with the average height of 1.82±7.20 cm and the average body weight of 75±5.20 participated as volunteers. Players were applied 10-30 meters speed test and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 Test. Results In the MSH parameter, a statistically significant difference was found between the players playing in the stopper area (28.42±2.08) and the players playing in the wing area (30.40±1.94) (p <0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the game positions in ASR parameter (p> 0.05). While a very high positive significant correlation was detected between MSS and ASR (r = 0.95, p < 0.001), a moderate but negative significant correlation was found between MAS and ASR (r = -0.59, p < 0.001). The findings revealed that wingers stand out in terms of MSS while centre midfielders are ahead of the other regions in terms of MAS. Conclusions: Regarding these findings, sports science experts and especially trainers should consider these differences when programming their training. In addition, the present study has indicated that further research is required to better understand the ASR parameter in football. Keywords: anaerobic speed reserve, maximal aerobic running speed, maximal sprint speed, football players

Pelvic and Testicular Biometry of Sahel Goats in Maiduguri, Nigeria

This study was carried out to document the pelvic and testicular biometric characteristics of Sahel goats. Record of body weight, body condition score, height at withers, scrotal length, scrotal circumference and external pelvic circumference were obtained from 400 male and 600 female Sahel goats. All the goats were approximately 1.5 years old and weighing 14 to 18 kg, with body condition score of 3 or 4 (scale of 1-5). The mean bodyweight of Sahel bucks was 15.12 ± 1.10 kg while that of Sahel does was 13.22 ± 1.12 kg, height at withers in bucks and does were 52.22 ± 1.20 cm, and 48.13 ± 1.23 cm respectively. The scrotal length and circumference in Sahel bucks were 11.39 ± 1.12 cm and 17.95 ± 1.21 cm respectively. The external pelvic circumference in Sahel does was 55.13 ± 1.16 cm. There was significant (P<0.05) positive correlation between the body weight and body condition score in bucks (r=0.52) and in does (r=0.42). It was observed that there was weak but positive correlation between the body weight and height at withers (r=0.34), in bucks and in does (r=0.25; P <0.5). A low but significant positive correlation was found between the body weight and scrotal circumference r=0.28, (P<0.05) in bucks. There was a highsignificant positive correlation between the scrotal length and scrotal circumference r=0.66, (P <0.05). The external pelvic circumference in Sahel does was also significantly positively correlated with body weight r=0.40, (P<0.05) and with the body condition score r= 0.33, (P<0.05). In conclusion, the body weight, body condition score, height at withers, scrotal length, scrotal circumference and external pelvic circumference of Sahel goats in Maiduguri were successfully determined, these parameters studied might serve as a bases for determining the breeding soundness of Sahel goats.

Lacrimal Sac Anterior Border-Maxillary Line Distance: Effect on Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy (EDCR) Surgery Results and NLDO-SS Questionnaire.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the maxillary line (ML)-lacrimal sac anterior border (LSA) distance on the results of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (EDCR) operation. The study was designed retrospectively. The distance between LSA and ML was measured from preoperative paranasal sinus computed tomography (PNSCT) images. Nasolacrimal duct obstruction symptom score (NLDO-SS) was calculated before and after surgery. The endoscopically proven of the transition of the 2% fluorescein drop instilled into the eye to the nasal passage accepted as a surgical success. 47 patients included in the study and eight of them underwent bilateral EDCR. The average age of the patients was 50.3 ± 14.8. The LSA-ML distance was 4.2 ± 1.0mm in all patients. The duration of surgery was found as 38.1 ± 6.1min for each side. The preoperative NLDO-SS mean was 54.9 ± 11.7 and 22.2 ± 12.1 postoperatively (p = 0.000, CI = 28.9-36.2). Six patients (11%) required revision surgery. A statistically significant high positive correlation was found between duration of surgery and LSA-ML distance (p = 0.000, r = 0.840). There was a significant negative correlation between the duration of surgery and postoperative NLDO-SS (p = 0.041, r = -0.276). The LSA-ML distance calculated in this study was found to be significantly associated with the decrease in the duration of surgery and the NLDO-SS score obtained after surgery. However, more valid results can be obtained if similar studies are carried out in larger samples containing a sufficient number of revision cases.

Methotrexate Effect on Obestatin, Progranulin and Kidney Function in RA Iraqi Males Patients

Methotrxate (MTX) has become the standard of care and first-line therapy for patients who have RA and consider as a gold standard of treatment for RA. The role of MTX in the treatment of RA has now been well established. The use of MTX treatment of RA inhibits proliferation of the lymphocytes, reduces signs and symptoms this disease, reduces progression damage of the joints and improves quality of life outcome. Progranulin (PGRN) acts a role in autoimmune inflammatory, has important function in several processes including immune response. Present study has conducted to find the effect of MTX drugs as a therapeutic target for RA patients because of its ability to bind with tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR), with progranulin, obestatin and with other kidney parameter. A serum of 65 Iraqi males patients suffering from RA was newly diagnosis without taking (MTX) drugs (G1), and the same patients in G1 after 2 months treatment with MTX drugs in Low-dose (G2), and (35) meals healthy control groups (G3). Results showed significant increased levels in progranulin , obestatin and uric acid in newly diagnosis of RA and there was significant positive (+ve) and negative (-ve) correlation between progranulin and (creatinine, uric acid) respectively in G1 and there was a high significant positive (+ve) and negative (-ve) correlation between progranulin and (uric acid, creatinine) respectively.

A retrospective study on the potential of 99m Tc-HDP imaging before therapy for individualizing treatments with 223 Ra-Cl2 for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer.

Research on dose-effect correlation is necessary to move toward an individualization of treatments of metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) with 223 Ra-Cl2 . We first looked for a possible correlation of 99m Tc-HDP lesion uptake in pretreatment whole-body scans (WBSs) with lesion absorbed dose. Moreover, we looked for a possible correlation of 99m Tc-HDP lesion uptake in pretreatment WBSs and of lesion absorbed dose with relative change in the 99m Tc-HDP lesion uptake obtained from pre- and post-treatment WBSs in patients treated for mCRPC with six cycles of 223 Ra-Cl2 . Eleven patients received six cycles of 55kBq/kg of 223 Ra-Cl2 separated by 4 weeks. In addition, one patient received concomitant treatment with abiraterone and two patients with enzalutamide. The 99m Tc-HDP WBSs were acquired before the first cycle and after the sixth cycle of the treatment. For the lesions with the higher 99m Tc-HDP uptake, the absorbed dose was calculated for the first cycle. Lesion volume was determined from 99m Tc-HDP SPECT/CT images before the first cycle and 223 Ra-Cl2 activity in the lesions was determined from 223 Ra-Cl2 planar images after the first cycle. The effect of the treatment was evaluated from the relative change of the mean and the maximum counts in the lesions, both estimated from the WBSs acquired before the first cycle and after the sixth cycle. The absorbed dose was calculated for 30 lesions, with values ranging between 0.4 and 3.8Gy (mean 1.5Gy). A significant (P<0.05) high positive linear correlation was found between the lesion absorbed dose in the first treatment cycle and the mean and maximum counts in the lesions in the WBSs acquired before the first cycle (R=0.75 and 0.76, respectively). The relative change of the mean and the maximum counts in the lesions in the 99m Tc-HDP WBSs showed a significant (P<0.05) high positive logarithmic correlation with the 99m Tc-HDP mean and maximum counts in the lesions before the first cycle (R=0.79 and 0.78, respectively). Lastly, a significant (P<0.05) high positive logarithmic correlation was also found between the relative change of the mean and the maximum counts in the lesions in the 99m Tc-HDP WBSs and the lesion absorbed dose (R=0.86 and 0.85, respectively). For this correlation the influence of the administered activity and of the concomitant treatments was not found to be significant (P>0.05). The high correlations found for the 99m Tc-HDP lesion uptake before the first cycle lesion with the relative change in the 99m Tc-HDP lesion uptake after the six cycles of 223 Ra-Cl2 , and with the lesion absorbed dose in the first cycle show the potential of pretreatment 99m Tc-HDP imaging in order to personalize the performance of these treatments.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HIGHER-ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS) AND ENGLISH ACHIEVEMENT

Higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) is a new concept of thinking in Curriculum 2013 in Indonesia, which is based on the revised top three levels in Bloom’s Taxonomy: analyzing, evaluating, and creating. This survey research used 44 students who were purposively sampled. The objective of this research was to determine if there was a linear correlation between HOTS and the English achievement of the eleventh grade students of SMA N 2 Kudus. Using Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation in the level of significance .05 and degree of freedom 42, this research showed that there was a high positive significant linear correlation between HOTS and the English achievement of the eleventh grade students of SMA N 2 Kudus. Key words: HOTS, taxonomy, curriculum 2013, English achievement

Gold Route Open Access Journals in Engineering and Technology: Analysis of Research Impact and Implications for Scholarly Communication

Abstract&#x0D; The study examined the research impact of gold open access (OA) journals in engineering and technology. A total of 37 gold route journals that request article processing charges (APC) and 66 other OA journals without APC in the field were found in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) and used for the study. The publishers, APC charges and the year each journal was added to DOAJ were identified and included in this study An informetric approach was used to extract research impact indicators (citations, paper productivity, cite/paper, cite/journal and h-index) of journals. Findings revealed that the publishers of the APC journals were dominated by commercial publishing companies producing over 60% of the journals. Article processing charges ranged from 7.6 USD to 3471.5 USD while the average article processing charges for APC journals was 727 USD. Gold route open access (APC) journals performed better than open access non-APC OA journals since they produced 51.2% of the papers, 71.8% of the total citations and 65.1% of the total h-index. However, findings showed a weak positive correlation between articles processing charges (APC) of the gold route journals and their research impact; while there is high significant positive correlation between research impact of gold route (APC journals) and non-APC open access journals.

Correlation and path analysis of yield and yield components in winter rapeseed

Five different rapeseed genotypes were tested. The following traits were considered: seed yield, seed germination, seed oil content, 1000 seed weight and seed protein content and they were used to determine whether there is significant or nonsignificant correlation. Highest average results were determined in genotype G-3 (yield 2.544 kg; germination 90%; 1000 seed weight 4,30 g; oil content 45,31% and protein content 19,83%) while G-5 (1.838 kg; 87%; 3,50 g; 44,77% and 17,28%) had the lowest average result of observed parameters. Highly significant positive correlations were found while comparing seed yield with 1000 seed weight (0.753**) and protein content (0.726**). High significant positive correlation were also determined comparing seed germination with 1000 seed weight (0.832**) and protein content (0.892**). Also high significant correlation was determined comparing 1000 seed weight and protein content (0.812**). Positive significant correlations were found by comparing seed yield and seed germination (0.644*). Path analysis indicated highest significant positive direct effect of 1000 seed weight (0.716**) and protein content (0.666**) on seed yield. High but negative significant value had seed germination (-0.645**). In the study of indirect effects on seed yield, none of significant effects were determined. The study of direct effects on oil content showed that the seed germination had high significant positive effect (-1.296**) on oil content. Significant but hot high effect has seed yield (0.556*). In other two traits it was determined negative high significant effects (1000 seed weight - 0.797** and protein content - 0.717**) on seed oil content. The existence of indirect significant effects on oil content in four cases was determined.

Correlation Coefficient and Path Analyses of Yield and Yield Related Traits of Korean Double Haploid Rice for Germplasm Improvement in Nigeria

The success of plant breeding depends on the availability of genetic variation, knowledge about desired traits, and efficient selection strategies that make it possible to exploit existing genetic resource. This study was carried out at Africa Rice Center, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Ibadan, Nigeria, and 239 double haploid lines from Republic of Korea were established along with one of the rice mega varieties (FARO 44) as check. The experiment was conducted using Alpha lattice design with four blocks each planted with 60 entries in two replications. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences (P ≤ 0.001) among the genotypes indicating existence of variation among the genotypes. Correlation coefficient of the yield and its association traits revealed significantly positive correlation of grain yield with number of tillers, plant height, days to 50% flowering, panicle length, effective tillers, leaf area, leaf area index, fertility, biomass, panicle weight, number of grains per panicle and grain yield per plant, hence, selection for these traits can improve yield. Path coefficient analysis revealed that days to 50% flowering, leaf area index, fertility, biomass, panicle weight, number of grains per panicle and grain yield per plant exhibited positive direct effect on grain yield. Among all traits examined, panicle weight had the highest significant positive correlation and high positive direct effect. Stepwise regression showed that characters such as panicle weight, grain yield per plant, flag leaf, days to 50% flowering, effective tillers and 1000 grain weight contributed more to the total grain yield. Therefore, selections for the aforementioned characters will assist breeders in making good improvement in rice grain yield.

Analysis of genetic variability and character relationship in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seed and seedling traits

Eight rice genotypes with different genetic backgrounds were evaluated for grain length, grain width, grain length width ratio, grain thickness, 1000 grain weight, seed germination percent, shoot length, root length and root shoot ratio. The genetic variance (δ^2 g), phenotypic variance (δ^2 p), phenotypic covariance (PCV), genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), heritability (h_b^2), genetic advance (GA), genetic advance in percent of mean (GA %) and correlation coefficient were all calculated. The experiment was conducted using a Randomized Block Design with three replications in a controlled environment in the laboratory of Department of Agriculture at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University Gopalganj in June 2021. For all of the studied characters, analysis of variance revealed a significant difference in genotypes. PCV values greater than GCV were found in all of the characteristics, indicating that they were influenced by non-additive gene action rather than environmental factors and that selection for improving these traits would be beneficial. The PCV (41.33) and GCV (41.70) estimates for the root shoot ratio were both high, indicating a wide range of variability for the two component characteristics, shoot length and root length. PCV and GCV values were moderate for grain length width ratio, seed germination percent, shoot length, and root length. The PCV and GCV of most grain characters were low. All of the characters had high heritability, ranging from 90.77 percent to 99.81 percent, except for 1000 grain weight (46.91 percent). Seed germination percent (36.03), shoot length (40.03), root length (35.16) and root shoot ratio (35.16) all had high heritability and high genetic advance in percent of mean (79.25). Grain thickness (8.68) and seed germination percent had the lowest GA% (8.71). Grain length with grain length width ratio, grain width with root shoot ratio, 1000 grain weight with grain width, grain thickness, root length and root shoot ratio were all found to have positive and significant correlations in a character association study. At the genotypic level, the highest positive significant correlation was found between 1000 grain weight and root shoot ratio (r_g= 0.908) and grain length and grain width ratio (r_p=0.900). According to genetic variability and correlation analysis, grain length, grain length width ratio, 1000 grain weight, root length and root shoot ratio could be used as selection indices for further improvement of seed and seedling characters of rice genotypes.

Quality of Life among Renal Transplant Recipients in Bahrain: A Single-Center Experience.

Although a positive effect of renal transplantation on quality of life (QOL) scores was demonstrated in numerous international studies, there are a few studies in renal transplant recipients in Arabic countries. The purpose of this study was to assess the QOL in renal transplant recipients in Bahrain. We used the standard QOL Index (QOLI) score instrument in Arabic languages. This study included 58 patients, aged 26-71 years, and 63.8% of them were males. We excluded patients below 18 years old and failed renal transplant at the time of the study. The highest QOL score was in the psychological/spiritual domain (87.4 ± 12.2), followed by the family domain (85.5 ± 13.1), the health and functioning domain (82.7 ± 13.3), and the social and economic domain (80.5 ± 13.9). There was a highly significant high positive correlation between the QOLI and each of the tested domains (P <0.001). Married participants had a significantly higher QOL score in the family domain, compared to unmarried participants (P = 0.025). The QOL scores in the health and functioning domain were significantly affected by the patient's social status, residence, and coexisting diabetes mellitus. In addition, the QOLI scores were significantly greater among patients who did their transplants in Bahrain (P = 0.045). Most of the renal transplant patients in Bahrain are satisfied with their QOL. Their QOL was also variably impacted by the different sociodemographic and clinical factors.

Assessment of genetic variability, correlation and path analysis for yield and related traits in elite rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm

Studies on genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance and correlation coefficient analysis and path analysis. Analysis of variance among 26 elite rice germplasm showed highly significant differences for all the characters under study indicated the presence of a substantial amount of genetic variability. Higher estimates of GCV and PCV were for number of panicles per plant followed by number of tillers per plant followed by spikelets per panicle indicating that these characters could be used as selection for crop improvement. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance is recorded for number of spikelets per plant. Correlation study revealed that Grain yield per plant showed the high significant positive correlation with number of tillers per plant, number of panicles, panicle length, number of grains per panicle, biological yield showed positive significant correlation at phenotype and genotypic levels. Path coefficient analysis revealed that days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, flag leaf length, number of grains per panicle, biological yield and harvest index has positive direct effect on grain yield per plant.

Influence of sire on internal egg quality and linear body traits of Japanese quail raised in the humid tropical environment

A total of 270 pedigreed-hatched day old chicks of three strains of Japanese quail generated from a base population of 36 adultswere used in a randomized complete block design to estimate the influence of sire on the internal egg quality and linear body traits of the birds. Parameters measured were internal egg quality traits - albumen height, yolk height, albumen weight, yolk weight, albumen diameter, albumen length, yolk width, yolk length, yolk index, and haugh unit, and growth traits - body weight, thigh length, breast length, body length, keel length, wing length, and shank length. Results showed that linear bodyparameters were significant (P&lt;0.05) except body weight at week 9. Panda white x Cinnamon brown (PWxCB) progenies out-performed the progenies of the other strains mainly at week 9. The PWxCB strain had the highest values in the following: body weight (159.30), thigh length (4.76), breast width (7.40), body length (11.94), keel length (6.77), and shank length (3.44). The haugh unit value was significantly (P&lt; 0.05) different among the three strains mainly at week 8 with CBxCB strain having higher value of (89.07) followed by PWxCB strain (89.03). The phenotypic correlations between the linear body parameters andinternal egg quality traits in Cinnamon brown x Cinnamon brown (CBxCB) strain were significant (P&lt;0.01) in keel length and yolk weight (0.534) and between shank length and yolk weight (0.473) at week 9. For PWxCB strain, high significant (P&lt;0.01) correlation were seen between shank lengthand albumen length (0.631) at week 8, body weight and yolk index at week 9. Silver brown x Cinnamon brown (SBxCB) strain also showed high positive significant (P&lt;0.01) correlation between shank length and yolk weight (0.541), breast width and albumen weight (0.537) and between body length and albumen weight (0.625) at week 9.These positive correlations imply that by direct selection for any linear body trait for increased meat production, there will be a remarkable genetic improvement in the internal egg quality trait. It can be concluded that PWxCB is a strain of choice for improved growth and internal egg quality characteristics.

Effects of Tillage System and Cultivation Year on Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Capacity of Durum Wheat under Rainfed Conditions

One of the proposed solutions to face climate change impact and to maintain food production sustainability is conservation agriculture. This study tries to determinate the effect of conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT) on secondary metabolites such as total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC) and antioxidants capacity (DPPH %) in relation to natural mycorrhization of durum wheat during the tillering stage for three cultivation years. The experiment was conducted in a referential farm (Krib, Siliana, North West Tunisia). The results showed that TPC, TFC and DPPH% were not influenced by tillage system (T). However, cultivation year (Y) had a significant effect on the studied parameters independently of tillage system. In addition, for the first cultivation year, tillage system (T) had significantly influenced the mycorrhization rate (MR%) and NT presented the highest mycorrhization rate (24%). DPPH% showed high significant positive correlations with MR% and TPC. For partial correlation based on Tillage system, high positive correlations were noted between DPPH%, MR% and TPC. Considering the partial correlation based on cultivation year, only a significant positive correlation between TPC and TFC was observed. In conclusion, durum wheat quality was not affected by tillage system and there are not reasons against no tillage adoption in this region for a sustainable wheat production.

Correlation and path coefficient analysis of quantitative characters in okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.

Fifty genotypes of okra were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications during kharif 2016-17 at Horticulture Research Centre, SVPUAT, Modipuram, Meerut to study the correlation and path analysis for its yield and contributing traits. The difference between genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficient indicates the influence of environmental effects. The highest significant positive correlation were observed between number of fruits per plant and yield per plant (r =0.660**). Significantly positive correlations were also observed for number of branches per plant and length of first fruiting node (r = 205*) plant height and number of first fruiting node (r = 198*), number of branches per plant and number of fruits per plant (r = 190*) these relations were also found to be significant in genotypic level. Plant height and length of internode, length of internode and length of fruit, length of first fruiting node and width of fruit and length of fruit and width of fruit were also found significant in genotypic level. The path coefficient analysis was done to determine direct and indirect effects of traits on fruit yield. Direct positive effect on fruit yield per plant was observed by number of fruits per plant, followed by number of branches per plant, plant height, length of internode and number of first fruiting node.

Correlation studies in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)

A field experiment was conducted to estimate the genetic variability and genetic divergence in Cowpea. Thirty-One genotypes were sown in a randomized block design with two replications, during kharif 2018 at Research farm, Department of Agricultural Botany, V.N.M.K.V. Parbhani. The objective of the experiment was to identify divergent to be used as donor parents in hybridization programmes. The observations were recorded on 12 characters viz., Plant height (cm), number of primary branches per plant, days to 50% flowering, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, mean pod weight (g), pod length (cm), pod width (cm), days to first pod harvest, 100 seed weight (g), pod yield per plant (gm), pod yield per hectare (Kg). Analysis of variance and mean performance for pod yield and its components revealed significant differences among all the genotypes for all the characters there by indicating presence of variability in genotypes studied. From correlation studies, it was observed that pod yield per plant had exhibited highly significant positive association with number of pods per plants, number of primary branches per plants, plant height and number of seeds per pod. Whereas maximum significant and negative correlation was shown by days to first pod harvest. In the present studies, the characters plant height (cm), number of primary branches per plant, days to 50% flowering, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant and pod length showed positive and significant correlation with pod yield per plant. Pod yield per hectare recorded high positive significant correlation with number of primary branches per plant (0.6115rg, 0.4548rp) at 1% level of significance. It also showed positive significant correlation with number of pods per plant (0.2321rg, 0.2595rp) and number of seeds per pod (0.3760rg, 0.2984rp) at both 5% and 1% levels of significance. These results are supported by Patel et al. (2016). The magnitude of genotypic correlation was higher than phenotypic correlation for all the traits that indicated inherent association between various characters.

Induced Genetic Variability through Physical and Chemical Mutagens in M2 Generation of Greengram

Uniform and healthy seeds of green gram cv. Pratap (SG-1) were treated with two mutagens, gamma rays (physical mutagen) and EMS (chemical mutagen) alone and in combination. The two hundred forty M1 progenies were laid in randomized block design with three replications during Kharif, 2017 to raise M2 generation. Analysis of variance discloses significant differences among the treatments for all the eight characters studied. It was observed that in general, the combination dose, i.e., 200 Gy+0.2% EMS gave superior results in almost all the yield attributing characteristics. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was recorded for seed yield per plant, which indicates the predominance of additive gene action. Number of pods per plant followed by pod length showed high significant positive correlation with seed yield per plant. The character number of pods per cluster had shown positive correlation with seed yield per plant, but path analysis revealed its negative direct effect on seed yield.

Potential relationship between self-efficacy beliefs and proficiency in grammar among tertiary EFL learners

A multitude of studies on self-efficacy beliefs have been undertaken to date, especially in language learning. However, little evidence is given on looking into the relationship between self-efficacy and English grammar. To this end, the present study goes about identifying to what extent the correlation between learners’ self-efficacy and their achievements in the grammar test is. Drawing on the correlational design, an English grammar test was administered to the learners to know the learners’ acquaintance with the English grammar. Meanwhile, a self-efficacy questionnaire was performed by the researcher to the learners to figure out to what extent their efficaciousness is. A Pearson-product moment correlation was performed to analyze the relationship between such variables. The result demonstrates that there is a high positive significant correlation between learners’ self-efficacy and their attainments in the grammar test, displayed by r Correlation = +1. This finding brings a recent insight in the field of language learning.