High Polyunsaturated Fat Research Articles

Cardiovascular risk factors and adipocytokines levels after two hypocaloric diets with different fat distribution in obese subjects and rs6923761 gene variant of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor.

The role of GLP-1 R variants on body weight response after dietary intervention is unclear. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of this polymorphism on cardiovascular risk factors, adipokine levels and weight loss secondary to a high monounsaturated fat vs. a high polyunsaturated fat hypocaloric diets in obese subjects. 391 obese subjects were randomly allocated to one of these two diets for a period of 3 months; diet M (high monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet) and diet P (high polyunsaturated (PUFAs) fat hypocaloric diet). Two hundred and twelve patients (54.2 %) had the genotype GG (wild group) and 179 (45.8 %) patients had the next genotypes; GA (146 patients, 37.3 %) or AA (33 patients, 8.7 %) (Mutant group). With both diets and in wild-type and mutant-type groups, BMI, weight, fat mass, waist circumference and systolic blood pressure decreased. Anthropometric parameters were higher in non-A-allele carriers than A-allele carriers. With both diets and in both genotypes, leptin, insulin levels and HOMA decreased. With the diet P and in wild genotype, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels decreased, too. Our data showed a lack of association of rs6923761 GLP-1 R polymorphism with weight loss after a high monounsaturated fat and a high polyunsaturated fat hypocaloric diets. Better anthropometric parameters in obese subjects with the mutant allele (A) of rs6923761 GLP-1 R polymorphism were observed. Insulin levels and HOMA decreased in non-A carriers.

A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of incorporating peanuts into an American Diabetes Association meal plan on the nutrient profile of the total diet and cardiometabolic parameters of adults with type 2 diabetes

BackgroundAccording to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), the nutritional goals for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are to achieve an optimal nutrient intake to achieve normoglycemia and a cardioprotective lipid profile. Peanuts are nutrient dense foods that contain high levels of monounsaturated fat (MUFA) and are a natural source of arginine, fiber, phytosterols, resveritrol, niacin, folate, vitamin E and magnesium, which have the potential for improving blood lipids and glycemic control. This study sought to evaluate the effect of a peanut enriched ADA meal plan on the nutrient profile of the total diet and cardiometabolic parameters in adults with T2D.MethodsThis was a randomized, prospective 24-week parallel-group clinical trial with 60 adults with T2D [age range 34–84 years; body mass index (BMI) range 17.2-48.7 kg/m2]. Subjects consumed an ADA meal plan containing ~20% of energy from peanuts (peanut group) or a peanut-free ADA meal plan (control group). Weight, BMI, waist circumference (WC) and nutrient intake from 24-hour recalls were measured every 4 weeks and fasting blood glucose (FBG), HbA1c and blood lipids were measured every 12 weeks. A mixed-model repeated-measures analysis of covariance was performed to assess the significance of changes in the cardiometabolic parameters.ResultsA higher polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) to saturated fat diet ratio and higher intake of MUFA, PUFA, α-tocopherol, niacin and magnesium was observed in the peanut group as compared to the control group (P < 0.01-P = 0.04). Both groups experienced mild reductions in weight, BMI, and WC during the study (P = 0.01-P = 0.03), however there were no differences between the two groups in these measurements or in FBG, HbA1c or blood lipids. For each kilogram of weight loss in the entire cohort there were associations for reductions in WC of 0.48 cm (P < 0.01), FBG of 0.11 mmol/l (P = 0.01) and HbA1c of 0.07% (P < 0.01).ConclusionsDaily consumption of a peanut enriched (46 g/d) ADA meal plan over 24 weeks improves the nutrient profile of the total diet and is compatible with weight management and improvement in specific blood lipids.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT00937222

The effects of exercise and diet on olfactory capability in detection dogs.

A previous work suggests that dietary fat may influence canine olfaction. The present study evaluated whether olfactory performance could be influenced by forms of dietary fat and exercise. Seventeen certified detection dogs were fed three different diets (high fat, low fat or high polyunsaturated fat) for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, olfactory testing was performed using a scent wheel in an olfaction laboratory using three explosive materials. The dogs completed eight to twelve scent trials before and after a 30min treadmill exercise on five consecutive days. A mixed-effect logistic regression model was used to examine how diet, pre- or post-exercise, trial number, odourant, mass of target and target position influenced the probability of dogs alerting on the target odour. There were no significant changes in the dog's ability to find a target odour at threshold amounts. Dogs were 1·42 (1·08, 1·87; 95% CI) times as likely to find a target on the high polyunsaturated fat diet relative to the high-fat diet (P=0·009). The low-fat diet was not significantly different from either the high-fat diet or the high polyunsaturated fat diet (P=0·12). Dogs were 1·49 (1·26, 1·76; 95% CI) times as likely to find a target prior to exercise relative to after exercise (P<0·001). Dogs on the high PUFA diet utilising maize oil showed mild improvement in olfaction. The exact reasons are unknown; however, the higher relative amount of linoleic acid in the diet may play a role in olfactory sensation which warrants further examination of optimal diets for detection dogs.

Lifestyle and dietary factors determine age at natural menopause

A literature search was done using PubMed. The age at natural menopause (ANM) depends on various factors like genetic, environmental, socioeconomic, reproductive, dietary, and lifestyle of which some like nulliparity, vegetarian diet, smoking, high fat intake, cholesterol, and caffeine accelerates; while others like parity, prior use of oral contraceptive pills, and Japanese ethnicity delays the ANM. ANM is an important risk factor for long-term morbidity and mortality; and hence, the need to identify the modifiable risk factors like diet and lifestyle changes. Delayed menopause is associated with increased risk of endometrial and breast cancer, while early ANM enhances the risk for cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis. The correlation between diet and ANM has not been extensively studied; however, whatever studies have been done till now point towards role of high intake of total calories, fruits, and proteins in delaying the ANM, while high polyunsaturated fat intake accelerates it. The role of dietary soy, total fat, saturated fat, red meat, and dietary fiber in determining the ANM has been controversial and needs further studies to substantiate it. The lifestyle factors like current smoking and vigorous exercise have been significantly associated with early menopause, while moderate alcohol consumption delays the ANM. Large prospective studies are needed to study the association of ANM and other modifiable factors like passive smoking fish consumption, soy, and various types of tea. The knowledge of modifiable determinants of ANM can help in setting up menopausal clinics and initiating health programs specially in developing countries.

Effects of C358A polymorphism of the endocannabinoid degrading enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) on weight loss, adipocytokines levels, and insulin resistance after a high polyunsaturated fat diet in obese patients

The C385A polymorphism of FAAH gene (rs324420C>A) has been associated with obesity. We investigate the role of this polymorphism on anthropometric and insulin resistance responses to a high polyunsaturated fat hypocaloric diet. Obese individuals (no.=99) were assessed at baseline and after 3 months of a high polyunsaturated fat hypocaloric diet. Seventy-one patients (71.7%) had the genotype C385C and 28 (28.3%) patients had the C385A (26 patients, 26.3%) or A358A (2 patients, 2.0%) (A allele carriers group) genotype. In A allele carriers and after dietary intervention, total cholesterol (-16.3 ± 37.4 mg/dl) and LDL-cholesterol (-12.9 ± 6.5 mg/dl) levels decreased. In subjects with C385C genotype, the decreases were significant in total cholesterol (-12.3 ± 27.4 mg/dl), LDL-cholesterol (-7.5 ± 20.5 mg/dl), insulin (-2.2 ± 6.2 mUI/l), and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-R) (-0.79 ± 1.15 units) levels. The weight loss was similar in both genotype groups (-4.1 ± 3.8 kg vs -4.2 ± 3.2 kg). Only leptin levels had a significant similar decrease in both genotypes. Subjects with C385C genotype of the FAAH showed an improvement on insulin and HOMA-R levels with a high polyunsaturated fat hypocaloric diet after weight loss during 3 months.

Genetic Variation in the Beta 3-Adrenoreceptor Gene (Trp64Arg Polymorphism) and Its Influence on Anthropometric Parameters and Insulin Resistance Under a High Monounsaturated versus a High Polyunsaturated Fat Hypocaloric Diet

Objective: The aim of our study was to investigate the role of Trp64Arg polymorphism of the beta 3-adrenergic receptor (beta 3-AR) gene on metabolic changes and weight loss secondary to a high monounsaturated fat versus a high polyunsaturated fat hypocaloric diet in obese subjects. Material and Methods: A population of 260 obese subjects was analyzed. In the basal visit, patients were randomly allocated for 3 months to either diet M (high monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet) or diet P (high polyunsaturated fat hypocaloric diet). Results: There were no significant differences between the positive effects (on weight, body mass index, waist circumference, fat mass) in either genotype group with both diets. With diet P and in genotype Trp64Trp, glucose levels (-6.7 ± 12.1 vs. -1.2 ± 2.2 mg/dl; p < 0.05), total cholesterol (-11.2 ± 8.1 vs. -1.0 ± 7.1 mg/dl; p < 0.05), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (-9.7 ± 10.1 vs. -2.2 ± 8.1 mg/dl; p < 0.05), triglycerides (-11.7 ± 13.1 vs. +1.7 ± 10.3 mg/dl; p < 0.05), homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-R; -0.7 ± 1.1 vs. -0.3 ± 2.1 units; p < 0.05) and insulin levels (-1.8 ± 4.6 vs. -1.0 ± 9.1 mIU/l; p < 0.05) decreased. Conclusion: The metabolic effect of weight reduction by the two hypocaloric diets is greatest in subjects with the normal homozygous beta 3-AR gene. Improvements in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, insulin and HOMA-R levels were better than in the heterozygous group.

Dietary fat intake, circulating and membrane fatty acid composition of healthy Norwegian men and women

The present study aimed to assess the dietary fat intake and blood fatty acid status of healthy Norwegian men and women living in Bergen whose habitual diet is known to be high in long-chain omega-3 fat. Healthy men (n=41) and women (n=40) aged 20-50years who were regular blood donors completed 7-day food diaries and their nutrient intake was analysed by Norwegian food database software, kbs, version 4.9 (kostberegningssystem; University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway). Blood samples were obtained before blood donation and assessed for the fatty acid composition of plasma triglycerides and cholesterol esters, phosphatidylcholine, and red cell phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. There was no difference in dietary fat intake between men and women. Total and saturated fat intakes exceeded the upper limits of the recommendations of the National Nutrition Council of Norway. Although polyunsaturated fat intake was close to the lower limit of the recommended level, the intake varied greatly among individuals, partly as a result of the use of supplementary fish oil. Moreover, the proportional fatty acid composition of plasma and red cell lipids was similar between men and women. Enrichment of docosahexaenoic acid in red cell phosphatidylethanolamine was found in fish oil users. The results of the present study provide a snapshot of the current nutritional status of healthy Norwegian adults. Moreover, the detailed blood fatty acid composition of men and women whose habitual diet constitutes high long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fat as well as saturated fat could be used as reference value for population studies.

Role of G308 promoter variant of tumor necrosis factor alpha gene on weight loss and metabolic parameters after a high monounsaturated versus a high polyunsaturated fat hypocaloric diets

Background and objectiveThe aim of our study was to investigate the influence of G-308 promoter variant of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha gene on metabolic changes and weight loss secondary to a high monounsaturated fat vs a high polyunsaturated fat hypocaloric diet in obese subjects. Patients and methodA sample of 261 obese subjects were enrolled in a consecutive prospective way, from May 2011 to July 2012 in a tertiary hospital. In the basal visit, patients were randomly allocated during 3 months to Diet M (high monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet) and Diet P (high polyunsaturated fat hypocaloric diet). ResultsOne hundred and ninety seven patients (73.2%) had the genotype G-308G and 64 (26.8%) patients had the genotype G-308A. There were no significant differences between the effects (on weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, fat mass) in either genotype group with both diets. With the diet type P and in genotype G-308G, glucose levels (−6.7(22.1)mg/dl vs −3.7(2.2)mg/dl: p=0.02), HOMA-R (−0.6(2.1)units vs −0.26(3.1)units: p=0.01), insulin levels (−1.7(6.6)UI/L vs −0.6(7.1)UI/L: p=0.009), total cholesterol levels (−15.3(31.1)mg/dl vs −8.4(22.1)mg/dl: p=0.01), LDL cholesterol levels (−10.7(28.1)mg/dl vs −3.8(21.1)mg/dl: p=0.008) and triglycerides (−12.1(52.1)mg/dl vs −6.6(43.1)mg/dl: p=0.02) decreased. ConclusionCarriers of the G-308G promoter variant of TNF alpha gene have a better metabolic response than A-308 obese with a high polyunsaturated fat hypocaloric diet.

Composition of Dietary Fat Source Shapes Gut Microbiota Architecture and Alters Host Inflammatory Mediators in Mouse Adipose Tissue

High‐fat diet consumption has a significant impact on the development of obesity and inflammation. Studies have shown that dietary factors alter gut microbiota resulting in metabolic and immunologic effects within the host through adipose tissue. The objective of this study is to address how consumption of specific high saturated (SFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fat shapes the intestinal microbiota and how these changes affect adipose tissue‐mediated inflammation.Adult male C57Bl/6 mice were fed SFA and PUFA diets for four weeks. Body mass and food consumption data were collected weekly. Bacterial DNA from stool samples was extracted and analyzed by T‐RFLP and HiSeq methods. Adipose depots were excised and analyzed for lipogenic and inflammatory gene expression via qRT‐PCR.Mice fed high‐fat diets showed increased caloric consumption and weight gain compared to low‐fat fed mice. High‐fat diets also resulted in a dramatic shift in gut microbiota, stratifying based on the specific source of dietary fat. These changes led to significantly altered expression of inflammatory markers (MCP‐1, CD192, resistin, APN) in adipose depots.Collectively, our findings show that gut microbiota resulting from dietary modulation of fat source can influence inflammatory outcome and should be considered a potential therapeutic target to alleviate obesity‐induced inflammation.Grant Funding Source: T32 DK07074

Genetic variation in the cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) (G1359A polymorphism) and their influence on anthropometric parameters and metabolic parameters under a high monounsaturated vs. high polyunsaturated fat hypocaloric diets

An intragenic polymorphism (1359 G/A) of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) gene was reported as a common polymorphism in Caucasian populations (rs1049353). Intervention studies with this polymorphism have yield contradictories results. We decide to investigate the role of polymorphism (G1359A) of (CNR1) gene on metabolic parameters and weight loss secondary to a high monounsaturated fat and high polyunsaturated fat hypocaloric diets in obese subjects. A population of 258 obese subjects was analyzed in a randomized trial. A nutritional evaluation was performed at the beginning and at the end of a 3-month period in which subjects received 1 of 2 diets (diet M: high monounsaturated fat diet vs diet P: high polyunsaturated fat diet). One hundred and sixty five patients (63.9%) had the genotype G1359G and 93 (36.1%) patients (A allele carriers) had G1359A (78 patients,30.3%) or A1359A (15 patients,5.8%) genotypes. In subjects with both genotypes, body mass index, weight, fat mass, waist circumference and systolic blood pressures decreased with both diets. With the diet-type M and in both genotype groups, biochemical parameters remained unchanged. After the diet type P and in subjects with both genotypes, glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, insulin and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels decreased. In G1359G genotype subjects after both diets, leptin levels decreased. The finding of this study is the association of the A allele with a lack of improvement on leptin levels. Subjects with both genotypes and after a high polyunsaturated fat hypocaloric diet showed a significant improvement of LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, HOMA-IR and insulin levels.

Effect of Fatty Acid–Binding Protein 2 Ala54Thr Genotype on Weight Loss and Cardiovascular Risk Factors After a High–Polyunsaturated Fat Diet in Obese Patients

BackgroundIt has been found that the expression of fatty acid-binding protein 2 messenger RNA is under dietary control.The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of Thr54 polymorphism...

Relation of -55CT polymorphism of UCP3 gene with weight loss and metabolic changes after a high polyunsaturated fat diet in obese patients

The alteration in the protein expression of UCP3 could reduce energy consumption and increase energy storage as fat. The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of -55CT polymorphism of UCP3 gene in the metabolic response, weight loss and serum levels of adipokines following a hypocaloric diet rich in polyunsaturated fat in obese patients. A sample of 133 obese patients were analyzed prospectively for 3 months. The hypocaloric diet was 1459 kcal, 45.7% carbohydrate, 34.4% from 19.9% lipids and proteins. The fat distribution was, a 21.8% saturated fat, 55.5% monounsaturated and 22.7% of polyunsaturated fat (7 g per day of fatty acids w6, 2 g per day of w -3 and a ratio w6/w3 of 3.5). A total of 100 patients (28 males/72 females) (75.2%) had genotype - 55CC (wild genotype group) and 33 patients (8 males/25 females) (24.8%) -55CT genotype (group mutant genotype). In the wild genotype, body mass index (-2.5 ± 5.3 kg/m²), weight (-4.2 ± 3.7 kg), fat mass (-3,7 ± 3.3 kg), waist circumference (-4.1 ± 2.9 cm), systolic blood pressure (-4.9 ± 10.1 mmHg), total cholesterol levels (- 16.1 ± 23.6 mg / dl), LDL cholesterol (-11.1 ± 26.8 mg/dl), triglycerides (-12.0 ± 46.8 mg/dl), insulin (-1.8 ± 4.5 IU/L), HOMA-R (-0.6 ± 1.5) and leptin (-6.2 ± 8.4 ng/ml) decreased. In the mutant genotype anthropometric parameters were significantly decreased without significant changes in biochemical parameters. The T allele carriers of -55CT UCP3 polymorphism exhibit no metabolic response to weight loss induced by a hypocaloric diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Abstract 17091: High Saturated Fat Intake Improves Survival in Genetic Cardiomyopathy Compared to a High Polyunsaturated Fat Diet or a Low Fat Diet

Surprisingly, a high fat diet comprised mainly of saturated fatty acids improves LV function and survival in rat models of heart failure induced by hypertension or myocardial infarction. The mechanism for this effect is not clear, nor is it known if a similar effect occurs with a high fat diet composed of plant derived polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), or in genetic cardiomyopathies. We determined if survival in cardiomyopathic hamsters (Bio TO-2 strain) is prolonged by a high fat diet compared to a low fat diet (see table). Further, we compared the effect of high fat diets enriched with either saturated fat (palmitate and stearate), or PUFAs from plant sources(primarily linoleic and α-linolenic acids). Cardiomyopathic hamsters (6 wks old) were fed either a Low Fat diet; a High PUFA diet, or a High Saturated Fat diet. Survival was assessed (n=30/group), and subgroups were evaluated at 30 wks of age (n=12/group) for LV and mitochondrial function. The diet has no effect on LV function as assessed by echocardiography, and there was no difference in body weight or LV mass. Since there is impaired mitochondrial function in heart failure and dietary lipid composition might positively impact mitochondrial function, isolated mitochondria were assessed. Respiration and Ca 2+ -induced mitochondrial permeability transition were unaffected by diet. On the other hand, the high PUFA diet increased fat pad mass compared with the two other cardiomyopathic groups and elevated plasma free fatty acid concentration (p&lt;0.05). Importantly, there was a significant increase in survival in the high saturated sat group compared to the either the low fat or the high PUFA groups after 16 months of treatment (p&lt;0.0001). These results show that a high fat diet comprised largely of long chain saturated fatty acids increase survival in cardiomyopathic hamsters compared to either a low fat diet or a high fat diet comprised of PUFA from plant sources. The effect was independent of improved mitochondrial function.

Optimizing dietary fat in a weight-loss trial requires advice based on a structured “whole-of-diet” model

Dietary trials may link macronutrient intakes to health outcomes, but adherence to dietary targets requires advice based on an understanding of food composition and consumption patterns. Using data from a weight loss trial, we hypothesized that structured advice would be required for significant fat modification to occur. We compared participants' food choice patterns in response to advice based on a structured "whole-of-diet" model vs a general approach to healthy eating. Overweight participants (n = 122) were randomized to 2 advice arms (saturated fat [SFA] < 10% energy [E]): (1) general low fat (LF) control-(a) isoenergy, (b) -2000 kJ; and (2) structured LF high polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) (∼10% energy PUFA; PUFA to SFA ratio ≥1) (LF-PUFA)-(a) isoenergy, (b) -2000 kJ. Intakes of E and fat and fat from food groups (percentage of total fat intake) were compared at baseline, 3 months, P < .05. Baseline diets were similar, with most fat from high-SFA foods (59%): meat and milk-based staple meals and high-fat snacks. By 3 months, all groups reduced E and met the SFA target. Polyunsaturated fat targets were met by the LF-PUFA groups only (P < .001), enabling targeted between-group differences. In response to general advice, LF groups simply switched to LF alternatives of the same foods (P < .05). In comparison, LF-PUFA groups shifted fat intake to high-PUFA choices (54%), consuming more fat than controls from nuts (P < .001), whole grains (P < .001), and oils and spreads (P < .05). Significant reductions in E were achieved regardless of advice, but significant shifts in dietary fat profile relied on structured whole-of-diet advice on a range of meal and snack food sources of fat subtypes.

Effects of vitamin E and beta‐carotene on sperm competitiveness

Sperm are particularly prone to oxidative damage because they generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), have a high polyunsaturated fat content and a reduced capacity to repair DNA damage. The dietary compounds vitamin E and beta-carotene are argued to have antioxidant properties that help to counter the damaging effects of excess ROS. Here in, we tested the post-copulatory consequences for male crickets (Teleogryllus oceanicus) of dietary intake of these two candidate antioxidants. During competitive fertilisation trials, vitamin E, but not beta-carotene, singularly enhanced sperm competitiveness. However, the diet combining a high vitamin E dose and beta-carotene produced males with the most competitive ejaculates, possibly due to the known ability of beta-carotene to recycle vitamin E. Our results provide support for the idea that these two common dietary compounds have interactive antioxidant properties in vivo, by affecting the outcomes of male reproductive success under competitive conditions.

Lipid Fatty Acid Profile Analyses in Liver and Serum in Rats with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Using Improved Gas Chromatography−Mass Spectrometry Methodology

Fatty acids (FAs) are essential components of lipids and exhibit important biological functions. The analyses of FAs are routinely carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after multistep sample preparation. In this study, several key experimental factors were carefully examined, validated, and optimized to analyze free fatty acid (FFA) and FA profiles of triglycerides and phospholipids in serum or tissue samples. These factors included (1) methylation/transesterification reagents, (2) validation of internal standards, and (3) final step concentration of FA methyl esters. This new method was utilized to analyze FFAs and the FA profiles of triglycerides and phospholipids in the serum and liver from a recently established rat model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In this model, rats were fed a 220 kcal kg (-3/4) day (-1) diet containing either 5 or 70% corn oil for 21 days using total enteral nutrition. FA compositions of the serum and liver were found to shift from a pattern dominated by saturated and monounsaturated FAs (C16:0/18:1) to one dominated by polyunsaturated C18:2 derived from dietary linoleic acid. Alteration of FA composition in liver after overfeeding of high polyunsaturated fat diets may contribute to the progression of pathological changes from steatosis to inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis observed in NASH.

Skeletal muscle inflammation is not responsible for the rapid impairment in adiponectin response with high-fat feeding in rats

Adiponectin (Ad) is an insulin-sensitizing adipokine known to stimulate fatty acid (FA) oxidation in skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle can become resistant to Ad very rapidly, after only 3 days of high saturated fat feeding in rats. Whether the same occurs following a high polyunsaturated fat diet is unknown. Obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia are recognized as low-grade inflammatory diseases; therefore, we hypothesized that high-fat feeding induces inflammation, which interferes with Ad action at skeletal muscle. To this end, rats were placed into one of three dietary groups, control (CON, 10% kcal from fat), high saturated (SAT), or high polyunsaturated (PUFA) fat (60% kcal from fat) for 3 days to determine whether Ad resistance develops. Half of the animals from each group were further supplemented with aspirin, a common anti-inflammatory drug. Ad stimulated FA metabolism, Ad signaling intermediates [AdipoR1, APPL1, LKB1, AMPK, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)], and inflammatory proteins [Toll-like receptor (TLR4), IKK alpha/beta, IkappaB alpha, NF-kappaB, suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3), and JNK] were measured in soleus muscle. Three days of SAT feeding induced Ad resistance in soleus muscle, assessed as an inability of Ad to phosphorylate ACC and increase FA oxidation. In PUFA-fed animals, Ad-stimulated FA oxidation and ACC phosphorylation to the same degree as CON animals (FA oxidation: +35%, +41%; pACC +29%, +19%; CON, PUFA, P < 0.05). However, neither SAT nor PUFA feeding for 3 days induced skeletal muscle inflammation. Surprisingly, aspirin prevented Ad-stimulated increases in FA oxidation. In conclusion, FA type is critical in the development of Ad resistance, but this does not appear to be mediated by inflammation.

Diets high in saturated fat increase intestinal inflammation associated with IBD via alterations in the microbiota

Clinical evidence suggests the chronic inflammation seen in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) results from a combination of environmental/microbial factors on a background of genetic susceptibility. This study evaluates the environmental factor of dietary fat composition on the incidence of IBD via alterations in gut microbiota. Male C57bl/6j mice (6 w/o) were fed a high saturated fat (SF; 47% energy from carbohydrates, 16% energy from protein, 37% energy from fat), high polyunsaturated fat (PF; 47:16:37), or a low fat control diet (C; 70:16:14) for 3 wks (n=10/diet). Cecal contents were collected for microbial pyrosequencing of 16s rDNA and revealed a “bloom” of b.wadsworthia, a cytotoxic proteobacteria, only in the SF diet. Body weight was greater on SF diet than PF and LF despite no significant difference in kcals consumed, suggesting an increased microbial capacity for energy harvest on SF, a contributing factor to local inflammation. Next, male IL‐10−/− mice (4 w/o), a model of spontaneous colitis, were fed LF or SF (n=5/diet) for 12 wks. Only 20% of these mice developed colitis on LF vs. 100% on SF accompanied by a 4‐fold increase in pro‐inflammatory IL‐6 and IL‐12 and a microbial profile like that of the C57bl/6j mice fed SF. These data indicate that SF diets create an environment favorable for the growth of harmful bacteria contributing to incidence to IBD.Supported by the National Institutes of Health R01 and T32Grant Funding Source: National Institutes of Health

Selenium in Intravenous Nutrition

Selenium (Se) is an essential nutrient for human beings, with serious consequences resulting from clinical deficiency. It therefore should be provided intravenously to all patients who require parenteral nutrition (PN). Moreover, because the effects of suboptimal status are variable and unclear, this supplementation should be provided from the beginning of the course of PN. In most patients receiving PN at home or after surgery, 60-100 mcg/day will meet their requirements. Patients who commence PN already depleted in selenium may require more. Critically ill patients or those with severe burns may have higher requirements. There is good evidence that up to 400 mcg/day is beneficial in burn patients, but the evidence is inconclusive regarding the benefit of high-dose selenium in severe sepsis. Where increased Se provision is used, or in long-term PN, selenium status should be monitored by measurement of plasma Se together with a measure of systemic inflammatory response syndrome, such as C-reactive protein. There are many research issues, including which biochemical measurements best reflect tissue function, especially immune function in seriously ill patients, the clinical consequences of suboptimal biochemical Se status, whether high-dose Se improves outcome in critically ill patients, and whether extra Se always should be given with extra intakes of other antioxidants.

Fat Intake Influences the Effect of the Hepatic Lipase C-514T Polymorphism on HDL-Cholesterol Levels in Children

Polymorphisms in the hepatic lipase gene have been associated with variability in plasma HDL-C concentrations, but contradictory results have been reported regarding the effect of diet on this association in adults. In our study, we examined whether dietary fat intake modified the association between lipid levels and the C-514T polymorphism in the hepatic lipase gene (LIPC C-514T) in prepubescent children. The LIPC C-514T polymorphism was determined by PCR and restriction analysis in 1260 healthy school children, aged 6-8. Information on the children's nutrient intake was obtained by means of a validated food frequency questionnaire. We found that regardless of gender, carriers of the minor allele had significantly higher apo A-I levels compared to noncarrier subjects. The effect of the polymorphism, however, was modified by dietary fat intake. In boys, the presence of the LIPC C-514T polymorphism was associated with significantly higher HDL-C among children within the highest tertiles of total, saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated fat intake. Apo A-I levels were significantly higher in carriers of the LIPC C-514T polymorphism, but only among boys who consumed high total as well as monounsaturated fat and among girls who consumed high total, saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fat. Our data show that dietary fat intake modifies the effect of the LIPC C-514T polymorphism on plasma HDL-C and apo A-I levels in prepubescent children, being associated with higher levels of HDL-C and apo A-I only when fat intake is high. This significant gene-nutrient interaction could help to explain inter-individual variations in the plasma lipid response to fat intake.