High Pigment Research Articles

갑오징어뼈재를 이용한 크롬적유의 개발과 색도 증진

The purpose of this study is to develop high firing chrome-pink glazes for ceramics and enhance color development by using cuttle bone, which is a fishery waste, as a Ca source. After calcining cuttle bone at 850°C, sieving it with 40 mesh was added to the lime-glazes, used as an alternative flux for limestone. Chromium oxide (Cr₂O₃), and tin oxide (SnO₂) was added as a coloring oxide for red. As a result of analyzing the components of the cuttle bone ash, cuttle bone ash had a CaO component of 97.39%, and the cuttle bone ash were suitable for use as a stable Ca source in high firing lime glazes. As a result of adding the cuttle bone ash as a flux for the basic lime glazes, glossy chrome-pink glazes with a high firing and a stable deep red color was developed with a composition added with 0.3% chromium oxide and 10% tin oxide. After firing at 1250°C(10 min) in an oxidizing atmosphere, re-fired at a maximum temperature of 1250°C and then maintained at 1150°C for 2 hours to enhancement the redness of high firing chrome-pink glazes. Developed High firing chrome-pink glazes using cuttle bone ash is expected to be used as an alternative flux for high firing glazes recycled from fishery waste resources and in the ceramic field and study in the field of clay and synthesis of high temperature pigments as well as glaze.

Antibacterial Activity of Carotenoid Pigments Produced by Heterotrophic Bacteria from Seawater in Krakal Coastal Area, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Investigating natural pigments resulting from marine bacterial secondary metabolites is important because of their broad benefits in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and textile industries. In this study, 52 isolates of pigmented bacteria were isolated from seawater in the Krakal coastal area, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Seven bacterial isolates showed high pigment stability. Profiling of pigment extracts using a mixture of acetone and methanol with UV–Vis spectrophotometric reading showed that the compounds produced were carotenoids. The highest total carotenoid content with UV–Vis spectrophotometric reading at 480 nm was produced by the Kral-3 isolate (1800 mg/g), followed by Kral-15 (1698.9 mg/g) and Kral-25 (797.2 mg/g) isolates. Analysis of the antibacterial activity of the carotenoid extracts of Kral-3, Kral-15, and Kral-25 isolates using the agar well diffusion method revealed a very strong inhibition score against Escherichia coli. In addition, the carotenoid extract of the Kral-3 isolate showed a strong inhibition score against Staphylococcus aureus, whereas the Kral-15 and Kral-25 isolates showed moderate inhibition scores. Based on the 16S rRNA gene analysis, the Kral-3, Kral-15, and Kral-25 isolates were identified as Kocuria rhizophilla, Calidifontibacter sp., and Rhodococcus ruber, respectively. Based on the findings, the novel bacterial strains are a potential bioresource for the commercial production of natural carotenoids.

Production of Antioxidants and High Value Biomass from Nannochloropsis oculata: Effects of pH, Temperature and Light Period in Batch Photobioreactors

Nannochloropsis oculata is a marine microalgal species with a great potential as food or feed due to its high pigment, protein and eicosapentaenoic acid contents. However, for such an application to be realized on a large scale, a biorefinery approach is necessary due to the high cost of microalgal biomass production. For example, techno economic analyses have suggested the co-production of food or feed with antioxidants, which can be extracted and supplied separately to the market. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cultivation conditions on the antioxidant capacity of Nannochlosopsis oculata extracts, derived with ultrasound-assisted extraction at room temperature, as well as the proximate composition and fatty acid profile of the biomass. A fractional factorial approach was applied to examine the effects of temperature (20–35 °C), pH (6.5–9.5) and light period (24:0, 12:12). At the end of each run, biomass was collected, washed with 0.5M ammonium bicarbonate and freeze-dried. Antioxidant capacity as gallic acid equivalents as well as pigment content were measured in the ethanolic extracts. Optimal conditions were different for productivity and biomass composition. Interesting results regarding the effect of light period (LP) and pH require further investigation, whereas the effect of moisture on the extraction process was confounded with biomass composition. Finally, further data is provided regarding the relation between chlorophyll content and apparent phenolic content using the Folin–Ciocalteu assay, in agreement with our previous work.

CDC Vantta durum wheat

CDC Vantta durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum) is adapted to the durum production area of the Canadian prairies. CDC Vantta combines high grain yield potential, strong straw, and a semi-dwarf growth habit. CDC Vantta is resistant to leaf and stripe rusts and common bunt, and expresses high yellow pigment in the grain and superior pasta colour compared with check cultivars. CDC Vantta has low cadmium concentration and is eligible for grades of the Canada Western Amber Durum class.

Sensory analysis of malt

Various malts are suitable for the production of a certain type of beer, which can also be selected on the basis of their sensory properties. Sensory evaluation of malts is part of the development of sensory tools (maps) used in malting and brewing practice. Malt, as the main raw material, brings a large amount of sensorially active substances into beer, as well as precursors of other aromatic and taste-important substances that are created during beer production technology. The Maillard reaction is the basis for the production of aroma and colour of malts. Reducing sugars together with amino acids create high molecular weight pigments, melanoidins, which are the carriers of the brown colour of malts. At the same time, important desirable sensory active compounds are formed which give the characteristic colour, flavour and aroma to the malt. The enhancement of some special characteristics of malts is achieved by modifying the technology of the malting process, especially by increasing the temperature. The results of the sensory analysis of malt can be applied in the selection of suitable raw materials for beer production or the development of new beer recipes with predictable sensory properties.

Pigment and oil content estimation in seeds of Bixa orellana L.

Bixa orellana L. is an economic tree native to the Neotropics. It is perennial in nature growing up to a height ranging from 2 to 8 m. Bixa orellana L. shows phenotypic variation in flower color, pod color, pod shape, height as well as girth. The tree gives a natural colorant called ‘Annatto’ that is second most demanded dye in the world. Selection of trees based on high pigment content becomes a must for this economic tree. Identification of phenotypic character for selection of trees with desirable pigment content was the aim of the study. It was found that cordate pods with green pericarp and maroon bristles gave the highest bixin content, although norbixin content was found to be similar in all pod shapes, cordate pods with maroon pericarp and bristles were advantageous. For selection for oil content conical pods with maroon pericarp and bristles were the most appropriate amongst all.

Benefits of Carotenoid Astaxanthin: A Review

Astaxanthin is a high value keto-carotenoid pigment renowned for its commercial application in various industries such as aquaculture, food, cosmetic, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical sectors. It is commonly employed in salmonid and crustacean aquaculture to give the pink hue that these species are known for. Scientific literature reviews have persistently demonstrated the instrumental role of astaxanthin in targeting several animal health conditions. Most importantly, the profound effect on pigmentation, where astaxanthin is frequently utilized as an additive in formulating diets to boost and improve the coloration of many aquaculture farmed species, subsequently product quality, consumers’ acceptance and market demand are increasing, and revenue generated. Moreover, the wide range of other physiological benefits of astaxanthin includes various improvements in survival, growth performance, reproductive capacity, stress tolerance, and disease resistance as well. Also, astaxanthin has some other applications like, it is an anticancerous agent, it can prevent diabetes and cardiovascular diseases and enhances nutritional qualities. Astaxanthin products are used for commercial applications in the dosage forms as tablets, capsules, syrups, oils, soft gels, creams, biomass and granulated powders. Astaxanthin patent applications are available in food, feed and nutraceutical applications. This manuscript basically reviews the current available evidence regarding biological sources of astaxanthin, extraction procedures, stability, biological activity, health benefits, and commercial uses.

Evaluation and selection of hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) genotypes for enhanced pigment content

An experiment was conducted at Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India with the objectives to evaluate different hibiscus accessions for high pigment content. In this experiment, 14 hibiscus genotypes were collected from different places of Tamil Nadu and Kerala and these genotypes were evaluated continuously from June, 2014 to Sep, 2019. Among the different accessions, Acc.6 (CHR 6) was identified with highest anthocyanin yield from flower petals. The anthocyanin extract from the flowers can be used as a food colourant.

Elevated carbon assimilation and metabolic reprogramming in tomato high pigment mutants support the increased production of pigments.

High pigment mutants in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), a loss of function in the control of photomorphogenesis, with greater pigment production, show altered growth, greater photosynthesis, and a metabolic reprogramming. High pigment mutations cause plants to be extremely responsive to light and produce excessive pigmentation as well as fruits with high levels of health-beneficial nutrients. However, the association of these traits with changes in the physiology and metabolism of leaves remains poorly understood. Here, we performed a detailed morphophysiological and metabolic characterization of high pigment 1 (hp1) and high pigment 2 (hp2) mutants in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. 'Micro-Tom') plants under different sunlight conditions (natural light, 50% shading, and 80% shading). These mutants occur in the DDB1 (hp1) and DET1 (hp2) genes, which are related to the regulation of photomorphogenesis and chloroplast development. Our results demonstrate that these mutations delay plant growth and height, by affecting physiological and metabolic parameters at all stages of plant development. Although the mutants were characterized by higher net CO2 assimilation, lower stomatal limitation, and higher carboxylation rates, with anatomical changes that favour photosynthesis, we found that carbohydrate levels did not increase, indicating a change in the energy flow. Shading minimized the differences between mutants and the wild type or fully reversed them in the phenotype at the metabolic level. Our results indicate that the high levels of pigments in hp1 and hp2 mutants represent an additional energy cost for these plants and that extensive physiological and metabolic reprogramming occurs to support increased pigment biosynthesis.

Novel and environment-friendly high NIR reflectance color pigments based on Fe, Pr, Ho, Nd, Er and Ce doped lithium aluminum molybdate: Synthesis and properties

This paper reports the syntheses of a series of polychromatic pigments with the general formula LiAl1-xMx(MoO4)2 (M = Fe, Pr, Ho, Nd, Er, Ce; x = 0–0.4) and the characterization of near-infrared reflectance properties. The synthesized pigments exhibited green (Pr), lavender (Nd), pink (Er) and different yellows (Fe, Ho, Ce). The XRD patterns of typical LiAl1-xFex(MoO4+δ)2 samples show that the prepared samples are triclinic lithium aluminum molybdate structures with space group P-1.The iron in the sample mainly existed in the form of Fe3+, which led to the directional growth of grains with different morphologies. The near-infrared solar reflectance (R*%) of LiAl1-xFex(MoO4)2 pigments reached 94.19%. As the doping concentration of rare earth was increased, the color of the pigments gradually deepens. By introducing rare earth elements Pr, Ho, Nd, Er, and Ce into the LiAl(MoO4)2 matrix, the color of the pigment was successfully changed from white to green, lavender, pink, and yellow, indicating that doping can control the color of the pigment. Moreover, the prepared pigments had high R*% (>87%), indicating that the pigment samples have excellent thermal insulation properties and can be used as a new type of reflective thermal insulation coatings.

Salvianolic Acid Modulates Physiological Responses and Stress-Related Genes That Affect Osmotic Stress Tolerance in Glycine max and Zea mays

Drought is a serious threat worldwide to soybean and maize production. This study was conducted to discern the impact of salvianolic acid treatment on osmotic-stressed soybean (Glycine max L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings from the perspective of physiochemical and molecular reactions. Examination of varied salvianolic acid concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, 5, 10, and 25 μM) on soybean and maize seedling growth confirmed that the 0.1 and 1 μM concentrations, respectively, showed an improvement in agronomic traits. Likewise, the investigation ascertained how salvianolic acid application could retrieve osmotic-stressed plants. Soybean and maize seedlings were irrigated with water or 25% PEG for 8 days. The results indicated that salvianolic acid application promoted the survival of the 39-day-old osmotic-stressed soybean and maize plants. The salvianolic acid-treated plants retained high photosynthetic pigments, protein, amino acid, fatty acid, sugar, and antioxidant contents, and demonstrated low hydrogen peroxide and lipid contents under osmotic stress conditions. Gene transcription pattern certified that salvianolic acid application led to an increased expression of GmGOGAT, GmUBC2, ZmpsbA, ZmNAGK, ZmVPP1, and ZmSCE1d genes, and a diminished expression of GmMIPS2, GmSOG1, GmACS, GmCKX, ZmPIS, and ZmNAC48 genes. Together, our results indicate the utility of salvianolic acid to enhance the osmotic endurance of soybean and maize plants.

Raman spectroscopy for on-line monitoring of botanical extraction process using convolutional neural network with background subtraction

Aqueous extraction is the most common and cost-effective means of obtaining active ingredients from medicinal plants. However, botanical extracts generally contain high pigment content and complex chemical composition posing a challenge for the process analysis of aqueous extraction. Here, we employed Raman spectroscopy to monitor the physical and chemical properties during the extraction process using convolution neural network (CNN) with background subtraction. Real-time spectra were first preprocessed to eliminate fluorescence background interference. Next, two types of CNN models, the one-dimensional CNN (1D-CNN) based on one preprocessing method, and two-dimensional CNN (2D-CNN) based on a concatenation of differentially pretreated data blocks, were used to receive the preprocessed spectra data. Two case studies were conducted for 1D- and 2D-CNN: the extraction of Aurantii fructus, and the co-extraction of Radix Salvia miltiorrhiza and Rhizoma Ligusticum chuanxiong. Furthermore, partial least squares (PLS) models and sequential preprocessing through orthogonalization (SPORT) models were developed and compared with 1D-CNN and 2D-CNN, respectively. CNN-based methods were superior to other models in terms of prediction accuracy, with 2D-CNN yielding the best results. These results indicated that preprocessing and CNN methods were highly complementary, and could effectively remove the fluorescence effect and artefacts introduced by pretreatment in spectral profile. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that a combination of preprocessing and CNN leads to improved prediction performance of analytes when using Raman spectroscopy for online monitoring high-pigmented samples.

The Impact of the Fermentation Method on the Pigment Content in Pickled Beetroot and Red Bell Pepper Juices and Freeze-Dried Powders

The beetroot and red bell pepper are vegetables rich in active ingredients, and their potential for health benefits are crucial. Both presented raw materials are rich in natural pigments, but are unstable and seasonal; thus, it was decided to take steps to extend their durability. Lactic fermentation has been recognized as a food preservation method, requiring minimal resources. The activities undertaken were also aimed at creating a new product with a coloring and probiotic potential. For this reason, the study aimed to evaluate the impact of the method of fermentation on the content of active compounds (pigments) in pickled juices and freeze-dried powders. The lactic acid fermentation guided in two ways. The second step of the research was to obtain powders in the freeze-drying process. For fermentation, Levilactobacillus brevis and Limosilactobacillus fermentum were used. In juices and powders, pigments, color, and dry matter were tested. In this research, no differences in fermented juice pigment contents were seen; however, the color coefficient differed in raw juices. The freeze-drying process resulted in lowering the pigment content, and increasing dry matter and good storage conditions (glass transition temperatures 48–66 °C). The selection of vegetable methods suggested the use of fermentation and mixing it with a marinade (higher pigments and lactic acid bacteria content). All powders were stable and can be used as a colorant source, whereas for probiotic properties, a higher number of bacteria is needed.

Intraocular reflectance of the ocular fundus and its impact on increased retinal hazard

PurposeInside the eye light can be reflected multiple times due to light-tissue interactions and the spherical geometry of the eye. Due to these optical properties, a defined retinal area is not only illuminated by direct light but also by indirect, reflected light from the inner side of the eyewall. During illumination for ophthalmic surgery, this could lead to an unintended increase in intraocular retinal irradiance, which was already discussed in previous studies but without a detailed consideration of spectral differences and a potential influence of pigmentation. In this study this effect is investigated wavelength-dependent to see if different wavelengths lead to different increase in irradiance, with a special focus on the raise in photochemical and thermal hazard to the retina. It is also examined whether this effect is dependent on the pigmentation of the eye. MethodsThe reflectance properties of either less or highly pigmented porcine eyes are measured in the wavelength range between 350 and 1100nm with an integrating sphere and a spectrometer. With these reflectance spectra the wavelength-dependent Sphere Multiplier M of porcine eyes can be calculated, which represents the increase of radiance due to multiple reflections inside a sphere compared to a planar diffuser of the same size. Based on measurements of the emitted irradiance of ophthalmic illumination fibers the increase in photochemical and thermal retinal hazard due to these multiple reflections is calculated for eyes with small and high amounts of pigmentation. ResultsThe reflectance of the inner eyewall in the range between 350 and 1100nm is significantly higher for eyes with low pigmentation (between 4.90% and 37.44% reflectance) in comparison to eyes with a high amount of pigmentation (between 4.30% and 28.88% reflectance). The Sphere Multiplier for the inner side of the eyewall (sclera, choroid and retina) ranges between 1.13 and 1.59 and between 1.13 and 1.48 for eyes with low and high pigmentation, respectively, in the range between 350 and 1100nm. The reflectance, as well as the Sphere Multiplier, is strongly wavelength-dependent due to the absorption spectra of melanin and hemoglobin, which are located in the eye. With increasing wavelength, the reflection properties and the Sphere Multiplier also increases. With this, the photochemical retinal hazard of highly pigmented eyes increases by (14.11± 0.09)% and of lightly pigmented eyes by (16.75±0.35)% compared to if the reflection properties are not considered. The thermal retinal hazard increases by (14.30±0.07)% for highly pigmented eyes and by (19.65±0.17)% for low pigmented eyes. ConclusionThis study demonstrates that the anatomy and pigmentation of the eye plays an important role for the reflectance properties of the eye and for the photochemical and thermal hazard to the retina.

Variable Genomic Landscapes of Advanced Melanomas with Heavy Pigmentation.

BackgroundIn the current study, we examined the real-world prevalence of highly pigmented advanced melanomas (HPMel) and the clinicopathologic, genomic, and ICPI biomarker signatures of this class of tumors.Materials and MethodsOur case archive of clinical melanoma samples for which the ordering physician requested testing for both PD-L1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) and comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) was screened for HPMel cases, as well as for non-pigmented or lightly pigmented advanced melanoma cases (LPMel).ResultsOf the 1268 consecutive melanoma biopsies in our archive that had been submitted for PD-L1 IHC, 13.0% (165/1268) were HPMel and 87.0% (1103/1268) were LPMel. In the HPMel cohort, we saw a significantly lower tumor mutational burden (TMB, median 8.8 mutations/Mb) than in the LPMel group (11.4 mut/Mb), although there was substantial overlap. In examining characteristic secondary genomic alterations (GA), we found that the frequencies of GA in TERTp, CDKN2A, TP53, and PTEN were significantly lower in the HPMel cases than in LPMel. A higher rate of GA in CTNNB1, APC, PRKAR1A, and KIT was identified in the HPMel cohort compared with LPMel.ConclusionsIn this study, we quantified the failure rates of melanoma samples for PD-L1 testing due to high melanin pigmentation and showed that CGP can be used in these patients to identify biomarkers that can guide treatment decisions for HPMel patients. Using this practical clinical definition for tumor pigmentation, our results indicate that HPMel are frequent at 13% of melanoma samples, and in general appear molecularly less developed, with a lower TMB and less frequent secondary GA of melanoma progression.

A facile method to prepare mesoporous polyaniline hollow nanosphere and its application in self-healing coating

In this work, a facile method was developed to prepare mesoporous polyaniline (mPANI) hollow nanospheres using core/shell structured silica nanospheres as substrates. The prepared mPANI hollow nanospheres were composed of external mesoporous PANI shell and internal mesoporous resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) resin shell. The average diameter, shell thickness, specific area, average pore diameter, and total pore volume of mPANI hollow nanospheres were 330 nm, 78 nm, 75 m2 g−1, 6.9 nm, and 0.89 cm3 g−1, respectively. 1H-benzotriazole (BTAH) loading rate in mPANI hollow nanospheres was up to 35%. In addition, BTAH can be released from mPANI hollow nanospheres continuously to provide a sustained protection for epoxy coating. Epoxy coating pigmented with 2 wt% mPANI hollow nanospheres loaded with BTAH (mPANI@BTAH) presents remarkable anticorrosion property, and its coating resistance still can be maintained at 109 Ω cm2 even after 60-day immersion in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. Furthermore, there are only slight rusts at the scratch after 30-day salt spray test, and the coating adhesion force reduced a little, still up to 6.4 MPa, indicating excellent anticorrosion property. Meanwhile, scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) results confirmed that epoxy coating pigmented with mPANI@BTAH hollow nanospheres exhibited obvious self-healing function. It can be concluded from the series tests that mPANI@BTAH hollow nanospheres as high performance anticorrosion pigments can strongly improve the anticorrosion performance of epoxy coating through combining the passivating function of polyaniline and corrosion inhibition of BTAH together.

Infrared spectra of North American automobile original finishes. XIII: Analysis of perylene pigments—In situ identification of Perylene Red (C.I. Pigment Red 178)

Four members of the perylene family of high performance organic pigments were identified in North American automobile original finishes (1974 to 2019), and the analyses of three of these, Perylene Red Y (C.I. Pigment Red 224), Perylene Maroon (C.I. Pigment Red 179), and Perylene Bordeaux (C.I. Pigment Violet 29), were described in previous papers in this series. The fourth member of this family, Perylene Red (C.I. Pigment Red 178), is discussed in this article. Unlike the other three perylenes, Perylene Red is used exclusively in nonmetallic finishes, predominantly in those having red hues. Perylene Red was not identified in any North American automotive original finishes until 1984, when it began to be used as a replacement for Molybdate Orange, a lead-containing pigment that was being phased out at that time. In the early 1990s Perylene Red was supplanted by a newer pigment, DPP Red BO, and it does not appear to have been used much, if at all, after 1992. Because of its very limited use, identification of this pigment in an unknown original finish can serve to narrow considerably the list of possible source vehicles. To facilitate this analysis, a list of the vehicles that it was used on is presented, along with infrared spectra or relevant spectral data for all of the 27 finishes that were found to contain Perylene Red.

Synthesis of high acid-resistant ultramarine blue pigment through coal gangue, industrial zeolite waste and corn straw waste recycling

The massive stacking of the coal gangue (CG) in the coal mining process, discarded industrial zeolite waste (IZW) and agricultural corn straw (CS) has caused serious environmental pollution and resource waste. To achieve the recycling of solid waste, an economical method for synthesizing ultramarine blue pigment using a two-step calcination process of the CG/IZW/Na2CO3/S/CS with the mass rates of 1.50: 0.50: 2.50: 3.50: 1.00 (the first stage at 400°C for 0.50 h and the second stage at 900°C for 2.00 h) is proposed in this paper. The structure and composition of the synthesis ultramarine blue pigment were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, Raman, as well as SEM technologies, and results showed it had a sodalite structure containing S3− and S2− radicals. Furthermore, SiO2 (1.20 mL of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as the precursor and 4.50 mL of NH3•H2O as the catalyst) coated the synthesis ultramarine blue pigment (1.00 g) was successfully synthesized by sol-gel technique to improve the acid resistance of the pigment (pH=2.50-3.00). This new method of preparing ultramarine blue pigments not only achieves resource reuse at a low cost but also improves the acid rain resistance of the pigments.

The relationship between morpho‐physiological changes and expression of transcription factors in NTT local rice cultivars as a response to drought stress

Response by plants to drought occurs through a series of mechanisms that involve transcription regulation. This research was conducted to study transcription factors (TF) and physiological changes in the drought response of local rice cultivars from East Nusa Tenggara (Nusa Tenggara Timur, NTT) during drought stress. Using three NTT local rice cultivars (Boawae Seratus Malam (BSM), Gogo Jak (GJ), and Kisol Manggarai (KM)) and the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) method with two treatment levels, FTSW 1 (control) and FTSW 0.2 (severe stress), we analyzed the TF expression of OsDREB1A, OsDREB2A, OsWRKY45, and OsNAC6. Based on the result, the highest level of TF expression occurred in the BSM, followed by the GJ and KM cultivars. Analysis of physiological characteristics showed an association between TF expression levels and physiological response, with the BSM cultivar showing high pigment levels, high proline content, and lower H2O2 levels. A linkage was also found in relation to water conservation, as indicated by the higher relative water content and cell membrane stability index in the BSM cultivar in contrast to lower electronic leakage and malondialdehyde percentage when exposed to drought. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the BSM cultivar can be considered as a drought‐tolerant local cultivar according to morpho‐physiological analysis. In this study, all NTT local rice cultivars showed a subtle upregulation of stress‐responsive transcription factors OsDREB1A, OsDREB2A, OsWRKY45, and OsNAC6 as responses to drought stress.

Fucoxanthin from Algae to Human, an Extraordinary Bioresource: Insights and Advances in up and Downstream Processes.

Fucoxanthin is a brown-colored pigment from algae, with great potential as a bioactive molecule due to its numerous properties. This review aims to present current knowledge on this high added-value pigment. An accurate analysis of the biological function of fucoxanthin explains its wide photon absorption capacities in golden-brown algae. The specific chemical structure of this pigment also leads to many functional activities in human health. They are outlined in this work and are supported by the latest studies in the literature. The scientific and industrial interest in fucoxanthin is correlated with great improvements in the development of algae cultures and downstream processes. The best fucoxanthin producing algae and their associated culture parameters are described. The light intensity is a major influencing factor, as it has to enable both a high biomass growth and a high fucoxanthin content. This review also insists on the most eco-friendly and innovative extraction methods and their perspective within the next years. The use of bio-based solvents, aqueous two-phase systems and the centrifugal partition chromatography are the most promising processes. The analysis of the global market and multiple applications of fucoxanthin revealed that Asian companies are major actors in the market with macroalgae. In addition, fucoxanthin from microalgae are currently produced in Israel and France, and are mostly authorized in the USA.