High Phenolic Compounds Research Articles

Uncovering the molecular mechanisms of russet skin formation in Niagara grapevine (Vitis vinifera × Vitis labrusca)

Grape breeding programs are mostly focused on developing new varieties with high production volume, sugar contents, and phenolic compound diversity combined with resistance and tolerance to the main pathogens under culture and adverse environmental conditions. The ‘Niagara’ variety (Vitis labrusca×\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ imes$$\\end{document}Vitis vinifera) is one of the most widely produced and commercialized table grapes in Brazil. In this work, we selected three Niagara somatic variants with contrasting berry phenotypes and performed morphological and transcriptomic analyses of their berries. Histological sections of the berries were also performed to understand anatomical and chemical composition differences of the berry skin between the genotypes. An RNA-Seq pipeline was implemented, followed by global coexpression network modeling. ‘Niagara Steck’, an intensified russet mutant with the most extreme phenotype, showed the largest difference in expression and showed selection of coexpressed network modules involved in the development of its russet-like characteristics. Enrichment analysis of differently expressed genes and hub network modules revealed differences in transcription regulation, auxin signaling and cell wall and plasmatic membrane biogenesis. Cutin- and suberin-related genes were also differently expressed, supporting the anatomical differences observed with microscopy.

Comparative Antioxidant Potentials and Quantitative Phenolic Compounds Profiles among the Flowers and Leaves from Various Chrysanthemum morifolium Cultivars.

Chrysanthemum morifolium is a valuable plant that contains a wide range of phytochemical compounds and exhibits various biological activities. Ethanol extracts from both the leaves and flowers of 17 different cultivars of C. morifolium were tested for antioxidant activities using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays and were quantitatively analyzed for 12 phenolic compounds using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. We found that the 'Ford' and 'Raina' cultivars demonstrated strong antioxidant abilities and high phenolic compound contents compared to other cultivars, while the flowers of 'Cielo' and the leaves of 'White Cap' exhibited low antioxidant capacity in both assays. The 'Cielo' cultivar also displayed the lowest compound contents. Additionally, in most samples, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid stood out as high-content compounds in the extracts. This study provides foundational knowledge that can be used for selecting appropriate C. morifolium cultivars for further research. Moreover, the 'Ford' and 'Raina' cultivars, containing high amounts of bioactive compounds and showing superior antioxidant ability, could be applied to produce health-beneficial products.

Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) beverage spontaneously fermented

Abstract: Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) is a tuberous root with a high phenolic compounds and fibers content which has a prebiotic effect, both important for preventing and/or promoting the reduction of non-communicable chronic diseases risks. However, this root’s shelf life is highly reduced and culminates the reduction of the beneficial to health compounds, which can be avoided by some strategies. In this sense, this work aimed to produce yacon beverages added with anti-browning agents (cysteine or citric acid) and evaluated the spontaneous fermentation during storage. Three yacon beverages have been produced with cysteine or citric acid (0.05% w/w) and a control beverage. Beverages were analyzed by microbiological counts, nutritional composition, physical-chemical characteristics, total phenolic compounds and phenolic acids, for 60 day storage. The data were evaluated by ANOVA and compared using the Duncan test (p≤0.05) or regression models were adjusted. Regarding microorganisms, all beverages have reached 109 CFU.ml-1 after 30 day storage. To the anti-browning agents use, the differences were occasional; however, the citric acid beverage had a desirable pH (< 4.5) for a fermented beverage, which allows inhibition of undesirable bacteria and a higher proportional initial FOS amount and less variation with 30 and 60 day storage. However, the citric acid beverage have presented smaller amount of phenolic compounds like chlorogenic and gallic acids (230.37 ± 168.63 and 40.87 ± 1.32, respectively). So, we conclued that spontaneous fermentation was a preparation technique which has added nutritional and functionals values to the yacon beverage, in special to beverage added citric acid, with a higher proportion of FOS.

Chemical composition and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics of various tropical seaweeds.

This research aimed to evaluate potential tropical seaweed from Indonesia as an ingredient or supplement feed for ruminants based on chemical composition and in vitro rumen fermentation parameters. The seven natural tropical seaweeds (three green and four red species) were collected from Ndrini and Sepanjang Beach, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The experimental design on secondary metabolite profiles used a completely randomized design, and the in vitro gas production test used a randomized complete block design with seven seaweed species variances and four replications (blocks) based on rumen fluid collection time. The data obtained was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Duncan's Multiple Range Test was used to test the variation in the analysis. The seven tropical seaweed species have potential as mineral sources for ruminants, except for macromineral (P and S) and micromineral (Cu). The red tropical seaweed has potential as a protein source (Gelidium spinosum (S.G.Gmelin) P.C. Silva, Hypnea pannosa, and Acanthopora muscoides (L.) Bory), and the green seaweed (Chaetomorpha linum (O.F. Mull.) Kutz and Cladopora sp.) has potential as a crude fiber (CF) source for ruminants. As indicated by secondary metabolites and gas production in vitro, the green species (C. linum (O.F. Mull.) Kutz and Enteromorpha compressa) and red species (A. muscoides (L.) Bory and Gelidium amansii (J.V. Lamouroux) J.V. Lamouroux) could be degraded in the rumen and had quite high phenolic compounds. The seven tropical seaweed species have the potential to be an ingredient or supplement feed for ruminants, and there were four species that have the potential to reduce methane emissions.

Production of low phenolic naphtha-rich biocrude through co-hydrothermal liquefaction of fecal sludge and organic solid waste using water-ethanol co-solvent

Biocrude production from wet waste through hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) has become a hotspot for researchers that serves as an alternative to fossil fuel, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting waste to energy approach. However, higher phenolic compounds in hydrothermal liquefaction-derived biocrude have raised concerns about its quality. This study focuses on the production of low phenolic naphtha-rich biocrude through co-liquefaction (320 °C and 60 min) of fecal sludge (FS) and organic solid waste (OSW), two major wet streams by optimizing feedstock (1:0, 1:1, 0:1) and water-ethanol co-solvent (1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, 0:1). The results revealed that the highest biocrude yield of 55.7 % was achieved at 1:1 (FS: OSW) feedstock and 1:1 (water: ethanol) co-solvent with a heating value of 37.5 MJ/kg, indicating its potentiality to replace petrocrude (42–49 MJ/kg). Notably, produced biocrude is enriched with a lighter fraction (C < 20) of 90 % (85 % naphtha and 5 % jet fuel). The composition of the biocrude comprises 58 % ester, 25 % hydrocarbon, 15 % organic acid, and <1 % phenol, which ensures the least amount of phenolic compounds due to the replacement of the –OH group by the more stable ethoxy group, leading to increased naphtha yield and the absence of phenolic toxicity. Furthermore, the highest API value was recorded at 23.3, which emphasizes its similarity to conventional petroleum API gravity (medium-lighter crude). This energy-positive system (energy recovery 88 % and energy consumption ratio 0.38) could generate revenue of US$ 550 per metric ton of feedstock, suggesting the potentiality of commercialization and contributing to sustainable green energy production.

HPLC-DAD Profiling of Phenolic Components and Comparative Assessment of Antioxidant Potency in Opuntia robusta, Opuntia dillenii, and Opuntia ficus-indica Cladodes at Diverse Stages of Ripening.

Global distribution of prickly pear spans worldwide, with limited cladode exploitation, particularly in Mediterranean regions, excluding American continent nations. Our research reports on three species found in eastern Morocco, including Opuntia ficus indica and the two newly introduced species Opuntia robusta and Opuntia dillenii. The study aims to evaluate the total phenolic content, the amounts of various phenolic compounds classes, and the antioxidant activity across a spectrum of biochemical measurements including the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and total antioxidant capacity assay (TAC). The results showed that O. robusta exhibited the highest total phenolic content (5061.70 mg GAE/100 g) which enhances the significance of this species in terms of nutrition. Differences were also observed in different stage of cladodes maturity, demonstrating that the age factor affects the polyphenol contents. Moreover, O. robusta displays the highest amount of total phenolic compounds (11430.35 μg/g) either for flavonoids or phenolic acids. Furthermore, the oldest cladodes show more higher phenolic compounds (22998.62 μg/g) compared to the youngest one's (20438.54 μg/g). Ten phenolic compounds were identified, in which isorhamnetin represent the most abundant flavonoid (6747.85 μg/g), while the chlorogenic acid was determined as the major phenolic acid (2771.69 μg/g) followed by sinapic acid (2047.64 μg/g). The DPPH assay indicates that O. ficus-indica possessed the higher hydrophilic antioxidants able to reduction the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylradical free radical. While O. robusta exhibited a greater quantity of antioxidants, which effectively reduced the Fe 3+ complex of ferric ions (TPTZ) 3+ . In contrast, old cladodes of O. robusta and O. dillenii demonstrate the higher ability to scavenge the 2,20-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) or ABTS +.

A remarkable step in the aerobic biological treatment of Olive Mill Wastewater (OMW): A combination of selected microbial strains that enhance their decolorization and depollution

The olive industry extracts oil from olives but also generates solid co-products called pomace and liquid wastes known as Olive Mill Wastewater (OMW). With global annual production exceeding 30 million tons and approximately 685,000 tons in Morocco alone, these wastes pose environmental challenges due to their high acidity, organic load, and phenolic compounds. Our research aims to depollute and recycle OMW using aerobic biological treatment methods. Samples were collected from various ecological sites across four Moroccan regions. We isolated and purified several strains of molds, yeasts, and bacteria capable of decolorizing OMW. Decolorization experiments revealed promising results, with a combination of seven selected molds showing significant reductions in chemical oxygen demand (COD) by 71.44%, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) by 69.91%, and polyphenols content by 84.22%. Encouraged by these findings, we propose further treatment using sourdoughs composed of combinations of different pure strains, including yeasts and selected bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This approach demonstrates a practical and cost-effective method for depolluting and recycling OMW, contributing to environmental protection and human health preservation. By mitigating the risks associated with untreated OMW discharge, this study offers a viable solution to the environmental challenges posed by olive processing industries globally, particularly in regions like Morocco where olive cultivation is significant.

Experimental investigation and comparative environmental impact analysis of conventional and naturally occurring kinetic hydrate inhibitors in offshore environments using toxicity and bioconcentration tools

In this present study, an in vivo experiment was carried out to determine the tendencies of a naturally occurring high-phenolic compound red-onion skin extract (HPC-ROSE) and conventional N-Vinylcaprolactam (N-VCAP) kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) to bio-accumulate in offshore environment through the analysis of their uptake and depuration kinetics by a Fish-Chemical Model using Cyprinus carpio marine invertebrate. This test was performed in the laboratory in a flow through experimental set up according to the guidelines by [49] (Fish-chemical exposure test). The uptake duration was 10 days with a depuration period of twenty days. The inhibitor toxicity test was evaluated by determining the 50 % lethal concentration (LC50) as highlighted by OSPAR Commission protocols. The solubility of the inhibitors was determined by a column elution technique. Similarly, a proton-enabled nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) technique was used to measure the partitioning characteristics of the inhibitors in an immiscible mixture of octanol and water (Kow) by 1HNMR spectroscopy using a benchtop low-field NMR spectrometer. OSPAR Commission and ASTM standard protocols were used for the laboratory investigation of the static sediment toxicity tests. A reference chemical substance of known BCF and solubility (Ethyl Acetate, EtOAc) was used as control to check the experimental progression. The stock solution was prepared by solid phase desorption mechanisms. The HPC-ROSE does not constitute environmentally significant risk to aquatic life owing to its lower BCF values between 215 L/kg - 251.5L/Kg, Log-Kow of 1.2 and higher lethal concentration of 25140 mg/L. Unlike the NVCAP which is very toxic with lower lethal concentration of 1280 mg/L and higher BCF values in the range of 442.5L/Kg to 485 L/kg with Log-Kow of 1.5. Furthermore, Nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) is a simple and reliable method of estimating partition coefficient characteristics (Kow) because the obtained Log-Kow values showed good agreements with that of shake flask and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques. Also, the chemical concentration in water has an inverse relationship with uptake rate constant (K1) and steady-state bioconcentration factor (BCFss). Finally, the theoretically estimated BCFs were higher than the steady-state (BCFss) values that were obtained from laboratory experiments for the different inhibitor samples and at all concentrations. This is due to the route by which Log-Kow was estimated since most of the empirical models are usually one-factor model consisting of partition coefficient and BCF.

Synthesis of metal-organic framework hybrid nanocomposites based on MOFs@C3N4 with high selective separation ability for luteolin

Complex substrates found in certain extracts-particularly those containing high phenolic compounds with significant medicinal value-pose considerable challenges to developing molecularly imprinted membranes (MIMs) with specific recognition abilities. In this study, UiO-66-NH2, a metal–organic structure (MOF), was chosen as an optimizer to enhance the basic support material C3N4. A composite imprinted membrane based on MOFs was then prepared for the targeted adsorption of luteolin (LTL). This not only increases the surface area and pore capacity of the composite membranes, but also ensures unprecedented control over the membranes structure and good stability. To maximize the proportion of imprinted sites, we utilize an advanced boron affinity sol–gel imprinting technique that capitalizes on the exceptional response of the bifunctional monomer. By finely manipulating the imprinting process, controlled distribution of imprinted sites was achieved. Furthermore, the incorporation of Ag nanoparticles into the composite matrix of MIMs enhances selectivity and efficiency due to their plasmonic properties and high affinity for phenolic compounds, providing increased adsorption surface area and additional binding sites. The results showed satisfactory rebinding ability (56.25 mg g−1) and superselective (βAG/LTL = 4.43 and βCT/LTL = 8.49). It was worth noting that incorporating Ag nanoparticles into composite MIMs for the selective adsorption of LTL demonstrates significant potential. This includes enhanced selectivity, efficiency, and hydrophilicity of the membrane surface. Thus, enhanced hydrophilicity can establish stronger non-covalent interactions, namely hydrogen bonding and van der waals forces, with the target molecules, thereby significantly improving the adsorption capacity of the MIMs. The feasibility of this method was demonstrated via in-situ infrared analysis of the chemical structure changes before and after adsorption.

Isolation and identification of flavonoids compounds and formulation of tecoma undulata (Sm.) seem. Herbal ointment

Every medicinal plant contains some therapeutically active compounds which are used as therapeutic agents in case of various diseases. Tecoma undulate (Sm.) seem was reported with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity, it contains high flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The aim and Objective behind this research study is to carry out Preliminary Phytochemical evaluation of extracted fraction outcome undulata (Sm.) seem. and its formulation. Soxhlet and maceration methods were used for extraction, and then the extracts were analysed for their potential levels of several therapeutically active phytochemicals in a preliminary phytochemical evaluation. Hydroalcoholic extract of Tecoma undulata (Sm.) seem. was used to create a 5% and 10% w/w ointment, and testing of both was performed. The preliminary phytochemical investigation of extract that presence of some medicinally active phytochemicals such as Alkaloids, Flavonoids, etc. Tecoma undulata (Sm.) seem. Thin-layer chromatography was used to isolate and purify the extract before UV-Spectroscopy was used to analyse it. The functional group determined by IR spectrophotometry, interpretation of data showed that chloroform and Hydroalcoholic extract contain functional group like ketone, alcohol and carboxylic acid. Also, IR interpretation suggests that the plant contains flavone and flavanone as active flavonoids. The extractive values for Chloroform, Hydroalcoholic and Water extracts were found to be 7.2, 9.5 and 8.7 respectively and hydroalcoholic extract were used for formulation of ointment as an API. So as per presence of many active principles, Tecoma undulata (Sm.) seem. may contain good therapeutic efficacy and may be used for the treatment of many disorders. Since Tecoma undulata (Sm.) seem. Contains numerous active components, it shows potential as a therapeutic agent for a wide range of disorders.

Relationship of phytochemicals and antioxidant activities in Gymnema inodorum leaf extracts

Gynmena inodorum (GI) is a green leafy vegetable used in the Northern Thai cuisine which has antioxidant activities and may be applicable for preventing oxidative stress and aging-related disease. However, understanding the relationship between GI phytonutrients and their antioxidant properties has been unclear. The aims of this study were to identify the GI leaf phytochemicals and to study their antioxidant activities. A chromatogram of LC-ESI-MS/QTOF-MS showed that the GI leaves were potentially composed of phenolics, quinic acids, flavonoids, and triterpenoid saponins. This study was able to authenticate quercetin, kaempferol, and triterpenoid GIA1 in the samples. The GI materials with high contents of phenolics, flavonoids, quercetin, and kaempferol showed significant relation to antioxidation and protection in endothelial cell death suppressed by reactive nitrogen species. Meanwhile, triterpenoids had a low antioxidant impact. Ultimately, GI leaves with high phenolic compounds are a promising raw material to develop as an antioxidant functional food.

BRS Vitória grapes with natural surfactant pretreatment: evaluation of mineral composition, physical-chemical characteristics, and sensory characteristics after raisin production

Raisins have been gaining recognition for their nutrient and bioactive compound contents. Yet, pretreatments used for grape drying raise concerns regarding the economic viability and safety of the product. The objective of this proposal was to produce raisins from BRS Vitória grapes pretreated with a natural surfactant to accelerate the drying process. Subsequently, the influence of drying and pretreatment was evaluated for chemical composition (moisture, water activity (Aw), pH, total acidity (TA), reducing sugars (RS), and total sugars (TS)), total phenolic compounds (TPC), total anthocyanins, and qualitative and quantitative mineral composition. Finally, a sensory analysis of the raisins was conducted. By using the pretreatment, drying time decreased by approximately 38.5%. The raisins met the moisture requirements by the Brazilian and international regulations, and the pretreated raisins (PR) had a higher anthocyanin content, a high sugar concentration, acids, phenolic compounds (PC), and minerals (potassium (K), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and manganese (Mn)), and were well accepted by consumers, especially in terms of taste and appearance. Interestingly, the pretreatment also provided more brightness to the samples. In conclusion, BRS Vitória grapes yielded raisins with a complex composition, especially those that were subjected to the pretreatment, might be consumed as a healthier snack, adding PC and minerals to the diet.

PSXIII-13 Effect of Supplementation of Red Osier Dogwood Extract on Feed Intake and Growth Performance of Newly Weaned Beef Calves

Abstract Red osier dogwood (ROD) is a Canadian native shrub plant that is rich in phenolic compounds with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The high phenolic compounds with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties would be beneficial to reduce oxidative stress, hence improve animal growth performance when animals are stressed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding ROD extract and the residue after extraction to newly weaned calves on feed intake and growth performance. Eighty crossbred Angus steers [initial body weight (BW), 254 ± 5.4 kg] were used and housed in individual feedlot pen. The experiment was a randomized complete block design in five treatments (16 steers/treatment). Five treatments were: 1) Control (without ROD); 2) 20 g/d ROD extract (RODLow); 3) 40 g/d ROD extract (RODHigh); 4) 100 g/d ROD residue (RODRes); and 5) 330 mg monensin/d (MON). The MON was used as positive control because it is commonly fed to feedlot cattle to improve feed efficiency and animal health. The experiment diet consisted of 60% silage and 40% concentrate (DM basis) and fed for 84 d. The DPPH free radical scavenging activity of ROD extracts and the residue after extraction were determined. The high DPPH scavenging was observed for both ROD extracts (60.6 ± 4.7%) and residue (80.6 ± 1.7%) at the concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Dry matter (DM) intake (kg/d) overall did not differ between control (6.44) and ROD supplemented calves (average, 6.27), whereas the DM intake tended (P = 0.10) to be greater with ROD extract (4.97 kg/d) than control (4.56 kg/d) at the first 28 d. The final BW averaged daily gain and feed efficiency were not affected by increasing dose of ROD extract (0, 20, 40 g/d) or by adding 100 g/d ROD residue. The calves fed MON had reduced (P = 0.04) DM intake (5.72 vs. 6.32 kg/d) and decreased (P = 0.07) daily gain (0.81 vs. 0.94 kg/d) than other treatments. Fecal pH ranged from 6.98 to 6.17 and did not differ among treatments. These results indicate that feeding ROD extract or its residue to newly weaned calves may increase feed intake when the animals are stressed; however, its effect on growth performance and feed efficiency is not apparent under current feeding conditions.

&lt;i&gt;In silico&lt;/i&gt; Screening of Potential Antidiabetic Phenolic Compounds from Banana (&lt;i&gt;Musa&lt;/i&gt; spp.) Peel Against PTP1B Protein

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global problem with increasing prevalence. The current treatments have made an immense progress with some side effects, such as drug resistance, acute kidney toxicity, and increased risk of heart attack. Banana (Musa spp.) peel comprises 40% of banana fruit contains high phenolic compounds whilst some studies have suggested a correlation between phenolic compounds and antidiabetic activity. One of the novel protein targets that has been identified as a potential anti-diabetic treatment is PTP1B (PDB ID:2NT7). Therefore, this study aimed to screen the potential PTP1B inhibitor for antidiabetic treatment from phenolic compounds in banana peel. QSAR, molecular docking, ADME-Tox, and molecular dynamics analysis were deployed to examine forty-three phenolic compounds in banana peel. Eighteen ligands were screened by QSAR analysis and eight of them had a lower binding energy than the standard (ertiprotafib) in molecular docking, with urolithin A and chrysin were the lowest. Both passed Lipinski’s rule of five, had a good intestinal absorption, and no blood-brain barrier penetration, however, their mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and irritation to the skin and eyes were still in questions. Molecular dynamics analysis found both of them were in a stable conformation with PTP1B. This study suggested a potential of urolithin A and chrysin as PTP1B inhibitor for antidiabetic treatment. Additionally, further experimentation is required to validate this finding.

Gelatin Candies Architected with Active Starch Nanoparticles Containing Phenolic Compounds from Propolis Extract

AbstractNew trends in the food industry are focused on the development of fortification foods. Gelatin candies are foods widely consumed by the population and they are selected for incorporation with starch nanoparticles (SNPs) obtained by nanoprecipitation and loaded with phenolic compounds from propolis extract (PE). Water activity and total soluble solids result in stable gelatin candies at room temperature and 30% RH (relative humidity) from the microbiological point of view. According to the results, the addition of starch nanoparticles (SNPs) in gelatin candies does not prove to be a factor that influences texture parameters, especially hardness, gumminess, and chewiness. Candies containing SNPs loaded with the phenolic compounds from PE have high total phenolic compounds (324–362 mg of GAE 100 g−1) and antioxidant activity (133–136 µmol TROLOX 100 g−1). The stability of the starch nanoparticles loaded with the phenolic compounds from propolis extract in the gummy candy is confirmed, exhibiting this food product a yellow color, representing a promising application for these natural additives in the food industry. These results indicate that SNPs loaded with the phenolic compounds from PE can be used for gelatin candies fortification aiming to develop functional foods.

Effect of hydroxytyrosol, Moringa, and spirulina on the physicochemical properties and nutritional characteristics of gluten-free brownies.

Brownies, enriched with fiber and Moringa oleifera, hydroxytyrosol (HXT), and spirulina (encapsulated and nonencapsulated), and dietary fiber using psyllium were elaborated. For that, a commercial control (CTRL) and an experimental control (CTRL) (without antioxidants) were compared. Color, nutritional composition, pH, antioxidant capacity, total phenolic compounds, as well as sensory properties were evaluated. The results showed the brownies developed with psyllium and the different extracts increased total dietary fiber compared to CTRL Commercial and CTRL, with E-spirulina (14.93 g/100 g) and Moringa (11.91 g/100 g) being the most prominent samples. However, with regard to soluble fiber, the highest content of NE-spirulina and the lowest content of HXT were observed. In addition, brownies enriched with extracts showed higher antioxidant capacity and higher phenolic compounds than controls, with HXT standing out at 299.25 μM Trolox/g in ABTS, 1470.08 μM Trolox/g in DPPH, and 18.15 μM Trolox/g in FRAP. However, a high level of phenolic compounds was found in E-Spirulina (604.71 mg/L). In reference to fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (70%) were the predominant fatty acids, followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (19%) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) (10%). Glutamic acid and asparagine were the predominant amino acids. As for mineral content, N-spirulina and E-spirulina were the brownies with the highest iron bioaccessibility; Si, Na, B, Al, P, Fe, Zn, Bi, Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Rb, S, and Sr being the most abundant elements in the brownies of this study. In addition, the HXT and Moringa samples scored higher in overall acceptability compared to the controls. The findings suggest that the incorporation of psyllium, quinoa flour, and antioxidant extracts in brownies could be a viable approach to produce a healthy brownie enriched with fiber, antioxidants and, therefore, considering the nutritional, physicochemical, and organoleptic characteristics, HTX is the ideal compound to enrich bakery products.

Nutritional Values and Their Potential Applications in Food Products of Krabok Seed (Irvingia malayana)

This investigation examined the nutritional value, mineral content, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of uncooked and cooked Krabok seeds. Proximate analysis was carried out to determine the nutrient composition of uncooked and cooked Krabok seeds. The average fat, protein, carbohydrate, moisture, ash, and fiber contents were found to be 75.42, 11.78, 6.72, 2.68, 1.85 and 1.54 %, respectively. The Folin-Ciocalteu method was employed for the quantitative analysis of total phenolic compounds. All 6 samples of Krabok seeds extracted, both cooked and uncooked, were extracted using hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol, and subjected to the test. All the extracted samples contained phenolic compounds, with amounts ranging from 29.10 to 130.26 µg GAE/mL. The highest levels of phenolic compounds were observed in the ethanolic extract of cooked Krabok seeds. The antioxidant properties were evaluated using the DPPH assay. The scavenging activity of the extracted Krabok seed samples ranged from 9.84 to 62.31 %. The ethanolic extract of uncooked Krabok seeds exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. To assess the toxicity of the Krabok seed extract, HaCaT, Vero and RAW 264.7 cell liness were employed using the MTT technique. The results revealed that cell survival remained above 80 % for all doses of both uncooked and cooked Krabok seed extracts. These findings suggest that Krabok seeds are a valuable source of fat and other essential nutrients. The crude ethanolic extract exhibited a significant amount of phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Therefore, it could be utilized in the production of snacks or cosmetics. HIGHLIGHTS Krabok seeds has high nutrients and energy value. Krabok seeds has high phenolic compounds and non-toxic to cells. Krabok seeds were thought to be an inexpensive source of nutrients and a reliable supply of prospective culinary ingredients. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Antioxidant Properties of Leaves Extracts of Acanthaceae Species

The objective of this study is to determine the antioxidant properties of leaves extracts of 24 Acanthaceae species: Asystasia guttata, Ballochia amoena, Barleria aculeata, B. orbicularis, B. parviflora, B. prionitis, B. ventricosa, Blepharis cayaniense, B. maderaspatensis, Crossandra johanninae, Dicliptera effusa, D. paniculata, D. verticillata, Ecbolium gymnostachyum, Hypoestes pubescens, H. triflora, Justicia caerulea, J. heterocarpa, J. odora, Megalochalmyas violacea, Phaulopsis imbricata, Trichocalyx orbicular, Ruellia grandiflora and R. paulayana. The radical scavenging activities of 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ferric-reducing antioxidant power, and total phenolic compounds of species were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. Blepharis cayaniense has the highest phenolic compounds (995.5 mg of gallic acid per g of sample) while Hypoestes pubescens, and Ruellia paulayana (10 mg/mL gallic acid equivalent) have the lowest concentration of phenolic acid but less radical scavenging activities (DPPH) and reducing ferric power. Only Trichocalyx orbiculatus has the highest concentration in phenolic content, radical-scavenging activities, and reducing power. Interestingly, the antioxidant activities of different Acanthaceae species exhibit unique medicinal properties.

UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS Profiling of Phytochemicals from Araticum Fruit (Annona crassiflora Mart.) and Its Antioxidant Activity.

Araticum is a native species of the Brazilian Cerrado with a high potential for exploitation. Several studies have stated that araticum is a rich source of phytochemicals with multifaceted biological actions. However, little information is available regarding the characterization of phytochemicals found in the pulp of this fruit. In this context, this study aimed to carry out a comprehensive characterization of phytochemicals present in the araticum pulp using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS). The antioxidant potential of araticum pulp was also evaluated. UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS profiling of the phytochemicals allowed for the identification and annotation of 139 phytochemicals, including organic acids, jasmonates, iridoids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, annonaceous acetogenins, fatty acid derivatives, and other compounds. Among them, 116 compounds have been found for the first time in araticum pulp. Phenolic compounds and their derivatives represented about 59% of the phytochemicals identified in the extract. Moreover, araticum pulp showed high total phenolic compound content and antioxidant activity. The majority of identified phytochemicals have been associated with key roles in the plant's defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stress factors in the Cerrado environment. Furthermore, many of these phytochemicals found in the araticum pulp are already widely recognized for their beneficial effects on human health. Our findings showed that the araticum fruit contains different classes of phytochemicals that exert various biological activities, both in the plant itself and in humans.

Effects of aqueous and methanolic solvent systems on phytochemical and antioxidant extraction from two varieties of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) var. sabdariffa plant from Central Malawi

The extraction efficiency of aqueous and 80 % methanolic solvent systems on phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity from two varieties of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa var.) was evaluated for ethno-medicinal and nutritional purposes. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, phenols, saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides and carbohydrates from both extractions. Methanolic extracts had high (P < 0.05) total phenolic compound in both red and dark red calyx H. sabdariffa, compared to aqueous extracts which ranged from 17.97 ± 0.08–258.06 ± 0.17 for dark red calyx leaf and methanolic red calyx calyces respectively. However, the study showed that red calyx H. sabdariffa had high (P < 0.05) concentration of total phenolic content compared to dark red calyx H. sabdariffa irrespective of the effect of solvent systems. In this study, aqueous extracts exhibited higher TAC than methanolic extracts but aqueous dark red calyx H. sabdariffa had high (P < 0.05) TAC compared to red calyx H. sabdariffa extracts. In methanol, red calyx H. sabdariffa exhibited high (P < 0.05) TAC compared to dark red calyx sabdariffa extracts. Anthocyanins content was high (P < 0.05) in methanol compared to aqueous extracts which ranged from 4.1562 ± 0.0742–315.460 ± 0.428 for aqueous dark red calyx fruit and dark red calyx calyces respectively. The type and polarity of solvent had a significant effect on both the quality and quantity of the extracts, phytochemicals and antioxidants of the extracts from the two H. sabdariffa varieties. The study revealed that methanolic extracts had high antioxidants, phytochemicals and anthocyanins compared to aqueous extracts. Therefore consumption and use of H. sabdariffa extracts could improve human health by either reducing or delaying the development of cell degenerative diseases like cancer and diabetes mellitus.