High-performance Sensors Research Articles

A Signal-On Microelectrode Electrochemical Aptamer Sensor Based on AuNPs–MXene for Alpha-Fetoprotein Determination

As a crucial biomarker for the early warning and prognosis of liver cancer diseases, elevated levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma and germ cell tumors. Herein, we present a novel signal-on electrochemical aptamer sensor, utilizing AuNPs–MXene composite materials, for sensitive AFP quantitation. The AuNPs–MXene composite was synthesized through a simple one-step method and modified on portable microelectrodes. As signal molecules, AFP aptamers were conjugated with methylene blue (MB) and immobilized on the electrode surface. When interacting with AFP, conformational changes in the aptamer–target complex caused MB to approach the electrode, and the electrochemical signal was enhanced through signal-on mechanisms. The developed sensor demonstrated high sensitivity and selectivity for AFP, with a log-linear relationship defined as 1–300 ng/mL, and the LOD was 0.05 ng/mL (S/N = 3). The method was applied to laboratorial and real clinical samples and presented satisfactory selectivity, reproducibility, and long-term stability. The proposed high-performance sensor highlights the potential of electrochemical aptamer sensors in improving the warning capabilities in disease management.

Energy-Level Alignment at TiO2@NH2-MIL-125 Interface for High-Performance Gas Sensing.

Metal oxide (MO)-based chemiresistive sensors have great potential in environmental monitoring, security protection, and disease diagnosis. However, the thermally activated sensing mechanism in pristine MOs leads to high working temperature and poor selectivity, which are the main challenges impeding practical applications. Precise modulation of the band structure at the heterojunction interfaces of MOs offers the opportunity to unlock unique electrical and optical properties, enabling us to overcome these challenges. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with tunable structures are promising materials for aligning the energy levels at the heterojunctions of MOs. Herein, we report the energy-level structural engineering of MO@MOF heterojunctions to optimize chemiresistive sensing performance. The interface was flexibly modulated from a straddling gap to a staggered gap by -NH2 functionalization of TiO2@(NH2)x-MIL-125, varying x from 0 to 1 and 2, respectively. TiO2@(NH2)x-MIL-125 combines the advantages of MOs and MOFs to synergistically improve gas-sensing properties. As a result, TiO2@NH2-MIL-125 is the first light-activated material to detect NO2 at 1 ppb with a response time of < 0.3 min at room temperature. It also exhibited excellent selectivity and long-term stability. Our study underscores the potential of energy band engineering in creating high-performance sensors, offering a strategy to overcome current material limits.

Observing Mixed Chemical Reactions at the Positive Electrode in the High-Performance Self-Powered Electrochemical Humidity Sensor.

Electrochemical humidity (ECH) sensors that integrate power generation and humidity sensing have attracted great research attention in recent years. However, the design of high-performance ECH sensors faces many challenges. Namely, the working mechanism of the ECH sensors is still controversial, and related self-powered applications have not been well implemented. To overcome these limitations, this study constructs an ECH sensor with high power-generation and humidity-sensing performance using the KCl/carbon black/halloysite nanotubes (KCl/CB/HNTs) as a humidity-sensing electrolyte. The proposed ECH sensor has a wide humidity-sensing response of 10.9%-91.5% relative humidity (RH), and a single ECH sensor can output 1.46 V with a maximum power of 133.2 μW at 91.5% RH. Particularly, the unprecedented mixed chemical reactions at the positive electrode, including the hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reaction, are analyzed using multiple characterization and testing techniques. The analysis results provide solid experimental evidence for the current controversial working mechanism of ECH sensors. Due to the advantage of high-power generation, the proposed ECH sensor can be used for self-powered humidity detection. This study provides a valuable reference for improving the power generation of ECH sensors and solid evidence for clarifying their working mechanism, which could be beneficial for guiding the future development of ECH sensors.

Ultrafast self-healing zwitterionic hydrogels reinforced by carboxymethyl chitosan-oxidized hyaluronic acid and graphene oxide toward high-performance strain sensors

Inspired by the inherent recuperative ability of organisms in nature, researchers have dedicated significant efforts towards developing self-healing hydrogel sensors. Although the works on self-healing hydrogels have made great progress, achieving hydrogel sensors combining with rapid and efficient healing capability, excellent mechanical properties and high sensing sensitivity remains a challenging task. In this study, we proposed a novel approach for fabricating a self-healing conductive zwitterionic hydrogel sensor by adding carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCs) and oxidized hyaluronic acid (OHA) to induce dynamic Schiff base reaction, and nano-reinforced by adding with graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets. This zwitterionic hydrogel exhibited a high tensile strength of 133 kPa and elongation at break of 878 %. By leveraging various dynamic interactions within the system, the hydrogel exhibited ultra-fast and efficient healing property, achieving a self-healing efficiency of 98.9 % within just 15 min. The hydrogel demonstrated exceptional adhesion to diverse substrates especially to glass with a maximum adhesion strength reaching up to 53.7 kPa. The hydrogel exhibited a high gauge factor (GF) value of 23.2, which showed clear and stable monitoring and sensing capabilities across various human movements ranging from swallowing to bending knees. Notably, the hydrogel could also be employed as a Morse code transmitter and flexible tablet. The zwitterionic hydrogel demonstrates its great potential applications in the field of high-performance flexible sensors as well as human-computer interaction.

High-Performance Germanium-Tin Fabry-Perot Microcavity Strip-Loaded Mid-Infrared Waveguide-Based Optical Sensors

High-Performance Germanium-Tin Fabry-Perot Microcavity Strip-Loaded Mid-Infrared Waveguide-Based Optical Sensors

Highly sensitivity and wide-range flexible humidity sensor based on LiCl/cellulose nanofiber membrane by one-step electrospinning

Cellulose is considered an ideal material for flexible electronic humidity sensors due to its green renewable nature, rich surface groups and strong hydrophilicity. However, the traditional cellulose-based humidity sensor cannot simultaneously have wide detection range, high sensitivity and fast response time, which seriously hinder their development and application. Here, an ultrathin Lithium chloride (LiCl)/cellulose nanofiber membrane as moisture sensitive materials was prepared by one-step electrospinning and used to assemble a high-performance humidity sensor. N, N-Dimethylacetamide/Lithium chloride (DMAc/LiCl) solvent system was used to dissolve the cellulose, and DMAc volatilized into the air while LiCl remained in the cellulose nanofibers during the electrospinning process. LiCl as a highly moisture-sensitive inorganic salt has strong hydrophilicity and enhances the moisture sensing detection limit of cellulose fiber (especially under low humidity conditions), thus giving the cellulose moisture sensor excellent sensitivity (up to 4191 %) and a wide detection range (5–98 % RH). The nanometer size of cellulose fibers, the extremely low thickness and large pores of cellulose membranes accelerate the mass exchange of moisture between the air and the membrane, thus giving cellulose humidity sensor a fast response/recovery time (99/110 s) and low hysteresis (2.9 %). Moreover, the performances of humidity sensors didn’t degrade even after being subjected to long-term application (>30 days), high/low temperatures (73.6/0.1 ℃) and thousands of bending cycles. The proposed LiCl/cellulose nanofiber humidity sensor brings innovative solutions for the design of cellulose based sensor with great potential for use in non-contact humidity detection, respiratory monitoring and sleep apnea detection applications.

Sensing-performance improvement of 2D MoSH based gas sensors for detecting NO, NO2, and NH3 gas molecules

Nitrogen group oxide is one of the major pollutants in the air, and its accurate and rapid detection is essential for environmental protection and human health. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop high-performance new line sensor for Nitrogen group oxide. Here, we investigate the potential of monolayer 2D MoSH materials as candidates for NO gas sensing using a combination of density functional theory and non-equilibrium functions to construct nanodevices based on MoSH monolayer, and theoretically study the adsorption behavior of MoSH monolayer to NO, NO2, and NH3 gas molecules. The results indicate that MoSH monolayer exhibit metallicity, and nanodevices based on 2D MoSH monolayer exhibit anisotropic transport properties and significant negative differential resistance effects(NDR). More interestingly, gas sensors based on MoSH monolayers exhibit typical chemical adsorption of NO, NO2, and NH3 gas molecules, and the anisotropic transport properties still maintain, but significant differences of sensitivity appear for these three gas molecules. Specifically, the MoSH based gas sensor has the highest sensitivity to NO, reaching 93.1% and 76.3% along the armchair and zigzag directions, respectively. These results show that 2D MoSH monolayer is an excellent gas-sensing material with excellent application prospects for NO gas detection.

Lignin-reinforced eutectogel with environmentally stability for high-performance human multi-functional sensor

Intrinsic environmental instability of hydrogels has limited their practical applications as durable flexible sensors in human life. In this study, a bio-based eutectogel (BEG) with environmental tolerance was designed via deep eutectic solvent (DES), thioctic acid (TA) and lignin. Benefit from self-ring-opening polymerization of TA monomer in the ethanol and the lignin acting as free radicals, the BEG was fabricated through efficient cast-drying method. The dynamic interaction formation between DES and TA polymer network was revealed by using in-situ infrared spectroscopy during the ethanol evaporation process. The introduction of lignin not only improve the mechanical properties of the eutectogels, but also endow the BEG with moisture tolerance by activating self-aggregated dense hydrophobic layer on the surface while in high humidity environment. This bio-based eutectogels with non-volatility, board range operating temperature and proper self-adhesion could serve as long-term stable temperature-strain dual sensor with high sensitivity (GF = 1.17, TCR = 4.26 %/K) and rapid response behavior (373 ms). Furthermore, the biocompatible BEG was validated for recording human physiological signals over extended period with performance comparable to commercial hydrogel electrodes. This strategy could broaden the range of making durable stretchable eutectogels in human healthcare monitoring.

Metamaterials for high-performance smart sensors

In recent years, metamaterials have shown great potential in various fields such as optics, acoustics, and electromagnetics. Sensors based on metamaterials have been gradually applied in daily production, life, and military. Metamaterials are artificial materials with unique properties that ordinary materials do not possess. Through clever microstructure design, they can achieve different properties and have demonstrated significant potential in areas like holographic projection, absorbing materials, and super-resolution microscopy. Sensors are devices that convert external environmental changes into recognizable signals, playing a crucial role in various fields such as healthcare, industry, and military. Therefore, the development of sensors with high sensitivity, low detection limit, wide detection range, and easy integration is of great significance. Sensors based on metamaterials can not only achieve these improvements but also offer advantages like anti-interference and stealth sensing, which traditional sensors lack. These enhancements and new features are significant for the sensor field's development. This article summarizes the benefits of metamaterial sensors in terms of increased sensitivity, expanded detection range, and ease of system integration. It also systematically discusses their applications in various fields such as biomedical and gas sensing. The focus is on the potential applications and development trends of metamaterial-based sensors in the future of human life, providing systematic guidance for the field's advancement.

High-performance capacitive humidity sensor based on flower-like SnS2/Ti3C2 MXene for respiration monitoring and non-contact sensing

Flexible humidity sensors with high sensitivity, fast response time, and excellent reliability have wide application potential in electronic skins, healthcare, and noncontact detection. In this study, novel 3D flower-like SnS2/Ti3C2 MXene nanocomposites are fabricated via an in-situ hydrothermal synthesis strategy. The nanostructural, morphological and compositional properties of the SnS2/Ti3C2 MXene composites illustrate the doping of Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets on the surface of SnS2 nanoflowers, which increases the adsorption sites for water molecules. The results of the humidity sensing experiments reveal that the capacitive response of SnS2/Ti3C2 MXene is optimal when the mass ratio of Ti3C2 MXene is 20 %. Moreover, the SnS2/Ti3C2 MXene composite film sensor has an ultrahigh capacitance response with an amplitude increase of three orders of magnitude compared with the pure SnS2 sensor, and a wide detection range of 7–93 % relative humidity. Complex impedance spectroscopy, bode diagrams and Schottky junction theory are employed to understand the potential sensing mechanisms of the SnS2/Ti3C2 MXene composite under various humidity conditions. With the highly sensitive and rapid humidity sensing capability, the prepared respiratory detection system could effectively monitor respiratory patterns, confirming its potential application in the field of medical health. Moreover, the non-contact sensing system prepared based on a 4 × 4 humidity sensor array can effectively monitor moisture distribution in the external environment.

One-Step Digital Light Processing 3D Printing of Robust, Conductive, Shape-Memory Hydrogel for Customizing High-Performance Soft Devices.

Mechanically robust and electrically conductive hydrogels hold significant promise for flexible device applications. However, conventional fabrication methods such as casting or injection molding meet challenges in delivering hydrogel objects with complex geometric structures and multicustomized functionalities. Herein, a 3D printable hydrogel with excellent mechanical properties and electrical conductivity is implemented via a facile one-step preparation strategy. With vat polymerization 3D printing technology, the hydrogel can be solidified based on a hybrid double-network mechanism involving in situ chemical and physical dual cross-linking. The hydrogel consists of two chemical networks including covalently cross-linked poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) and chitosan, and zirconium ions are induced to form physically cross-linked metal-coordination bonds across both chemical networks. The 3D-printed hydrogel exhibits multiple excellent functionalities including enhanced mechanical properties (680% stretchability, 15.1 MJ/m3 toughness, and 7.30 MPa tensile strength), rapid printing speed (0.7-3 s/100 μm), high transparency (91%), favorable ionic conductivity (0.75 S/m), large strain gauge factor (≥7), and fast solvent transfer induced phase separation (in ∼3 s), which enable the development of high-performance flexible wearable sensors, shape memory actuators, and soft pneumatic robotics. The 3D printable multifunctional hydrogel provides a novel path for customizing next-generation intelligent soft devices.

Recent progress of black phosphorene from preparation to diversified bio-/chemo-nanosensors and their challenges and opportunities for comprehensive health.

The introduction of comprehensive health, related to human living environment and mental state, helps people to improve human health literacy and accept scientific health guidance. The unique structure and properties of black phosphorene (BP) provide potential opportunities for rapid development and versatile applications of high-performance sensors serving comprehensive health. The review begins with the preparation from bulk black phosphorous crystals via transforming requirements of phosphorous allotropes and BP nanosheets via preparative strategies using both "top-down" and "bottom-up" methods. Then the diversified modification of BP and versatile fabrication of diversified bio-/chemo-nanosensors for sensitive detection of analytes are discussed. Besides, the challenges including the preparation of BP, diversified modification, devices for improving performance defects and chemo-/bio-nanosensors for enhancing performance are outlined together with potential opportunities for the BP preparation and applications in comprehensive health from agricultural environments, food safety, personal life, physical and mental life, and finally to medical care.

Layered Ti3C2Tx MXene heterostructured with V2O5 nanoparticles for enhanced room temperature ammonia sensing

To enhance ammonia sensing at room temperature (25°C), Two-dimensional transition metal carbonyl nitride (Ti3C2Tx MXene) modified by vanadium pentoxide nanoparticle (V2O5) is synthesized by hydrothermal method. The effects of weight ratio on the microstructure and ammonia sensing performance at room temperature are studied. The results indicate that when the weight percentage of V2O5 is 25 %, V2O5 nanoparticles with an average size of 90.33 nm are produced on the surface and between the layers of the two-dimensional MXene. The prepared MXene/V2O5 composites sensor has a good response (12.12) to 10 ppm NH3. The enhanced sensing performance can be attributed to the modification of V2O5 nanoparticles as well as the catalytic effect and the formation of heterojunction. The doped V2O5 nanoparticles open up the unstratified portion of MXene and catalyze the chemisorption of oxygen and oxidation of NH3. The difference in Fermi level between two-dimensional MXene and V2O5 drives the charge transfer at the heterojunction interface, enriching the electrons on the surface of V2O5, thus improving the sensitivity. Density functional theory suggests that the composite adsorption system is more stable and has lower NH3 adsorption energy. This work provides a feasible route to develop high-performance gas sensors with MXene-based composites.

Highly responsive gas sensors based on grain boundary–rich polycrystalline few-layer MoS2 films for NO2 detection

Abstract This study addresses the issues of insufficient sensitivity and poor reversibility for NO2 detection by successfully fabricating a sensor based on uniform and high-quality few-layer MoS2 polycrystalline material using chemical vapor deposition. This approach aims to improve the response of the sensor by exploiting the abundance of grain boundary (GB) defects in polycrystalline MoS2 membranes. Comprehensive surface morphology analysis of the few-layer MoS2 polycrystalline films was conducted using microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to characterize their chemical composition and properties. Subsequently, evaluation of 1–100-ppm NO2 was conducted at room temperature (25 °C). The results show excellent performance of the sensor, with a response range of 11–82.24. Notably, under ultraviolet excitation at room temperature, this sensor exhibits a response time of only 41 s to 50 ppm of NO2 with complete recovery and improved sensitivity, maintaining reliable stability over eight weeks. Furthermore, the findings reveal that the sensor demonstrates high selectivity toward NO2 gas with limit of detection and limit of qualification values of 10 and 34 ppb, respectively. Owing to the abundant adsorption sites provided by GB defects in polycrystalline thin films, the response performance of the sensor is effectively enhanced. This study provides valuable insights into the future design and development of high-performance NO2 gas sensors.

Negative temperature coefficient effect of TPU/SWCNT/PEDOT:PSS polymer matrices for wearable temperature sensors

Composite-based temperature sensors utilizing the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) effect have gained significant attention across various fields, particularly in healthcare. However, the development of innovative, highly linear, and high-performance NTC-based temperature sensors remains a challenge. In this study, we developed a composite temperature sensor comprising thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). A series of performance tests demonstrated that the TPU/SWCNT/PEDOT:PSS (TSP) composite effectively monitors temperature variations with both linearity and superior performance, attributed to the synergistic NTC effects of SWCNTs and PEDOT:PSS. This flexible temperature sensor retained its sensing functionality after repeated cycles of temperature fluctuations and multiple bending tests. Moreover, due to the unique properties of CNTs, the TSP sensor exhibited photothermal responses, showing highly sensitive resistance changes upon exposure to infrared radiation. The TSP sensor proved to be effective for various practical applications, including biosignal monitoring through thermal detection, temperature tracking during phone charging, and accurate temperature sensing on curved surfaces. Additionally, non-contact heat detection can be reliably performed regardless of whether tensile stress is applied. These findings underscore the immense potential of TSP sensors for future use in wearable healthcare technologies.

High-performance flexible sensor with rapidly adjustable sensitivity for wearable electronics

Despite numerous advances in sensor structural design, existing sensors still struggle to achieve rapidly adjustable sensitivity. Here, we utilized a structural design with alternating hard and soft sensor connections, and a lockout device to construct a sensitivity-adjustable sensor (AHS-L). Silicone rubber foams (SF) served as the flexible matrix for fabricating sensors with different hardnesses. Among them, the soft sensor (SRC-ACPF) retained the foam structure, and constructed dual conductive networks both within and on the pore walls, enhancing its resistance sensitivity with a gauge factor (GF) of up to 561.9. In contrast, the SF used in the hard sensor (ASR-PPS) featured a fingerprint-like structure. A conductive network was introduced on the pores and backfilled with liquid silicone rubber to achieve a “soft and hard” distinction from SRC-ACPF. The fingerprint-like structure induced stress concentration during stretching, resulting in high resistance sensitivity for ASR-PPS (GF up to 711.5). This microstructure also amplified contact signals, enabling ASR-PPS to realize intelligent material recognition. Notably, the alternating soft and hard structure of the AHS-L allowed the tensile deformation to be concentrated in the SRC-ACPF. Meanwhile, due to the initial resistance difference, the resistance change in SRC-ACPF has less effect on the overall resistance fluctuation of AHS-L than ASR-PPS. Therefore, a lockout device was introduced to limit the deformation of the SRC-ACPF, allowing the deformation pattern of the AHS-L to be tuned and enabling the sensitivity to be quickly adjusted from low (GF of 3.7 within 0–22% strain, 63.8 within 22–38% strain) to ultra-high (GF of 444.7 within 0–20% strain, 821.2 within 20–46% strain).

Development of a Photoelectrochemical Microelectrode Using an Organic Probe for Monitoring Hydrogen Sulfide in Living Brains.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important bioactive molecule that plays a significant role in various functions, particularly in the living brain, where it is closely linked to cognition, memory, and several neurological diseases. Consequently, developing effective detection methods for H2S is essential for studying brain functions and the underlying mechanisms of these diseases. This study aims to construct a novel photoelectrochemical (PEC) microelectrode Ti/TiO2@HSP for the quantitative monitoring of H2S levels in the living brain. The PEC microelectrode Ti/TiO2@HSP is formed by covalently bonding a specifically designed organic PEC probe HSP, which possesses a D-π-A structure, to the surface of TiO2 nanotubes generated via in situ anodic oxidation of titanium wire. The PEC probe HSP can effectively react with H2S and generate significant photocurrent response under long-wavelength excitation light (560 nm), thereby achieving quantitative detection of H2S. The sensor demonstrates high sensitivity and good selectivity. In vivo experiments utilizing the PEC microelectrode Ti/TiO2@HSP enable the monitoring of dynamic changes in H2S levels across various regions of the mouse brain. The findings reveal that in normal mice, the concentration of H2S in the hippocampus is significantly higher than in the striatum and cerebral cortex. Additionally, following propargylglycine drug stimulation, H2S concentrations in different brain regions were observed to decrease, with the most substantial reduction noted in the hippocampus. This suggests that cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) is the primary enzyme responsible for H2S production in this area, while the striatum exhibits a less pronounced decrease in H2S concentration, indicating a reliance on alternative enzymatic pathways for H2S production. Therefore, this study not only successfully develops a high-performance H2S detection sensor but also provides new experimental tools and theoretical foundations for further exploring the roles of H2S in neurophysiological and pathological processes.

ELECTROMECHANICAL PRESSURE SENSORS BASED ON GRAPHENE: A REVIEW

Nanotechnology can revolutionize the sensor industry by introducing specific nanomaterials to work as sensing elements. Graphene, a two-dimensional carbon allotrope with exceptional electrical and mechanical properties, has emerged as a promising material for developing high-performance pressure sensors. Graphene-based pressure sensors offer significant advantages over traditional sensors, including high sensitivity, wide dynamic range, fast response time, and flexibility. This paper aims to deliver a review on the fundamental mechanisms underlying graphene-based pressure sensors, which includes piezoresistive, capacitive, and field-effect transistor (FET). Recent advancements in graphene-based pressure sensors have opened up new possibilities in various fields, including healthcare, electronics, and robotics. Here, we will highlight these emerging applications and explore the potential future developments of this technology.

A diaphragm secondary stress utilization method for increasing the sensitivity of piezoresistive pressure sensors without sacrificing linearity

Piezoresistive pressure sensors with high sensitivity and linearity are critical for aerospace and other industries, however, attempts to improve sensitivity often reduce linearity. Therefore a diaphragm secondary stress utilization method (DSSUM) is proposed, which can significantly increase sensor sensitivity without sacrificing the linearity. The DSSUM realizes the detection of primary and secondary stresses on the diaphragm through the eight-piezoresistor Wheatstone bridge without changing the structure of the diaphragm. A differential pressure sensor with a measurement range of −15 ∼ 15 kPa has been designed and fabricated based on DSSUM. Comparative test results show that DSSUM can increase the sensitivity of the sensor by 50.32 % to 32.35 mV/kPa while maintaining the linearity at 0.031 %F.S. The repeatability of the sensor is 0.02 %FS, the hysteresis is 0.01 %FS, and the zero drift is 0.052 %FS. By using DSSUM, both wide-range and small-range pressure sensors can increase their sensitivity by more than 50 % without impacting linearity. The DSSUM offers a new method for achieving high-performance pressure sensors and holds potential for wide application.

Flexible Piezoelectric Sensor Enhanced by Ordered Piezoelectric Composite Material for Three-Dimensional Force Detection.

With the rapid development of intelligent devices, the demand for high-performance flexible sensors with three-dimensional force perception capabilities has become increasingly prominent. In this study, we utilized dielectrophoresis regulation to achieve an ordered arrangement of lead zirconate titanate particles in piezoelectric composite films, enhancing the pressure sensitivity by approximately 4.06 times compared to randomly distributed composite films. Furthermore, an additional bump structure was constructed to convert three-dimensional forces into different compression states on the sensing units of the film, enabling effective decoupling of three-dimensional forces. Experimental results demonstrated that the three-dimensional piezoelectric force sensor exhibited sensitivity values of 0.2524, 0.1702, and 0.1946 V/N in three directions within the range of 1-9 N. Additionally, the sensor possesses significant advantages such as rapid response (4 ms), good repeatability, and simple manufacturing. These characteristics offer a viable strategy for self-powered wearable devices and human-machine interactions in intelligent devices.