High-performance Non-enzymatic Glucose Sensor Research Articles

High-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on Ni/Cu/boron-doped diamond electrode

A Ni/Cu/boron-doped diamond (Ni/Cu/BDD) complex electrode for non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical detection was prepared by a simple two-step heat treatment method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical workstation were used to characterize the surface morphology, composition and electrochemical properties of the electrode, respectively. The results showed that Ni reacted with BDD under high temperature catalytic conditions forming a porous structure, and stabilized Cu on the surface of BDD due to the superior wettability between Cu and Ni. Compared to Ni/BDD and Cu/BDD electrodes, Ni/Cu/BDD electrode exhibited enhanced catalytic activity in glucose detection, such as an extremely wide detection range (0.022–18.3mM), high sensitivity (1007.688 μAmM−1cm−2, which was 1.28 times higher than that of the Ni/BDD electrode), great selectivity and excellent long-term stability (93.3% after one month).

Hierarchical CuO/NiO-Carbon Nanocomposite Derived from Metal Organic Framework on Cello Tape for the Flexible and High Performance Nonenzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensors

The orchestrated network of octahedron shaped Cu organic framework is developed via a simple aging protocol, and the partial cation swap reactions between Cu and Ni nodes in the Cu2-paddlewheel uni...

High-Performance Non-enzymatic Glucose Sensors Based on CoNiCu Alloy Nanotubes Arrays Prepared by Electrodeposition

Transition metal alloys are good candidate electrodes for non-enzymatic glucose sensors due to their low cost and high performance. In this work, we reported the controllable electrodeposition of CoNiCu alloy nanotubes electrodes using anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) as template. Uniform CoNiCu alloy arrays of nanotubes about 2 μm in length and 280 nm in diameter were obtained by optimizing the electrodeposition parameters. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) measurements indicated that the as-prepared alloy nanotubes arrays are composed of 64.7 wt% Co-19.4 wt% Ni-15.9 wt% Cu. Non-enzymatic glucose sensing measurements indicated that the CoNiCu nanotubes arrays possessed a low detection limit of 0.5 μM, a high sensitivity of 791 μA mM −1 cm −2 from 50 to 1,551 μM and 322 μA mM −1 cm −2 from 1,551 to 4,050 μM. Besides, they showed high reliability with the capacity of anti-jamming. Tafel plots showed that alloying brought higher exchange current density and faster reaction speed. The high performance should be due to the synergistic effect of Co, Ni, and Cu metal elements and high surface area of nanotubes arrays.

A non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on a CoNi2Se4/rGO nanocomposite with ultrahigh sensitivity at low working potential.

Uniform and porous CoNi2Se4 was successfully synthesized by electrodeposition onto a composite electrode comprising reduced graphene oxide (rGO) anchored on a Ni foam substrate (prepared hydrothermally). This CoNi2Se4-rGO@NF composite electrode has been employed as an electrocatalyst for the direct oxidation of glucose, thereby acting as a high-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor. Direct electrochemical measurement with the as-prepared electrode in 0.1 M NaOH revealed that the CoNi2Se4-rGO nanocomposite has excellent electrocatalytic activity towards glucose oxidation in an alkaline medium with a sensitivity of 18.89 mA mM-1 cm-2 and a wide linear response from 1 μM to 4.0 mM at a low applied potential of +0.35 V vs. Ag|AgCl. This study also highlights the effect of decreasing the anion electronegativity on enhancing the electrocatalytic efficiency by lowering the potential needed for glucose oxidation. The catalyst composite also exhibits high selectivity towards glucose oxidation in the presence of several interferents normally found in physiological blood samples. A low glucose detection limit of 0.65 μM and long-term stability along with a short response time of approximately 4 seconds highlights the promising performance of the CoNi2Se4-rGO@NF electrode for non-enzymatic glucose sensing with high precision and reliability.

High-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor by hierarchical flower-like nickel(II)-based MOF/carbon nanotubes composite

A hierarchical three-dimensional flower-like nickel(II)-terephthalic acid (Ni(TPA)) metal-organic framework (MOF) was synthesized through a simple solvothermal method. Then the single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) were doped with the synthesized Ni(TPA) MOF by the ultrasonic method to improve the chemical stability and the electrochemical activity of the MOF. To explore the potential application of the nanocomposite, the Ni(TPA)-SWCNT modified glassy carbon electrode was prepared and used as a non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor for glucose. The results show that the nanocomposite demonstrates remarkably higher electrochemical response as well as stronger electrocatalytic activity toward glucose oxidation, in comparison with the single-component of Ni(TPA) and SWCNT. The Ni(TPA)-SWCNT modified electrode exhibits outstanding performance including excellent selectivity, wide linear range from 20 μM to 4.4 mM, low detection limit of 4.6 μM, and fast response (<5 s) for glucose detection. For glucose analysis in real serum samples, the developed sensor reveals a good agreement with the automatic biochemical analyzer, with the deviation rate of 0–6.7% and correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9940 (n = 20, P < 0.0001), indicating high accuracy and great potential of the sensor for practical application in fast analysis of glucose.

Interfacial Effect of Oxygen-Doped Nanodiamond on CuO and Micropyramidal Silicon Heterostructures for Efficient Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensor.

Herein, the novel strategy of copper oxide (CuO) deposited oxygen-doped nitrogen incorporated nanodiamond (NOND)/Si pyramids (Pyr-Si) heterostructure is studied for high-performance nonenzymatic glucose sensor. The combined properties of surface-modified NOND/Pyr-Si induced by different growth durations (5 to 20 min) of CuO is envisioned to improve glucose sensitivity and stability. For comparison, the same methods and parameters were deposited on the plane silicon wafers. The systematic analysis reveals the best glucose sensing properties of 15 min grown CuO/NOND/Pyr-Si based sensor, with a high sensitivity of 1993 μA mM-1 cm-2, a lower limit of detection of 0.1 μm, and a longer stability of 28 d (∼96%). In addition, the present sensor exhibits good selectivity of glucose among other analytes such as sodium chloride, ascorbic acid, uric acid, and so on. The enhancement in glucose sensing performances of the as-fabricated CuO/NOND/Pyr-Si is ascribed to the interfacial effect of NOND and the synergistic effect of CuO and NOND/Pyr-Si. Moreover, the oxygen dopant in NOND and CuO stimulates the reactive oxygen species while measuring glucose and affords rapid recovery (<2 s). This promotes fast electron kinetics in the electrocatalytic solutions, which enhances the electroactive area and thereby contributes to a high sensitivity. These salient results suggested that the as-fabricated CuO/NOND/Pyr-Si sensor is more suitable for high-performance biosensors and effective energy storage device applications.

Soft surfactant-assisted uniformly dispersed platinum nanoparticles for high performance electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensing platform

In this study, highly catalytic platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) were synthesized on polished Au thin-film electrode using surfactant assisted electrochemical technique (SAET) for a high-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor. Residual surfactants on the fabricated electrodes were removed by dipping into a tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution. The physical characteristics of the electrodes were investigated through FESEM, XRD, and EDX, and the analytical analyses were demonstrated with cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and amperometry. After optimization considering the NP deposition potential and time, dipping time in THF, the fabricated biosensor showed a promising electro-oxidation towards glucose in terms of high sensitivity of 5.87 ± 0.13 μAmM−1 cm−2, detection limit of 0.235 μM, wide linear range from 0.25–36 mM, fast response lower than 5 s, and good reproducibility and stability. The proposed SAET can be applied to uniform deposition and dispersion of other nanoparticles for numerous applications. Therefore, the proposed sensing platform can be useful to monitor glucose in diagnostic bioprocess monitoring and environmental monitoring.

Three-Dimensional Dendrite Cu–Co/Reduced Graphene Oxide Architectures on a Disposable Pencil Graphite Electrode as an Electrochemical Sensor for Nonenzymatic Glucose Detection

Three-dimensional (3D) copper–cobalt (Cu–Co)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) hierarchical architectures are electrochemically deposited over a pencil graphite electrode (PGE), and the modified PGE is directly exploited as a binder-free and disposable electrode for high performance nonenzymatic glucose sensors. The morphological features substantiate that the Cu–Co nanostructures display a 3D, open, porous, interconnected network architecture, in which the rGO layers are tightly pinned among the nanofeelers. Owing to the benefits of dendrite architectures and optimized composition, Cu–Co/rGO/PGE demonstrates better glucose oxidation behavior under alkaline conditions. Being a nonenzymatic glucose sensor, Cu–Co/rGO/PGE demonstrates excellent gluose detection properties with considerable chloride poisoning resistance. The excellent analytical performance of Cu–Co/rGO/PGE comprehends its application in human serum samples. Thus, this report paves constructive opportunities for the development of disposable, envi...

Highly Efficient Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensor Based on CuO Modified Vertically-Grown ZnO Nanorods on Electrode

There is a major challenge to attach nanostructures on to the electrode surface while retaining their engineered morphology, high surface area, physiochemical features for promising sensing applications. In this study, we have grown vertically-aligned ZnO nanorods (NRs) on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) electrodes and decorated with CuO to achieve high-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor. This unique CuO-ZnO NRs hybrid provides large surface area and an easy substrate penetrable structure facilitating enhanced electrochemical features towards glucose oxidation. As a result, fabricated electrodes exhibit high sensitivity (2961.7 μA mM−1 cm−2), linear range up to 8.45 mM, low limit of detection (0.40 μM), and short response time (<2 s), along with excellent reproducibility, repeatability, stability, selectivity, and applicability for glucose detection in human serum samples. Circumventing, the outstanding performance originating from CuO modified ZnO NRs acts as an efficient electrocatalyst for glucose detection and as well, provides new prospects to biomolecules detecting device fabrication.

Ni and NiO Nanoparticles Decorated Metal-Organic Framework Nanosheets: Facile Synthesis and High-Performance Nonenzymatic Glucose Detection in Human Serum.

Ni-MOF (metal-organic framework)/Ni/NiO/carbon frame nanocomposite was formed by combing Ni and NiO nanoparticles and a C frame with Ni-MOF using an efficient one-step calcination method. The morphology and structure of Ni-MOF/Ni/NiO/C nanocomposite were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS) mapping. Ni-MOF/Ni/NiO/C nanocomposites were immobilized onto glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) with Nafion film to construct high-performance nonenzymatic glucose and H2O2 electrochemical sensors. Cyclic voltammetric (CV) study showed Ni-MOF/Ni/NiO/C nanocomposite displayed better electrocatalytic activity toward glucose oxidation as compared to Ni-MOF. Amperometric study indicated the glucose sensor displayed high performance, offering a low detection limit (0.8 μM), a high sensitivity of 367.45 mA M-1 cm-2, and a wide linear range (from 4 to 5664 μM). Importantly, good reproducibility, long-time stability, and excellent selectivity were obtained within the as-fabricated glucose sensor. Furthermore, the constructed high-performance sensor was utilized to monitor the glucose levels in human serum, and satisfactory results were obtained. It demonstrated the Ni-MOF/Ni/NiO/C nanocomposite can be used as a good electrochemical sensing material in practical biological applications.

High-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on nickel-microcrystalline graphite-boron doped diamond complex electrode

A nickel-microcrystalline graphite-boron doped diamond (Ni-MG-BDD) complex electrode was fabricated by thermal catalytic etching BDD film with Ni layer. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrum and Raman spectroscopy were utilized to characterize the morphology, composition of the complex electrode, respectively. Nickel particles with different sizes are demonstrated to sink into the crystal facet and grain boundary of the BDD film, which not only increases the specific surface area and the electrochemical stability of the electrode, but also catalyzes sp3-bonded diamond into sp2-bonded microcrystalline graphitic carbon in the cooling process. The presence of microcrystalline graphite mixed with diamond film is confirmed to increase the conductivity of the electrode. Electrochemical results indicate that the Ni-MG-BDD complex electrode shows excellent electrochemical performance for glucose oxidation. The proposed electrode shows wide linear ranges for glucose concentrations of 0.002–0.5 and 0.5–15.5mM with high sensitivities of 1010.8 and 660.8μAmM−1cm−2, respectively. In addition, the electrode exhibits a low detection limit of 0.24μM (S/N=3), good selectivity and reproducibility, and excellent stability during the long-term electrochemical detection.

Hydrothermal synthesis of NiWO4 crystals for high performance non-enzymatic glucose biosensors.

A facile hydrothermal route for the synthesis of ordered NiWO4 nanocrystals, which show promising applications as high performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor is reported. The NiWO4-modified electrodes showed excellent sensitivity (269.6 μA mM−1 cm−2) and low detection limit (0.18 μM) for detection of glucose with desirable selectivity, stability, and tolerance to interference, rendering their prospective applications as cost-effective, enzyme-free glucose sensors.

Simple Design Disposable Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensor Based on Flexible Ni/PET Electrode

Since Clark and Lyons explained the basic concepts of glucose enzymatic electrodes, there have been significant efforts on development of reliable devices for diabetes control. This metabolic disorder rooted in insulin deficiency which results in blood glucose concentrations lower or higher than normal range of 4.4 to 6.6 mM. The primary approach to develop electrochemical glucose sensors is to exploit enzymes to oxidize glucose and monitor hydrogen peroxide production. The complications associated with enzyme immobilization and the necessity for maintaining certain operating and storage condition (controlling temperature, pH and humidity) along with the enzymes high cost lead to the development of non-enzymatic glucose sensors (NEG). In NEG sensors, glucose is oxidized directly on electrode surface. In this study, a simple design disposable NEG sensor with high sensitivity and acceptable interference rejection was developed based on NiP/PET electrode. An activation-free Ni electroless metallization was performed using (3-Aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMS) and (3-Mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPTMS) self-assembled monolayers (SAM). The affinity of –HS functional groups on MPTMS-SAM to Ni resulted in a thin film with excellent adhesion. A PMMA mask was used during Ni electroless deposition to obtain a 3-electrode configuration pattern on plastic substrate. Pt electrodeposition was carried out on two of the three Ni electrodes to serve as reference and counter electrodes. Nafion solution was drop-casted on Ni working electrode to reject interference. Electrochemical measurements were carried out in 0.1M KOH solution. 0.5 V was selected as the sensor working potential base on cyclic voltammetry characterizations in presence of glucose. Chronoamperometric measurements presented a wide linear range with high sensitivity of 230 µA.mM-1.cm-2. Results of interference studies proved the accuracy of sensor response in presence of ascorbic acid, uric acid and lactate (less than 15% error which is considered as clinically accurate). The study suggests a low-cost and high performance nonenzymatic glucose sensor compatible with roll to roll manufacturing and mass production.

A novel multicomponent redox polymer nanobead based high performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor

The fabrication of a highly sensitive electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) dispersed in a graphene (G)-ferrocene (Fc) redox polymer multicomponent nanobead (MCNB) is reported. The preparation of MCNB involves three major steps, namely: i) the preparation of a poly(aniline-co-anthranilic acid)-grafted graphene (G-PANI(COOH), ii) the covalent linking of ferrocene to G-PANI(COOH) via a polyethylene imine (PEI), and iii) the electrodeposition of Cu NPs. The prepared MCNB (designated as G-PANI(COOH)-PEI-Fc/Cu-MCNB), contains a conductive G-PANI(COOH), electron mediating Fc, and electrocatalytic Cu NPs that make it suitable for ultrasensitive non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing. The morphology, structure, and electro activities of MCNB were characterized. Electrochemical measurements showed that the G-PANI(COOH)-PEI-Fc/Cu-MCNB/GCE modified electrode exhibited good electrocatalytic behavior towards the detection of glucose in a wide linear range (0.50 to 15mM), with a low detection limit (0.16mM) and high sensitivity (14.3µAmM−1cm−2). Besides, the G-PANI(COOH)-PEI-Fc/Cu-MCNB/GCE sensor electrode did not respond to the presence of electroactive interferrants (such as uric acid, ascorbic acid, and dopamine) and saccharides or carbohydrates (fructose, lactose, d-isoascorbic acid, and dextrin), demonstrating its selectivity towards glucose. The fabricated NEG sensor exhibited high precision for measuring glucose in serum samples, with an average RSD of 4.3% and results comparable to those of commercial glucose test strips. This reliability and stability of glucose sensing indicates that G-PANI(COOH)-PEI-Fc/Cu-MCNB/GCE would be a promising material for the non-enzymatic detection of glucose in physiological fluids.

Honeycomb-like Porous Carbon–Cobalt Oxide Nanocomposite for High-Performance Enzymeless Glucose Sensor and Supercapacitor Applications

Herein, we report the preparation of Pongam seed shells-derived activated carbon and cobalt oxide (∼2-10 nm) nanocomposite (PSAC/Co3O4) by using a general and facile synthesis strategy. The as-synthesized PSAC/Co3O4 samples were characterized by a variety of physicochemical techniques. The PSAC/Co3O4-modified electrode is employed in two different applications such as high performance nonenzymatic glucose sensor and supercapacitor. Remarkably, the fabricated glucose sensor is exhibited an ultrahigh sensitivity of 34.2 mA mM(-1) cm(-2) with a very low detection limit (21 nM) and long-term durability. The PSAC/Co3O4 modified stainless steel electrode possesses an appreciable specific capacitance and remarkable long-term cycling stability. The obtained results suggest the as-synthesized PSAC/Co3O4 is more suitable for the nonenzymatic glucose sensor and supercapacitor applications outperforming the related carbon based modified electrodes, rendering practical industrial applications.

A high performance nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor based on polyvinylpyrrolidone–graphene nanosheets–nickel nanoparticles–chitosan nanocomposite

In this report, a new nanocomposite was successfully synthesized by chemical deposition of nickel nanoparticles (NiNPs) on polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) stabilized graphene nanosheets (GNs) with chitosan (CS) as the protective coating. The as obtained nanocomposite (PVP–GNs–NiNPs–CS) was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Benefiting from the synergistic effect of GNs (large surface area and high conductivity), NiNPs (high electrocatalytic activity towards the glucose oxidation) and CS (good film-forming and antifouling ability), a nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor was established. The nanocomposite displays greatly enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards the glucose oxidation in NaOH solution. The PVP–GNs–NiNPs–CS based electrochemical glucose sensor demonstrates good sensitivity, wide linear range (0.1μM–0.5mM), outstanding detection limit (30nM), attractive selectivity, good reproducibility, high stability as well as prominent feasibility for the real sample analysis. The proposed experiment might open up a new possibility for widespread use of non-enzymatic sensors for monitoring blood glucose owing to its advantages of low cost, simple preparation and excellent properties for glucose detection.

Nanoflower-like CoS-decorated 3D porous carbon skeleton derived from rose for a high performance nonenzymatic glucose sensor

A nanoflower-like CoS-decorated 3D porous carbon skeleton from rose has been synthesised and firstly applied in the detection of glucose.

Ni0.31Co0.69S2nanoparticles uniformly anchored on a porous reduced graphene oxide framework for a high-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor

Ni0.31Co0.69S2nanoparticle/reduced graphene oxide (Ni0.31Co0.69S2/rGO) composites have been synthesizedviahydrothermal method, and then applied as the active materials for a high-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor.

Fast conversion of redox couple on Ni(OH)2/C nanocomposite electrode for high-performance nonenzymatic glucose sensor

To pursue high performance for nonenzymatic glucose sensor, fast conversion of redox couple (Ni(OH)2↔NiOOH: NiII/NiIII) was established on Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles modified carbon (Ni(OH)2/C) composite electrode coupling with concentrated hydroxide electrolyte. The electrode was prepared by in situ precipitation of nano-Ni(OH)2 on carbon and then treated by cyclic voltammetry. Cyclic voltammetry was also used to identify the extremely high conversion rate of NiII/NiIII on the prepared composite electrode. Continuous cyclic voltammetry method with increasing the concentration of glucose on each cycle step by step was employed to promptly determine linear range and appropriate potential for glucose detection in 0.1, 1, and 7 M KOH electrolyte. The amperometric measurement under the optimized condition (0.28 V vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE) in 7 M KOH) showed that the Ni(OH)2/C composite electrode exhibits a sensitivity of 1004.6 μA mM−1 cm−2 in a wide linear range from 1 μM to 15 mM (R = 0.9999). What is more, favorable selectivity, reproducibility, and stability for glucose detection were also obtained. These performances indicated that the proposed Ni(OH)2/C nanocomposite sensor with fast conversion of redox couple is a promising nonenzymatic glucose sensor.

Mesoporous ZnO-NiO architectures for use in a high-performance nonenzymatic glucose sensor

Mesoporous ZnO-NiO architectures were prepared by thermal annealing of zinc-nickel hydroxycarbonate composites. The resulting architectures are shown to be assembled by many mesoporous nanosheets, and this results in a large surface area and a strong synergy between the ZnO and NiO nanoparticles. The material obtained by annealing at 400 °C was used as an electrode that responds to glucose over a wide concentration range (from 0.5 μM to 6.4 mM), with a detection limit as low as 0.5 μM, fast response time (<3 s), and good sensitivity (120.5 μA · mM−1 · cm−2).