High-performance Liquid Chromatography Technique Research Articles

Influence of Diet on the Bioavailability of Active Components from Zingiber officinale Using an In Vitro Digestion Model

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is a plant known all over the world that is used as a spice and as an ingredient in drinks, dietary supplements, and cosmetics. The growing availability of its fresh rhizomes makes it even more likely to be used in the diet, mainly due to its beneficial health properties and high content of polyphenols (gingerols and shogaols). The main goal and motivation of the authors was to assess the bioavailability of active substances contained in the extract from ginger rhizomes in the presence of various types of diets using the in vitro digestion method, enabling simulation of the processes occurring during the digestion and absorption of metabolites in the small intestine. For the qualitative and quantitative analyses, the HPLC-MS (High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry) and HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) techniques were used, respectively. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the best bioavailability of the selected ginger polyphenols (6-gingerol, 8-gingerdione, 8-shogaol, and 10-gingerdione) was estimated for a high-fiber diet, while the weakest results were obtained for standard and basic diets. In the case of the high-fiber diet, the bioavailability of the mentioned compounds was estimated as 33.3, 21.4, 6.73, and 21.0%, while for the basic diet, it was only 21.3, 5.3, 2.0, and 1.0%, respectively.

Exploring the wound-healing and antimicrobial potential of Dittrichia viscosa L lipidic extract: Chemical composition and in vivo evaluation

Dittrichia viscosa belongs to the Dittrichia genus, it grows abundantly in the east and northeast of Morocco, and traditionally its fresh leaves are crushed and given for topical application after burns, wounds, and infections. In this study, we examine the wound-healing activity of Dittrichia viscosa lipidic extract in vivo, assess its anti-microbial effect, and explore the specific compounds that contribute to these effects. To assess the effectiveness of wound healing, a burn-induced wound model was employed in Wistar rats, and the levels of hydroxyproline as well as histopathological changes in the skin tissues were evaluated. Furthermore, the antimicrobial potential against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Malassezia furfur was investigated using the agar disc diffusion method. Gas Chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques were employed to analyze the composition of fatty acids, phytosterols, and tocopherols. Topical application of Dittrichia viscosa lipidic fraction ointment exhibited significant improvements in wound contraction, achieving an impressive rate of 82% within 21 days. Additionally, the lipidic extract of Dittrichia viscosa displayed notable efficacy against various microbial strains, including Candida albicans (25.07 ± 0.2), Candida glabrata (24 ± 0.6), and Malassezia furfur (22 ± 0.7). The primary fatty acids identified in the sample were linolenic acid (58.95% ± 0), oleic acid (16.75% ±0.04), and linoleic acid (11.97% ± 0.1). Notably, the sample contained significant amounts of γ-Tocopherols (732.08 ± 21mg/kg), while the sterol fraction primarily consisted of 7-Campesterol (1937 ± 0 mg/kg), 7-β-Sitosterol (1621 ± 0 mg/kg), and Stigmasterol (1439 ± 26 mg/kg). By its richness in active compound content, Dittrichia viscosa effectively accelerates wound healing while safeguarding against microbial infections.

Homeopathic Formulations of Syzygium jambolanum Alleviate Glycation-Mediated Structural and Functional Modifications of Albumin: Evaluation through Multi-Spectroscopic and Microscopic Approaches.

The growing interest in identifying the mode of action of traditional medicines has strengthened its research. Syzygium jambolanum (Syzyg) is commonly prescribed in homeopathy and is a rich source of phytochemicals. The present study aims to shed light on the anti-glycation molecular mechanism of Syzyg mother tincture (MT), 30c, and 200c on glycated human serum albumin (HSA) by multi-spectroscopic and microscopic approaches. The phytochemicals and antioxidant potential of the Syzyg formulations were estimated by the high-performance liquid chromatography and spectroscopic technique, respectively. Glycation was initiated by incubating HSA with methylglyoxal, three Syzyg formulations, and the known inhibitor aminoguanidine in separate tubes at 37°C for 48 hours. The formation of glycation adducts was assessed by spectrofluorometer and affinity chromatography. The structural modifications were analyzed through circular dichroism, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, turbidity, 8-anilinonapthalene-1-sulfonic acid fluorescence, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Further, the formation of the aggregates was examined by thioflavin T, native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and transmission electron microscopy. Additionally, the functional modifications of glycated HSA were determined by esterase-like activity and antioxidant capacity. The binding analysis of Syzyg formulations with glycated HSA was evaluated by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Syzyg formulations MT, 30c, and 200c contained gallic acid and ellagic acid as major phytochemicals, with concentrations of 16.02, 0.86, and 0.52 µg/mL, and 227.35, 1.35, and 0.84 µg/mL, respectively. Additionally, all three formulations had remarkable radical scavenging ability and could significantly inhibit glycation compared with aminoguanidine. Further, Syzyg formulations inhibited albumin's structural and functional modifications. SPR data showed that Syzyg formulations bind to glycated HSA with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 1.10 nM. Syzyg formulations inhibited the glycation process while maintaining the structural and functional integrity of HSA.

Composition and mitogenic activity of polysaccharide from Solanum tuberosum L.

Solanum tuberosum polysaccharide (STP) was isolated from the water extract of Solanum tuberosum L. and purified by ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography. Its molecular weight was determined by using gel permeation chromatography method and high performance liquid chromatography technique and its monosaccharide composition was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector and a capillary column. It was shown that STP was consisted of galactose (Gal) and arabinose (Ara) (37.5 and 23.5%, respectively), along with uronic acids (9.7%), glucose monosaccharide residues (15%) and proteins (no less than 9%). The molecular weight of STP was 70 kDa. The Fourier-transform infrared technique was used for structural analysis of STP. The mitogenic activity of extracted polysaccharide is comparable to that of lipopolysaccharide.

Use of gamma radiation for the antioxidant improvement of saffron [Crocus sativus] petal extract

Abstract This in vitro study was conducted to evaluate the impact of gamma-irradiation on the antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts of Crocus sativus petals. After gamma-irradiation at 5, 10, and 35 kGy doses, Folin-Ciocalteu, aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques were deployed to analyze the irradiated and non-irradiated extracts. The obtained results were indicative of boosted levels of phenolic and total flavonoids compounds in methanolic extracts irradiated at 5 and 10 kGy. Results of the HPLC method also revealed that gamma-irradiation, especially at 5 kGy, could increase the quantity of certain polyphenols, including chlorogenic acid, epicatechin caffeic acid, and thioxanthene, in the saffron extract. In contrast, gamma-irradiation at 35 kGy exerted certain adverse effects on polyphenols contents. In conclusion, gamma-irradiation, especially at 5 kGy, could enhance the antioxidant potential of the methanolic extract of saffron petals.

Chemical Profile of Polyphenolic Compounds Present in the Red and White Varieties of Tunillo (Stenocereus stellatus) Fruit

Tunillo is a pre-Hispanic fruit native to the Mixtec region of Mexico. This fruit has been shown to have an antihyperglycemic effect, an effect associated with the content of total polyphenols; however, the chemical profile of this type of compounds present in the juice is not known, For this reason, the objective of this work was to determine the polyphenols present in the juice of tunillo (Stenocereus stellatus) of the red and white varieties by means of high performance liquid chromatography techniques and the presence of the main functional groups by infrared spectroscopy. It was found that gallic acid is the most abundant simple polyphenol in the white tunillo juice while chlorogenic acid is the most abundant in the red tunillo juice, being the white tunillo juice the one containing the highest amount of rutin and catechin. In conclusion, the chemical profile of the tunillo fruits shows differences in the content of polyphenols and flavonoids, so the routes of secondary metabolism and functional activity must be different.

The possible anti-inflammatory properties of hydro-ethanolic extract of Oregano

Backgrounds: Plant compounds are of great value due to their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and other characteristics. This study aimed to examine the chemical composition and impact of the Origanum vulgare hydro-ethanolic extract on nociceptive behavior and anti-inflammatory properties in in vivo mice models.Methods: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques were employed to determine the major active phytochemicals of the extract. The effects of the extract on nociceptive reactions were evaluated using formalin and hot plate tests, while the anti-inflammatory effect was determined using the Carrageenan test. The methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium assay was applied to analyze growth-inhibiting properties of the extract on MCF-7 breast cancer cells.Results: Various flavonoids and organic acids were identified in O. vulgare hydro-ethanolic extract. The extract possessed low cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cells as only 1 mg/mL or higher concentrations of the extract induced considerable growth inhibition. The formalin and hot plate tests demonstrated some sensitizing effects of the investigated extract (5 mg/kg) on mice. Moreover, the Carrageenan test revealed pronounced anti-inflammatory properties of the O. vulgare extract.Conclusion: The potent biological activity of the wild oregano herb extract makes it a promising source for the development of medicinal preparations. Keywords: Nociceptive behavior, anti-inflammatory effect, Oregano, flavonoids, chemical composition, cytotoxicity, in vivo mice models.

Establishment and Validation of a High-performance Liquid Chromatography Technique for Quantifying Dalbavancin in Injectable Formulations

ABSTRACT Aim: A simple and sensitive analytical method was developed to estimate dalbavancin, anti-biotic drug in injectable formulations. Materials and Methods: Separation of analyte was attained on a Phenomenex Luna C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm × 5 μm particle size) using potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate pH 3.0 adjusted with orthophosphoric acid: acetonitrile: methanol (70:20:10 % v/v/v) as mobile phase pumped at 1.0 mL/min. A UV detector was used for effluent detection at a wavelength of 288 nm. Results: The retention time for Dalbavancin was determined to be 3.96 minutes. The drug exhibited linearity within the concentration range of 20–100 μg/mL. The accuracy of the method was considered satisfactory and the mean recovery percentage is found to be in the acceptable range of 98.74-101.02 %. Conclusion: The RP-HPLC method was successfully developed, validated as per ICH guidelines. The proposed method was simple, precise, sensitive, rapid, robust for the estimation of dalbavancin in injectable formulations.

Determination of Alkaloids Constituents in Some Ferns by Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography Technique – Iraq

Determination of Alkaloids Constituents in Some Ferns by Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography Technique – Iraq

Quality-by-Design-based development of an eco-friendly HPLC method for the estimation of nisoldipine in nanoformulations: Forced degradation studies and in-vitro release studies

The current study focuses on optimizing, developing, and validating a sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the quantification of nisoldipine (NLD) in bulk and nanoformulations. Design of Experiments (DoE) was utilized to optimize the HPLC method. The critical method parameters (CMPs) were screened using the Taguchi OA design. The selected variables were further optimized using the Box-Behnken design with the retention time (Rt), peak area, and the number of theoretical plates (NTP) as the dependent variables. The optimal chromatographic parameters were: flow rate: 0.8 mL/min, injection volume: 20 μL, and concentration of acetonitrile: 70% v/v. The Rt, peak area, and NTP were 8.546, 656065, and 4234.4, respectively. The optimized method demonstrated excellent linearity (R2 = 0.9994), having a range of 100–4000 ng/mL, and LOD and LOQ were 25.42 and 77.06 ng/mL, respectively. The sensitivity, accuracy, precision, specificity, and robustness of the developed HPLC technique were in accordance with the regulatory guidelines. It also exhibited specificity for NLD in the presence of degradants. The HPLC technique was also employed to estimate the drug content of NLD nanosuspension and for in-vitro dissolution study. The eco-friendliness of the developed method was compared with reported methods by employing tools such as analytical eco-scale, GAPI, and AGREE. The developed method was found to be greener than the reported methods.

Evaluation of Azolla filiculoides potential in pyrene and phenanthrene accumulation and phytoremediation in contaminated waters

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a serious threat to the health of the environment. This study investigated the potential of Azolla filiculoides for the uptake, accumulation, and biodegradation of phenanthrene and pyrene. A- filiculoides plants were treated with 10 and 30 mg L−1 concentrations of phenanthrene and pyrene for the experimental duration of ten days. Phenanthrene and pyrene concentrations were measured using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. Identification of the intermediate by-products resulting from the biological degradation of PAHs was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The quantities of phenanthrene and pyrene in the ten-day treatments with 10 and 30 mg L−1 were 0.007 and 0.011 mg g−1 FW, and 0.048 and 0.079 mg g−1 FW, respectively. The growth parameters in the plants such as fresh weight, dry weight and RFN as well as the content of photosynthetic pigment of the plant decreased significantly compared to the control sample (p < 0.05). Ten compounds were identified from the plant tissue during the decomposition of pyrene and phenanthrene, and none of the PAHs were identified in the aquatic environment. Therefore, the use of A-filiculoides for phytoremediation of water resources contaminated with PAHs is an effective and promising method.

Analysis of Caffeine and Antioxidant Content of Ethiopian Coffee Varieties from Different Growing Areas

Quality coffee consumption is increasing nowadays; however, quality can only be achieved through appropriate cultivation and processing techniques. The study is aimed at using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometric techniques for evaluating different coffee varieties grown in Ethiopia based on caffeine, antioxidant, and polyphenol content. Despite coming from various coffee-growing regions, all of the tested coffee varieties (heirloom, forest coffee, heirloom 2, bourbon, mixed heirloom, and catuai) underwent wet processing. The data revealed that the caffeine content ranged from 0.14 to 0.37 mg/g, total antioxidant content from 63.75 to 78.05 mg AAE/g, and total polyphenol content from 27.08 to 31.04 mg GAE/g in the selected varieties. The findings show that the amount of the identified compounds is significantly ( p ≤ 0.05 ) influenced by the variety type, growing area, and processing (intensity of roasting). The different coffee varieties were also tested for sensory quality, and the findings suggest that the typical coffee drinker prefers fruity flavors in their coffee, along with medium acidity and roasting intensity levels. The cultivation and processing technologies used in coffee production have a significant impact on the quality and sensory enjoyment of coffee.

A Review of various Analytical Methods Developed for Estimation of Paracetamol, Diclofenac sodium, and Chlorzoxazone in Single-component and Multi-component Dosage Form

Painful muco-skeletal joint disorders such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis are typically treated with a combination of paracetamol, diclofenac sodium, and chlorzoxazone. Paracetamol and diclofenac sodium are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, while chlorzoxazone is a muscle relaxant. It acts on the central nervous system and the spinal cord to reduce muscle stiffness and spasms as well as increase muscle mobility. The most commonly used pharmaceutical medicine is paracetamol, which comes in a variety of dosage forms such as injection, tablet, capsule, drops, elixirs, suspensions, and suppositories. However, due to toxicity, it may cause mortality in large dosages with extended intake. As a result, more efficient analytical approaches aimed at providing quality control of routinely used medications are required. Numerous analytical methods, both spectroscopic and chromatographic such as high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, and high-performance thin-layer chromatography have been established to estimate paracetamol diclofenac sodium and chlorzoxazone in their single-component dosage form. The simultaneous estimation of paracetamol, diclofenac sodium, and chlorzoxazone in combined dosage forms has been performed using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and high-performance thin-layer chromatography techniques. In contrast, there are very few techniques available to estimate paracetamol, diclofenac sodium, and chlorzoxazone in combination pharmaceutical dose form till date. This article is an attempt to jut out all the methods developed to estimate the above-mentioned drugs in the single or multi-component dosage form.

Simultaneous Estimation of Berberine and Piperine in a Novel Nanoformulation for Epilepsy Control via HPLC.

Berberine (Brb) and piperine (Pip) are salient examples of bioactive nutraceuticals possessing a promising role in controlling epilepsy. However, during the development of novel nanoformulation that augments their effects, an adequate determination of each one separately was a challenge since they have nearly the same detection wavelength and diverse solubility profiles. Consequently, a tailored high-performance liquid chromatography technique was developed for their simultaneous detection in routine analyses. The chromatographic separation was achieved using a C18 column. The linear gradient flow of acetonitrile: 0.1%v/v aqueous phosphoric acid was altered from 55:45 to 80:20v/v over 3min at a 1.2mL/min flow rate until the end of the run. Brb and Pip were eluted at 1.6 and 3.4min, respectively. The linearity of the standard curves was found to be ≥0.999, and the mean % recovery for Brb and Pip lay within the accepted limit. Moreover, the percentage coefficient of variation was <2% for intra- and inter-day precision. Consequently, the developed assay was successfully applied for the quantification of both drugs rapidly with high resolution and minimum interference from each other during the different steps conducted during the nanoformulation development.

A Simple UV Spectrophotometric Method Based on Continuous Wavelet Transform and Multivariate Calibration Model for the Concurrent Analysis of Three Water-Soluble Vitamins in Fertility Supplements.

Owing to the presence of overlapping spectra in pharmaceutical components, classical spectrophotometry is hard for concurrent determination. The advance of chemometrics along with UV-Vis spectrophotometry has contributed to solving this problem. In this study, a fast, easy, precise, accurate, low-cost, and eco-friendly spectrophotometric technique was introduced and validated for the simultaneous analysis of vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and vitamin C in fertility supplements for men and women using continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and partial least squares (PLS) techniques without using time-consuming extraction process and organic solvents. In the CWT method, the zero-crossing technique was applied to obtain the optimum points for plotting calibration curves for each component. The validation of both methods was evaluated by analyzing several mixtures with different concentrations. The efficiency of the proposed methods was also surveyed on commercial capsules. Wavelet families, including Symlet (sym2) at 230, Biorthogonal (bior1.3) at 378 nm, and Daubechies (db2) at 261, were considered for vitamins B6, B12, and C, respectively. The linear range was found to be 8-20, 8-20, and 10-25 μg/mL with the coefficient of determination (R2) equal to 0.9982, 0.9978, and 0.9701 for B6, B12, and C, respectively. Low limit of detection (LOD) (<0.09 μg/mL) and limit of quantification (LOQ) <0.9 μg/mL were achieved. The mean recovery values in synthetic mixtures were from 98.38 to 98.89% and from 99.83 to 99.99%, where root-mean-square error (RMSE) of not more than 0.4 and 0.05 using the CWT and PLS methods, respectively. The obtained results from the commercial capsules, applying the suggested techniques, were compared to those yielded by the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. According to the results, there are no significant differences, and they were in good agreement. According to all the mentioned cases, the proposed approaches can replace the time-consuming and costly HPLC method in quality control laboratories. Green spectrophotometry coupling chemometrics methods were proposed. Simultaneous determination of three water-soluble vitamins in fertility supplements was done using these approaches. Rapidity, simplicity, low cost, and accuracy are the benefits of the proposed methods. A HPLC technique was used as a reference method to compare with the chemometrics methods.

Resolving phenylephrine HCl and guaifenesin enantiomers on cellulose-based chiral stationary phases: Separation of four enantiomers on 50-mm column.

Chiral high performance liquid chromatographic technique usually employs polysaccharide-based stationary phases in a normal phase mode. This frequently generates large waste of organic solvents. Using shorter columns of 50 mm length as well as a mobile phase with a high water percentage are common approaches for greening this analytical technique. In this context, a new chiral chromatographic technique was developed for simultaneous enantio-separation of phenylephrine HCl and guaifenesin racemates. Four 50 mm cellulose-based columns were experimented to separate the four enantiomers in a reversed phase mode. A face centered design was then employed to optimize the mobile phase acetonitrile% and flow rate on Lux Cellulose-1 (50 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm). The simultaneous resolution of the cited drugs enantiomers was achieved using acetonitrile-water (30:70, by volume), with a flow rate of 0.5 ml min-1 . These optimized chromatographic conditions separate the enantiomers in 7 min running time, generating about 1.0 ml acetonitrile per run. The proposed method was favorably compared with other reported chiral ones in terms of waste volume generated and analysis time required.

WS2 nanosheets modified via ZnO nanorods (2D/1D) nanocomposite: An efficient photocatalyst for the removal of Cr (VI), humic acid and textile dyes from wastewater

In present study, photocatalytic removal of (i) chromium hexavalent Cr(VI) - heavy metal ion (HMI), (ii) humic acid (HA) - natural organic pollutant and (iii) textile dyes - (cationic: malachite green (MG), methylene blue (MB) and anionic: congo red (CR)) have been carried out using 2D/1D (tungsten disulphide (WS2) sheets/zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods) nanocomposite. The synthesized 2D/1D heterostructure acts as a barrier for the recombination of photogenerated species and hence, enhanced the photocatalytic activity. The synthesis of high-purity and crystalline nanocomposite was confirmed by the X-ray diffraction studies. The uniform distribution of ZnO nanorods with an average diameter and length of ∼50 and ∼280 nm, respectively on the surface of WS2 nanosheets were confirmed by Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The photocatalytic study shows that the photocatalytic removal efficiencies significantly, enhanced using synthesized nanocomposite from 4.1% to 83.6% for Cr(VI) and 23.5%–75.0% for HA as compared to pristine WS2, respectively. The enhanced removal efficiency achieved by the synthesized nanocomposite was explained with the help of (i) higher carrier concentration, (ii) low charge transfer resistance, (iii) appropriate surface charge and (iv) large surface area (85.48 m2/g), as determined from Mott-Schottky (MSK), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Zeta potential, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) experiments. The significant improvement in the removal efficiencies were also attributed to the pore size of nanocomposite, pore size belongs to the micropores (0.8–2.0 nm) region which facilitates large active sites for the sorption of contaminants. The observed optical bandgap 2.32 eV of the nanocomposite makes it a favourable material for photocatalytic removal and degradation of contaminants. The semblance of active species in photocatalytic degradation was analyzed through a trapping study and shows that superoxide radicals (O2.−) are the primary species in the removal process. Further, the confirmation of active species was carried out using EPR analysis and value of g-factor is also calculated. The intermediate products during the photocatalytic degradation are analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. The synthesized WZ nanocomposite is an effective and promising material for the treatment of wastewater in the textile, mining, and agricultural industries for getting out the cleaner production.

A Review on Method Development of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and its Applications

The most common method for identifying, separating, and measuring the medication is HPLC.To improve the approach, a variety of chromatographic factors including sample pretreatment, mobile phase selection, column selection, and detector selection were examined. Reviewing the technique creation, optimization, and validation is the article's main goal. The chemistry of the molecules, the synthetic pathway, solubility, polarity, pH and pKa values, and the activity of the functional groups are all factors that affect the creation of an HPLC technique. Information on several stages and properties including accuracy, specificity, linearity, limit of detection, and limit of quantification are provided through the validation of HPLC methods in accordance with ICH Guidelines1.

A Concise Review on High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

A review of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography included an introduction, chromatographic terms, different classes, and types of HPLC techniques. Also included a brief introduction to HPLC principle and instrumentation. Columns, pumps, and detectors used in HPLC are also included in detail with their efficiency. Applications of the HPLC and overall new advantage cues are included in this review article.: High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is an important qualitative and quantitative technique, generally used for the estimation of pharmaceutical and biological samples. The chromatography term is derived from the Greek words namely chroma (colour) and graphein (to write). Chromatography is defined as a set of techniques that are used for the separation of constituents in a mixture. This technique involves 2 phases stationary phase and a mobile phase. The separation of constituents is based on the difference between partition coefficients of the two phases. chromatography is a very popular technique and it is mostly used analytically. There are different types of chromatographic techniques namely Paper Chromatography, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Gas Chromatography, Liquid Chromatography, Ion exchange Chromatography, and lastly Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). This review is mainly based on the HPLC technique its principle, types, instrumentation, and applications. The mixture is separated using the basic principle of column chromatography and then identified and quantified by spectroscopy. In the 1960s, the column chromatography LC with its low-pressure suitable glass columns was further developed to the HPLC with its high- pressure adapted metal columns.

Low-Cost Sensor for Lycopene Content Measurement in Tomato Based on Raspberry Pi 4.

Measuring lycopene in tomatoes is fundamental to the agrifood industry because of its health benefits. It is one of the leading quality criteria for consuming this fruit. Traditionally, the amount determination of this carotenoid is performed using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. This is a very reliable and accurate method, but it has several disadvantages, such as long analysis time, high cost, and destruction of the sample. In this sense, this work proposes a low-cost sensor that correlates the lycopene content in tomato with the color present in its epicarp. A Raspberry Pi 4 programmed with Python language was used to develop the lycopene prediction model. Various regression models were evaluated using neural networks, fuzzy logic, and linear regression. The best model was the fuzzy nonlinear regression as the RGB input, with a correlation of R2 = 0.99 and a mean error of 1.9 × 10-5. This work was able to demonstrate that it is possible to determine the lycopene content using a digital camera and a low-cost integrated system in a non-invasive way.