High-performance Liquid Chromatography-photodiode Array Research Articles

Integrated Multiplatform Analysis and Separation of Thirteen Flavonoids and Anthraquinones in Seven Medicinal Cassia Species.

Cassia (Family: Fabaceae) species are a large group of flowering plants rich in bioactive anthraquinone and flavonoids used in botanical supplements and nutraceuticals. A simple and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) method was developed and validated for separating and quantifying thirteen anthraquinone and flavonoids. These compounds were further confirmed using an LC-based electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) method in the leaves and flowers of selected Cassia species. A simple and rapid HPTLC method was developed for chemical fingerprint analysis of all Cassia species. All thirteen compounds were chromatographically separated on a Zorbax TC18 (4.6 x 250, 5 μm particle size) analytical column, and 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile as elution solvents at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min with detection at 259 nm. For HPTLC fingerprinting, the mobile phase compositions of toluene, ethyl acetate, and formic acid (5.5:4.2:0.6, v/v/v) were optimized to separate and identify all compounds using silica gel 60F254 aluminum plates. The validation data for the developed HPLC-PDA method for thirteen compounds showed good linearity (r2 > 0.99) with a sensitive LOD (0.082-1.969 mg/mL), LOQ (0.250-5.967 mg/mL), and excellent recoveries (85.22-100.32%). The quantification results were found to be precise and accurate (<5.0% and relative error), -0.77-0.44 with ESI-MS/MS confirmation in the Cassia samples. The novel HPTLC method was excellent separation for thirteen compounds, with Rf values ranging between 0.12- 0.61. The developed HPLC-PDA method was simple, and precise and could separate and quantify anthraquinones and flavonoids along with confirmation, using a novel LC-based ESI-MS/MS. The HPTLC method was found to be simple and precise, with excellent separation capabilities for these compounds. This novel multiplatform approach successfully identified and quantified thirteen compounds simultaneously using an integration of data strategy in seven medicinally important Cassia species' leaves and flowers.

Fabrication of carotenoid enriched Crocus sativus w/o nanoemulsion: Optimization and pharmaceutical characterization

Herbal-based preparations have progressively attracted more interest nowadays due to multiple therapeutic approaches. Major concerns with the use of herbal preparations and their application as functional ingredients are about their stability, solubility, and bioaccessibility. Crocus sativus is one of the crucial nootropic traditional herbs, rich in potential phytochemicals used for the treatment of long-standing disorders. Many studies have suggested that the bioactive present in C. sativus extract may undergo enzymatic degradation in the intestine and hence less bioavailable at the site of action. A novel drug delivery approach to herbal preparation may combat the associated challenge. The present research focuses on the feasibility of developing w/o nanoemulsion incorporating the carotenoid-enriched C. sativus extract by spontaneous emulsification method. Critical process variables were optimized using 32 factorial design with Design of Expert software. The optimized formulation of w/o nanoemulsion comprising 9 mg/ml of C. sativus extracts with 12% internal phase, 21% S-mix, and 67% oil phase produced a globule size of 94.34 nm. The total content present in the nanoemulsion was 83% bioactive determined by the High Performance Liquid Chromatography- Photo Diode Array (HPLC-PDA) method. Further characterization, the Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) images showed the overall nanoemulsion system morphology with uniform distribution of globules of the internal phase. The in vitro release of bioactives from developed nanoemulsion showed an initial burst release of 60% at 1 hour following slow drug release. Results demonstrated that w/o nanoemulsion of C. sativus extract overcome the associated challenges and may reserve its space for medicinal application.

In Vitro Analysis of Antimalarial Activity of Achillea fragrantissima (Forssk.) Sch.Bip Extracts Based on Beta-Hematin Formation

Introduction: The use of medicinal plants from traditional knowledge systems has increased in recent years. Achillea fragrantissima-infused water has a historical use in relieving gastrointestinal complaints and treating skin inflammations. With the rising resistance to antimalarial drugs, finding safe and affordable new drugs is crucial. Exploring medicinal plants shows promise for drug development in the fight against malaria. Methods: The objective of this research is to examine the in vitro antimalarial activity of A. fragrantissima-infused water, as well as water-ethanol extracts of its leaves, flowers, and stems based on β-hematin formation. Colorimetric semiquantitative assessments based on β-hematin inhibition and evaluation of optical density at 405 nm were employed. Results: The results demonstrated promising antimalarial activity of the different plant parts. The aqueous flower extract exhibited strong activity, comparable to that of the positive control. The leaves extract also showed strong antimalarial activity. The stem's aqueous and ethanolic extracts exhibited lower inhibitory activity compared to flowers and leaves. Synergistic antimalarial activity was observed when mixing the stem and leaves water extracts, as well as when mixing each of the stem and leaves extracts with the flower extract. The highest synergistic effect was observed when all three parts of the plant were mixed, resulting in activity comparable to the positive control. The high-performance liquid chromatography photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) chromatographic method confirmed the presence of rutin in the leaves extract. Conclusion: The findings of this study highlight the potential antimalarial activity of A. fragrantissima. The aqueous flower extract and leaves extract exhibited strong antimalarial activity, while the stem extracts showed relatively lower activity. Furthermore, synergistic effects were observed when combining different parts of the plant. These results suggest that A. fragrantissima holds promise as a potential source for the development of new antimalarial drugs. The confirmation of rutin presence in the leaves extract through HPLC-PDA analysis provides additional insights into the plant's chemical composition.

Identification and characterization of impurities in an insecticide, commercial chlorantraniliprole using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Ensuring the global safety and effectiveness of agrochemicals has become imperative. An in-depth understanding of impurity profiles of products is crucial, especially for high-demand agrochemicals, where impurities may be more toxic and persistent than original agrochemicals. This study focuses on the detection and identification of impurities in a commercial chlorantraniliprole (CAP), an anthranilic diamide class broad-spectrum insecticide. Commercial CAP was collected from an agrochemical supplier in India and was analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) (Agilent 1260; wavelength, 220 nm) with a Zorbax RP SB-C18 (250 × 4.6mm, 5μm) column and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) (Agilent 6545 quadrupole time of flight (Q-TOF)) techniques to identify the impurities. The impurities were isolated by preparative HPLC using a Zorbax-DB C18 (250 × 9.4mm, 5μm) column. liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) experiments (Q-TOF) were performed on CAP and its impurities to obtain their structural data. HPLC-PDA analysis of CAP showed four major impurities (IM-1 to IM-4) ranging from 0.76% to 4.1%. The positive ion electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectra of CAP and its impurities showed dominant [M + H]+ ions in addition to [M + Na]+ , [M + K]+ , and [2M + Na]+ ions. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) data provided the elemental composition of the compounds, and isotopic distribution patterns revealed the number of Cl and/or Br atoms present in them. The structures of impurities were proposed based on the LC-MS/MS) data and further confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data on isolated impurities/synthesis. The quality and impurities of CAP, a popular insecticide, must be assessed and described for its efficacy and safety. In this study, four impurities of CAP were detected using HPLC and successfully characterized using LC-HRMS, LC-MS/MS, and NMR data. The method is useful for verifying the purity of CAP as well as helping in the identification of its possible impurities.

Simultaneous Quantification of Nine Target Compounds in Traditional Korean Medicine, Bopyeo-Tang, Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array Detector and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Bopyeo-tang (BPT) is composed of six medicinal herbs (Morus alba L., Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC., Panax ginseng C.A.Mey., Aster tataricus L.f., Astragalus propinquus Schischkin, and Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.) and has been used for the treatment of lung diseases. This study focused on establishing an analytical method that can simultaneously quantify nine target compounds (i.e., hydroxymethylfurfural, mulberroside A, chlorogenic acid, calycosin-7-O-glucoside, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, schizandrin, and gomisin A) from a BPT sample using high-performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The separation of compounds in both analyses was performed on a C18 reversed-phase column using the gradient elution of water-acetonitrile as the mobile phase. In particular, the multiple reaction monitoring mode was applied for quick and accurate detection in UPLC-MS/MS analysis. As a result of analyzing the two methods, HPLC-PDA and UPLC-MS/MS, the coefficient of determination of the regression equation for each compound was ≥0.9952, and recovery was 85.99-106.40% (relative standard deviation (RSD) < 9.58%). Precision testing of the nine compounds was verified (RSD < 10.0%). The application of these analytical assays under optimized conditions for quantitative analysis of the BPT sample gave 0.01-4.70 mg/g. Therefore, these two assays could be used successfully to gather basic data for clinical research and the quality control of BPT.

Titania-based fabric phase sorptive extraction approach for the determination of antiepileptic drugs, levetiracetam and lamotrigine in urine samples using high-performance liquid chromatography-photo diode array detection

A new fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) based separation and enrichment method was developed for sensitive determination of two antiepileptic drug molecules, Levetiracetam (LEV) and Lamotrigine (LTG). The analysis of these drug molecules was performed with high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) after FPSE. HPLC analysis was carried out by using phenyl hexyl column, under isocratic conditions with the mobile phase composed of pH 3.0 buffer−acetonitrile (77:23 v: v). All parameters affecting the separation and enrichment process were studied and optimized step by step. The linear working range of the developed method was calculated in the range of 10.0–1000.0 ng mL−1 for both the drug molecules (LEV and LTG). The limits of detection of the method (LODs) were calculated as 2.72 and 3.64 ng mL−1, respectively. The relative standard deviation (%RSD) values of the developed method as an indicator of precision were varied between 4.0 and 7.3. The accuracy of the optimized FPSE method was determined by the recovery tests utilizing spiked samples and results were assessed in the range from 94.6 to 106.3%. This is the first application of sol-gel Titania polycaprolactone-polydimethylsiloxane-polycaprolactone (Ti-PCAP-PDMS-PCAP) based FPSE membrane in the determination of antiepileptic drug molecules.

Chemical composition, antioxidant properties, and antifungal activity of wild Origanum elongatum extracts against Phytophthora infestans.

Phytophthora infestans, the causative agent of late blight disease, has gained notoriety for its destructive potential, leading to substantial losses in potato yields. Although conventional systemic fungicides have been shown to be effective in controlling plant pathogens, growing environmental concerns have prompted the need for more integrated disease management approaches. Hence, in this study, the effectiveness of wild Origanum elongatum extracts as biopesticides was explored in controlling P. infestans and potentially mitigating its devastating impact in planta. The aerial parts of O. elongatum were subjected to sequential extraction using water, hexane, chloroform, and methanol. The obtained extracts were tested in vitro through the poisoned food procedure for their capacity to obstruct P. infestans growth and to defeat potato blight severity in vivo. The phyto-contents (total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC)), as well as the antioxidant activities, were spectrophotometrically determined in all extracts, and the phytoconstituents of the most active extract (methanolic extract) were profiled via high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-MS/MS). In vitro, the complete inhibition rate of the P. infestans was obtained using the methanolic extract at 5 mg/mL, followed by the hexane and chloroform extracts at 10 mg/mL. Interestingly, complete inhibition of the pathogen was achieved upon the application of the aqueous extract at 10 mg/mL. In vivo, the aqueous extract at 25 mg/mL reduced the P. infestans severity rate to 27.25%, while the methanolic extract at 20 mg/mL led to the lowest severity rate. Moreover, the hexane and chloroform extracts impaired the pathogen severity rate to 50% and 41% using 20 mg/mL, respectively. The TPC and TFC in the extracts were variable with high concentrations detected in the methanolic extract with 485.42 mg GAE/g and 58.24 mg QE/g, respectively. In addition, the methanolic extract showed the highest antioxidant activities, while the chloroform extract exhibited the lowest activity. Liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS analysis of the methanol extract revealed 56 components from diverse classes. These included organic acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, and coumarins. These findings suggest that O. elongatum could be investigated as a potential source of antifungal compounds targeting different phytopathogens.

Dispersive micro solid phase extraction of glibenclamide from plasma, urine, and wastewater using a magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer followed by its determination by a high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector.

The present study describes the development of a simple and selective analytical method for dispersive micro solid phase extraction and determination of glibenclamide (GLB) using magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MMIP) as a sorbent. MMIP was fabricated by the non-covalent method on the surface of silicated Fe3O4 and had a high affinity for glibenclamide; dual monomers, itaconic acid and allylamine, were used for this. Polymerization was achieved by the precipitation method in the presence of glibenclamide as the template and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the cross-linker. The morphology and structural properties of the MMIP were characterized by different analytical methods. To achieve maximum extraction efficiency, influencing parameters were optimized. The linearity range was 1-2000 and 12-2000 μg L-1 by high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) and UV-vis spectroscopy, respectively. The detection and quantification limits with UV-vis and HPLC-PDA analyses were 4 and 12 μg L-1 and 0.3 and 1 μg L-1, respectively. Under optimized conditions, recovery of glibenclamide spiked in plasma, human urine, and wastewater was between 89.4 and 102.9% at the concentration levels of 25, 250, and 500 μg L-1; relative standard deviations were below 3.7% by HPLC-PDA. The developed method has a favorable pre-concentration factor of 140.0. Equilibrium data and sorption isotherms fitted well with the Langmuir model. A maximum sorption capacity of 24.260 mg g-1 was acquired based on the Langmuir model. The synthesized sorbent with high selectivity was used to separate GLB from complex biological systems and wastewater before measurement with UV-vis or HPLC-PDA.

Phenological Variations in the Content of Polyphenols and Triterpenoids in Epilobium angustifolium Herb Originating from Ukraine.

The composition of secondary metabolites undergoes significant changes in plants depending on the growth phase and the influence of environmental factors. Therefore, it is important to determine the harvesting time of plant material for the optimum secondary metabolite profile and therapeutic activity of the primary material. The shoots of Epilobium angustifolium are used as a healing tea due to the presence of polyphenolic compounds. The aim of this study was to assess the composition of phenolic compounds and triterpenoid saponins in E. angustifolium leaves and flowers and to estimate the dynamics of their content depending on the flowering phase. Qualitative and quantitative characterisation of polyphenols and triterpenoids in E. angustifolium samples from Ukraine of three flowering phases were performed using the high-performance liquid chromatography photo diode array (HPLC-PDA) method. During the present study, 13 polyphenolic compounds and seven triterpenoids were identified in the plant material. It was noted that the largest content and the best polyphenol profile was in late flowering. The most important polyphenolic compounds in the plant material were chlorogenic acid, hyperoside, isoquercitin, and oenothein B. The triterpenoid profile was at its maximum during mass flowering, with corosolic and ursolic acids being the dominant metabolites. The results of the analysis revealed that the quantity of many of the tested metabolites in the raw material of E. angustifolium is dependent on the plant organ and flowering phase. The largest content of most metabolites in the leaves was in late flowering. In the flowers, the quantity of the metabolites studied was more variable, but decreased during mass flowering and increased significantly again in late flowering. The results show that E. angustifolium raw material is a potential source of oenothein B and triterpenoids.

Screening of lupeol, mangiferin and β-carotene contents in pulp of mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties at edible ripe stage

Mango fruits are an amazing source of numerous bioactive phytonutrients like lupeol (a novel anti-inflammatory and anticancer dietary triterpene), mangiferin (an antidiabetic, anti-HIV, anticancer, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agent) and β-carotene (a significant carotenoid that functions as a precursor to vitamin A, the conscientious reason for our vision). In the present study, ripe pulp of 23 mango varieties was examined for their contents of lupeol, mangiferin and β-carotene using high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector (HPLC-PAD). Mulgoa had the highest lupeol concentration, measuring 42.52 µg/g and Langra stands second with 36.33 µg/g followed by Pairi (33.56 µg/g), Sensation (28.69 µg/g) and Dashehari with 28.22 µg/g. Mangiferin content was highest in variety Arunika (49.58 µg/g) followed by Ambika (34.80 µg/g), Dashehari (33.31 µg/g), Sensation (29.66 µg/g) and Neelum (27.93 µg/g). Sensation's mature pulp has the highest quantity of β-carotene (109.58 µg/g), followed by Kesar (96.87 µg/g), Dashehari (82.13 µg/g), Mulgoa (79.99 µg/g), Arunika (74.26 µg/g), and Amrapali (70.12 µg/g). The pulp of Dashehari, Sensation, Mulgoa, Arunika, Kesar and Amrapali possessed good to moderate amount of these nutraceuticals and are beneficial for consumption at ripe stage. This study has showed the importance of nutraceutical components present in mango; meanwhile it also encourages mango growers to grow these varieties for better profitability.

Identification, characterisation and in silico ADMET prediction of ozenoxacin and its degradation products using high‐performance liquid chromatography‐photodiode array and liquid chromatography‐quadrupole time‐of‐flight‐tandem mass spectrometry

RationaleOzenoxacin (OXC) is an antibiotic used topically to treat impetigo. This study aimed to evaluate the degradation products (DP) of OXC drug substance under different stress conditions, including hydrolysis, oxidation, thermal and photolysis, in accordance with the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines Q1A(R2) and Q1B. The analytical technique was validated in compliance with ICH Q2(R1) requirements.MethodsThe drug substance underwent degradation under various forced degradation conditions, including thermal, oxidative, photolytic and hydrolytic (neutral, acidic and basic) degradation. Overall, four DPs were formed under oxidative stress conditions with AIBN. The formed DPs were identified and separated using a Shimadzu LC system with a reversed‐phase Phenomenex Kinetex C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm), using 10 mM NH4CH3COOH buffer (pH −5.0) as mobile phase A and acetonitrile as mobile phase B at a detection wavelength of 254 nm.Results and ConclusionThe drug was found to be stable in neutral, acidic, basic and oxidative degradation conditions with hydrogen peroxide. Liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionisation‐quadrupole time‐of‐flight‐tandem mass spectrometry‐ was employed in positive ionisation mode to analyse both the drug and the mass of the identified DP. The mechanism and the pathway of mass fragmentation have been proposed. The developed method was accurate, repeatable, linear and selective for further research. The ADMET Predictor software was applied to predict the in silico toxicity of the drugs and its DPs as well as their physicochemical characteristics.

Influence of industrial blanching, cutting, and freezing treatments on in vitro gastrointestinal digestion stability of orange (Citrus sinensis L.) and lemon (Citrus limon L.) peel polyphenols.

Citrus peels, which are often discarded as waste in the food-processing industry, are rich sources of polyphenols. The aim of the current study was to investigate the influence of an industrial freezing process along with blanching and cutting pretreatments on the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion stability of orange (Citrus sinensis L.) and lemon (Citrus limon L.) peel polyphenols. The major polyphenols were identified and quantified with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) and high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA), respectively. The results revealed that hesperidin and chlorogenic acid were the predominant flavonoid and phenolic acids in orange peels whereas, for lemon peels, eriocitrin and caffeic acid were the dominant flavonoid and phenolic acids, respectively. Blanching pretreatment enhanced the levels of major flavonoids in orange and lemon peels (by 39-82% and 54-146%, respectively) (P < 0.05) after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. On the other hand, the application of cutting treatment after blanching significantly reduced the levels of flavonoids (23-62%) (P < 0.05); however, there was no statistically significant difference between the phenolic acid levels of cut and uncut citrus peels. Overall, the bioaccessibility of individual flavonoids and phenolic acids from frozen orange peels was generally slightly lower than that of untreated peels (9-34% and 9-49%, respectively). Nevertheless, frozen lemon peels contained higher bioaccessible flavonoids and phenolic acids in comparison with untreated peels (40-172% and 32-98%, respectively). These results suggest that industrial freezing steps could largely preserve the bioaccessibility of polyphenols in orange and lemon peels. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Novel stability indicating HPLC method for the quantification of Nirmatrelvir in bulk drugs

Nirmatrelviris anantiviral drug that acts asa 3C-likeprotease inhibitor. It is used with the combination of Ritonavir for the treatment of COVID-19. The World Health Organization strongly recommended this medicine to moderate and mild COVID patients, which is now the best option for COVID-19 therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. As a result, there is an urgent need for quick and low-level quantitative analytical techniques for Nirmatrelvir and its products by focusing on the mass-compatible buffer with a shorter run time as the target. Accordingly, we developed a procedure with the following optimized conditions; mobile phase: 0.10 % formic acid in water and acetonitrile (55:45 %v/v), column oven temperature: 45 °C, flow rate: 1.0 mL/min with 15 min run time in isocratic elution mode. The developed procedure is linear and accurate from 0.20 to 500 µg/mL. Forced degradation studies in all solid and liquid degradations were executed to demonstrate the method's stability indicative capacity. To demonstrate the peak purity of the desired compound orthogonally, all degradation samples were then subjected to peak purity analysis using an HPLC PDA (High-performance liquid chromatography photodiode array) detector and LCMS (Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) analysis. The literature methods were developed with highly concentrated buffers which cause ion suppression in LCMS and increase backpressure in HPLC systems but the proposed method is conducive and more sensitive (limit of quantitation: 0.20 µg/mL and limitation of detection: 0.0 6 µg/mL) than the reported methods and has a wide linearity range as well. The developed technique has been fully validated by ICH (International Council for Harmonisation) guidelines. Further, it has been evaluated for greenness character using the AGREE (Analytical GREEnness) statistical tool and the obtained score is 0.61 out of 1.

Electrooxidation of amoxicillin in aqueous solution with graphite electrodes: Optimization of degradation and deciphering of byproducts using HRMS

Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) such as antibiotics have become a matter of worry in aquatic environments worldwide. Their presence in the environment has been increasing due to the inability of conventional wastewater and water treatments to annihilate them. Hence, attempts have been made to remove CECs using electrochemical oxidation (EO). Present study employed the low cost, active carbon based graphite sheet electrodes as anode and cathode to oxidize and degrade Amoxicillin (AMOX)- a β-lactum thiazolidine antibiotic. Optimization studies found pH 9, 45 mA cm−2, 81 cm2 electrode surface area, 6 mM electrolyte concentration and 60 min treatment time to be optimal for AMOX removal. Studies with varying concentrations of AMOX (20 mg L−1, 30 mg L−1 and 40 mg L−1) found that increase in concentrations of AMOX require higher current densities and treatment time for better TOC removal. High performance liquid chromatography photo diode array (HPLC-PDA) studies found 94% removal for 40 mg L−1 of AMOX at optimal conditions with 90% COD and 46% TOC removal. High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) studies using Ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-ToF-MS) identified major degradation mechanisms to be hydroxylation, β-lactum ring cleavage, breakage of thiazolidine ring chain from the aromatic ring and piperazinyl ring formation. The final byproducts of AMOX oxidation were carboxylic acids.

A validated stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array method for the evaluation of extemporaneous compounded formulations prepared from isoniazid substances and tablets

A validated stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array method for the evaluation of extemporaneous compounded formulations prepared from isoniazid substances and tablets

Simultaneous quantitative determination of residues of abamectin, ivermectin, albendazole and its three metabolites in beef and chicken by HPLC-PDA.

Antimicrobial drugs are frequently used in a combination or shuttle way to cope with coinfection of bacteria or parasites and prevent drug resistance, thus the accurate quantification of multiple drug residues in animal-derived foods is crucial to ensure food safety. Here, a simple and efficient high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) method was established for the simultaneous quantitative screening of six common residues of antiparasitic drugs, including abamectin (ABM), ivermectin (IVM), albendazole (ABZ) and the three metabolites of ABZ in beef and chicken. The LODs and LOQs for six target compounds in beef and chicken are determined to be 3.2 to 12.5µg/kg and 9.0 to 30.0µg/kg, respectively. The calibration curves show good linearity (R2≥0.9990) between the peak area and concentration. The recoveries from the fortified blank samples are all above 85.10%. Finally, the applicability of the HPLC-PDA method is successfully demonstrated by the real sample analysis.

Assessment of Total Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant Capacity, β-Carotene Bioaccessibility, HMF Formation, and Color Degradation Kinetics in Pumpkin Pestils

Pestil, often known as fruit leather, is one of the most significant traditional foods manufactured and consumed throughout Türkiye. Due to its practical consumption, the availability of numerous nutrients, and the ability to meet energy requirements, pestil is recognized as a snack food. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioaccessibility of total phenolic compounds (TPC), antioxidant capacity (AOC), and β-carotene in pumpkin pestils dried by hot air drying (HAD), vacuum drying (VCD), and microwave drying (MD) methods using an in vitro digestion model. Additionally, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) formation and color degradation of pestils were evaluated. Changes in TPC and AOC were determined using spectrophotometric methods, whereas the detections of β-carotene and HMF were carried out with high performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detector (HPLC–PDA). Significantly higher TPC (10.99–105.70%) and AOC (15.30–118.58%, 21.88–401.04% and 89.28–482.14%, in CUPRAC, FRAP, and DPPH assays, respectively) values were observed after drying (p&amp;lt;0.05). Moreover, it was observed that there were statistically significant increases in TPC and AOC values after digestion for all pumpkin pestils compared to undigested samples (p&amp;lt;0.05). Drying process resulted in lower β-carotene content (between 32.15–61.11%) in pumpkin pestils; however, it increased the percentage of bioaccessible β-carotene (max 62.16%) in the pestil samples. Compared to HD and VCD techniques, pumpkin pestils dried with MD exhibited significantly higher TPC, AOC and β-carotene content (p&amp;lt;0.05). All of the pumpkin pestils except those dried by MD at 180 W contain HMF below the Turkish Standards Institute legal limit of 50 mg/kg. L* value of pestils were described adequately to the zero- and first-order kinetic models while a* and b* values were only fitted to zero-order model. In conclusion, the findings obtained in this study pointed out that drying processes (especially by MD method) increased the bioaccessibility of TPC, AOC, and β-carotene.

Comparative analysis of fatty acids, volatile and non-volatile components in red huajiao (Zanthoxylum bungeanum maxim.) and green huajiao (Zanthoxylum armatum DC.) using GC-MS, UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS/MS and HPLC-DAD

In China, huajiao, a traditional industrial crop, is categorized as red huajiao (RHJ; Zanthoxylum bungeanum maxim.) and green huajiao (GHJ; Zanthoxylum armatum DC.) based on the peel color. There were significant differences in sensory and biological activities between RHJ and GHJ in practical application. However, there is no sufficient and comprehensive metabolome-based explanation for these differences so far. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), ultra-performance liquid chromatography-linear trap quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS/MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection (HPLC-DAD) were employed in this study to analyze the differences in fatty acids (FAs), volatile components (VCs) and non-volatile components (non-VCs) between 6 RHJ and 9 GHJ. The findings demonstrated that 12 FAs, 68 VCs, and 101 non-VCs were detected in huajiao, of which 5 FAs, 28 VCs, and 46 non-VCs were identified as differential metabolites (DMs) between RHJ and GHJ. And the DMs were enriched in multiple metabolic pathways by KEGG analysis. Moreover, kaempferol, kaempferide, berberrubine, scoulerine, saponaretin, naringenin, and 3-P-coumaroylquinic acid were identified as key bioactive DMs based on the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database and analysis platform. In this study, the possible reasons for the differences in sensory and biological activities between RHJ and GHJ were comprehensively revealed at the metabolic level using non-targeted and targeted metabolomics, and the results provide a better theoretical understanding of the different application of them.

Phytochemical screening of Zanthoxylum armatum roots and exploring its polyphenol content and antioxidant activity

The objective of the article is to investigate the chemical composition of Zanthoxylum armatum roots methanolic extract and to evaluate the polyphenol content and antioxidant potential. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography – Photo Diode Array (HPLC-PDA) techniques were used to characterize chemical composition of methanolic extract of roots. The GC-MS analysis extract resulted in the isolation of thirty-seven phytochemical constituents in methanol extracts. The root extracts were strongly characterized by 1-Propene, 2-nitro-3-(1-cyclooctenyl), (2E,4E)-N-Isobutyldodeca-2,4-dienamide, (+)- Seasmin and Paulowin. The phenolic composition of the root extract quantified by using HPLC revealed Ascorbic acid as most abundant polyphenol, followed by Gallic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Epigallocatechin gallate, Vanillic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, while Caffeic acid was the recorded as least. In addition, root extract also showed the presence of antioxidant activity (DPPH Free radical scavenging, Metal Chelating and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Activity) and polyphenol content (Total Phenol, Flavonoid, and Tannin Content).

Identification of Acid Red 73 (CI 27290) in Cosmetic Hair Dye Preparations by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography – Photo Diode Array

Acid Red 73 (CI 27290) is a prohibited component in cosmetics, particularly in hair color formulations. The purpose of this investigation is to discover the coloring additive Acid Red 73 in cosmetic hair dye formulations. Acid Red 73 (CI 27290) is a sulfonated azo dye that is manufactured to be more hazardous than other colors and is damaging to the body. Based on variations in polarity and solubility, Acid Red 73 (CI 27290) is separated from the sample matrix and identified using High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photo Diode Array (HPLC-PDA). The findings obtained from the tested samples satisfied the criteria since they did not include Acid Red 73 (CI 27290), as indicated by the difference in retention time and wavelength between the sample, the standard solution, and the spiked sample solution on the chromatogram.