Abstract
Fucoidan (ANP) from Ascophyllum nodosum demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory activity. Because lower-molecular-weight polysaccharides usually process even better bioactivities, in the present study, the photocatalytic degradation method with TiO2 and H2O2 was used to prepare low-molecular-weight derivatives (D-ANP-1.5 and D-ANP-3.5) with molecular weight of 5.0 kDa and 2.3 kDa, respectively. The characteristics of D-ANP-1.5 and D-ANP-3.5 were identified by chemical composition analysis, high-performance gel permeation chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography photo-diode array mass, and Fourier transform-infrared spectrum, and compared with that of original fucoidan. The sulfate group retention rates of D-ANP-1.5 and D-ANP-3.5 were over 90.0% and the fucose and total sugar contents increased. However, the uronic acid and protein contents were decreased and the functional groups were not changed during degradation. Subsequently, 7 oligosaccharides in D-ANP-3.5 were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization detector mass and 6 of them were sulfated. Moreover, D-ANP-3.5 (2.3 kDa) supplement showed stronger inhibition effect of nitric oxide production than D-ANP-1.5 and undegraded ANP in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, metabolic profiles results indicated that arginine biosynthesis, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis, the TCA cycle, purine metabolism, and glutathione metabolism, along with influencing metabolic biomarkers such as betaine, arginine, NAD+, ATP, and pyroglutamic acid, were involved in the effects of D-ANP-3.5. The superior regulation effect on metabolomics in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells of D-ANP-3.5 could be attributed to its relatively low molecular weight and high fucose content. The present study advance understanding of the mechanism for the anti-inflammation of D-ANP-3.5.
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