Ion-exchange High-performance Chromatography Research Articles

Penicillium chrysogenum extracellular acid phosphatase: purification and biochemical characterization

An extracellular acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) from crude culture filtrate of Penicillium chrysogenum was purified to homogeneity using high-performance ion-exchange chromatography and size-exclusion chromatography. SDS-PAGE of the purified enzyme exhibited a single stained band at an M r of approx. 570000. The mobility of the native enzyme indicated the M r to be 50 000, implying that the active form is a monomer. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was estimated to be 6.2 by isoelectric focusing. Like acid phosphatases from several yeasts and fungi the Penicillium enzyme was a glycoprotein. Removal of carbohydrate resulted in a protein band with an M r of 50 000 as estimated by SDS-PAGE, suggesting that 12% of the mass of the enzyme was carbohydrate. The enzyme was catalytically active at temperatures ranging from 20°C to 65°C with a maximum activity of 60°C and the pH optimum was at 5.5. The Michaelis constant of the enzyme for p-nitrophenyl phosphate was 0.11 mM and it was inhibited competitively by inorganic phosphate ( k i = 0.42 mM).

Purification of Phleum pratense pollen extract by immunoaffinity chromatography and high-performance ion-exchange chromatography

Basic allergens of Phleum pratense pollen extract have been purified by either sequence gel filtration-ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPIEX) and size-exclusion HPLC or sequence gel filtration-immunoaffinity chromatography and HPIEX. The second procedure seems to be suitable for preparative purposes.

Isolation and properties of a major cellobiohydrolase from the cellulosome of Clostridium thermocellum

In the anaerobic, thermophilic, cellulolytic bacterium Clostridium thermocellum, efficient solubilization of the insoluble cellulose substrate is accomplished largely through the action of a cellulose-binding multienzyme complex, the cellulosome. A major cellobiohydrolase activity from the cellulosome has been traced to its Mr 75,000 S8 subunit, and an active fragment of this subunit was prepared by a novel procedure involving limited proteolytic cleavage. The truncated Mr 68,000 fragment, termed S8-tr, was purified by gel filtration and high-performance ion-exchange chromatography. The purified protein adsorbed weakly to amorphous cellulose, and its enzymatic action yielded cellobiose as the major end product from both amorphous and crystalline cellulose preparations. The high ratio of exo- to endo-beta-glucanase activities was supported by viscosimetric measurements. The use of model substrates showed that the smallest cellodextrin to be degraded was cellotetraose, but cellopentaose was degraded at a much greater rate. Cellobiose dramatically inhibited the cellulolytic activities. In the absence of calcium or other bivalent metal ions, both the truncated cellobiohydrolase activity of S8-tr and the true cellulase activity of the parent cellulosome were relatively unstable at temperatures above 50 degrees C. Cysteine further enhanced the stabilizing effect of calcium. This is the first report of a defined cellobiohydrolase in C. thermocellum. Its association with the cellulosome and the correspondence of several of their major distinctive properties suggest that this cellobiohydrolase plays a key role in the solubilization of cellulose by the intact cellulosomal complex.

Purification to homogeneity of bovine prolactin by high-performance ion-exchange chromatography

Homogeneous bovine prolactin (bPRL) has been obtained using a procedure based on high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. The procedure enables up to 6 mg of 99.4% pure bPRL to be obtained per hour, with a recovery of 32.4%. The purity of the protein was checked by N-terminal sequencing and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The highly purified bPRL obtained with this method is suitable for complete structural and immunochemical studies.

Separation of glycated hemoglobin A1C by high-performance liquid chromatography on a non-porous exchanger

High-performance ion exchange chromatography on a nonporous cation exchanger was examined for the separation of glycated hemoglobin. A standard sample of human hemoglobin was separated with salt or pH gradient elution. Glycated hemoglobin A1C was well separated from other hemoglobin variants in less than 10 minutes. pH gradient elution gave better resolution than salt gradient elution.

Rat muscle acylphosphatase: purification, amino sequence, and immunological characterization.

Acylphosphatase was purified from rat skeletal muscle essentially by gel filtration and high-performance ion-exchange chromatography. The complete amino acid sequence was reconstructed by using the sequence data obtained from tryptic, peptic, and S. aureus V8 protease peptides. The protein consists of 96 amino acid residues and is acetylated at the NH2-terminus. The immunological cross-reactivity of acylphosphatase from rat and horse skeletal muscle was examined by ELISA. The reaction with rabbit antiserum revealed the presence of at least five antigenic sites on rat enzyme, two of which are common to horse muscle enzyme. Anti-rat antibodies also recognize the peptide that corresponds to the initial part of the molecule, which varies greatly from equine enzyme. Two completely new antigenic sites are herein described: the first can be considered the main antigenic site and is located within positions 21-36, the second is in the COOH-terminal part of the molecule. A mixture of immunoreactive peptides gives strong antibody-antigen reaction inhibition (94%).

Allergenic fragments in Parietaria judaica pollen extract

High-performance ion-exchange chromatography and immunoaffinity chromatography suggest that Par jI, the principal allergenic component of Parietaria judaica pollen, is a very unstable molecule, which tends to fragment in solution. Several fragments were obtained from Par jI and some of them show positivity toward the anti-Par jI monoclonal antibody, suggesting that they retain the entire structure of the allergenic determinant. These fragments could be the target for sequence and conformation studies.

Purification of E. coli 30S ribosomal proteins by high-performance liquid chromatography under non-denaturing conditions

High-performance ion-exchange chromatography was applied to the separation of proteins from the 30S ribosomal subunit under non-denaturing conditions. It was shown that a single chromatographic step only allows the purification of nine proteins. To increase the number of separated proteins, a prefractionation step was added that depends on the physical characteristics of the proteins to be purified. Sixteen out of 21 proteins could be purified by using prefractionation (gel permeation and lithium chloride salt washing). This method is well suited to preparing fresh samples on demand for optical studies owing to the simplicity of the buffers used and the amounts of proteins recovered in the eluted peaks (0.05–0.1 mg/ml).

The Mr 90,000 Heat Shock Protein-Free Androgen Receptor Has a High Affinity for Steroid, in Contrast to the Glucocorticoid Receptor1

Transformed and bacterially expressed glucocorticoid receptors free from Mr 90,000 heat shock protein (hsp90) have a 100-fold lower steroid-binding affinity than the hsp90-bound nontransformed receptor, suggesting that hsp90 is needed for high-affinity steroid binding [Nemoto, T., Ohara-Nemoto, Y., Denis, M., & Gustafsson, J.-A. (1990) Biochemistry 29, 1880-1886]. To investigate whether or not this phenomenon is common to all steroid receptors, we investigated the steroid-binding affinities of bacterially expressed and transformed androgen receptors. The C-terminal portion of the rat androgen receptor containing the putative steroid-binding domain was expressed as a fusion protein of protein A in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein bound a synthetic androgen, [3H]R1881, with high affinity (Kd = 0.8 +/- 0.3 nM). Glycerol gradient analysis revealed that the recombinant protein sedimented at around the 3S region irrespective of the presence of molybdate, indicating that the receptor is present in monomeric form. The steroid-free transformed androgen receptor was obtained by exposure of rat submandibular gland cytosol to 0.4 M NaCl in the absence of steroid. High-performance ion-exchange liquid chromatography analysis showed that the transformed androgen receptor bound to [3H]R1881 with high affinity. Thus these observations indicate that, in contrast to the glucocorticoid receptor, hsp90 is not required for the high-affinity steroid binding of the androgen receptor. In addition, the hsp90-free androgen receptor prebound with radioinert R1881 was efficiently relabeled with [3H]R1881, while the triamcinolone acetonide-bound, transformed glucocorticoid receptor failed in ligand exchange. The inability to achieve ligand exchange probably reflects the low steroid-binding affinity of this entity.

General methods to render macroporous stationary phases nonporous and deformable, exemplified with agarose and silica beads and their use in high-performance ion-exchange and hydrophobic-interaction chromatography of proteins

New general methods for the preparation of nonporous beads from macroporous beads are described. One method is based on filling the inner volume of the beads with a solution of a monomer which binds to the matrix at the same time as it is allowed to polymerize. The method is illustrated with agarose and silica as matrices and glycidol as monomer. In an alternative, but principally similar method, we first attached allyglycidyl ether to agarose via the epoxide groups and then allowed acrylamide to react with the immobilized allyl groups during polymerization. In an analogous way, nonporous silica beads were prepared by coupling γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane to the macroporous beads followed by polymerization of acrylamide or N-methylolacrylamide on the immobilized methacryl groups. The latter monomer has the advantage of giving a polymer rich in OH groups, which can be used for crosslinking or/and attachment of different ligands (the glycidol polymers have the same advantage). The nonporous agarose beads have chromatographic properties similar to those of the previously described nonporous agarose beads prepared by shrinkage and subsequent crosslinking. For instance, the beds are compressible, which favors the resolution: compressed beds of large beads give the same or higher resolution than do beds of small beads. Another similarity is that the resolution is independent of flow rate or is even enhanced upon an increase in flow rate, maybe in part owing to the generation of a flow pattern which transports the solute from one bead to another faster than does diffusion. These similarities are demonstrated by anion-exchange and hydrophobic-interaction chromatography of proteins. Even the nonporous silica beads are somewhat deformable owing to the relatively thick polymer coating and share with the nonporous agarose beads the attractive relation between resolution and flow rate. In addition, in comparison with naked silica beads they exhibit very little protein adsorption and are more pH stable. A compressed bed of nonporous, coated 30–45 μm silica beads gave in an HIC experiment a resolution comparable to that obtained with a bed of noncompressed, nonporous 1.5-μm silica beads, which give a very high resolution, as shown by Unger and coworkers [5].

The carbohydrate structures of a mouse monoclonal IgG antibody OKT3

A mouse monoclonal antibody OKT3, of IgG2a isotype, was isolated from hybridoma culture fluid. Sugar analysis showed the presence of sialic acid, galactose, mannose, fucose, and N-acetylglucosamine, i.e. sugars typical for N-glycosidically linked carbohydrate chains. The absence of N-acetylgalactosamine revealed that O-glycosidically linked carbohydrates were not present. The purified antibody was reduced, alkylated, and separated into heavy and light chains, and all carbohydrates were shown to be associated with the heavy chains. The N-linked carbohydrate chains were isolated as alditols using strong alkaline-borohydride degradation and further fractionated on a concanavalin A-Sepharose column and high performance ion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Structural analysis was carried out on the isolated oligosaccharide alditols by chemical analyses, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, and 500-MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy. Triantennary and biantenary types of structures were found. The triantennary structures were present as trisialo and tetrasialo forms without fucose; the tetrasialo forms were shown to contain a sequence of Neu5Ac alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-3[Neu5Ac alpha 2-6]GlcNAc beta 1- on one of the branches. The biantennary structures were present as completely sialylated nonfucosylated species and as asialo-, agalacto-, and partially fucosylated structures.

Analytical fractionation of microsomal cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes from rat liver by high-performance ion-exchange chromatography

Ion-exchange Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC) on Mono Q and Mono S was optimized for the analytical separation of microsomal cytochrome P-450 species from rat liver. The effects of detergent, pH, gradient profile and column load on resolution are demonstrated. Successive application of anion- and cation-exchange chromatography leads to eleven separated P-450 fractions. The altered microsomal P450 pattern after treatment of rats with various inducers is reflected by distinct elution profiles. Sodium dodecyl sulphate—polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and enzymatic analysis imply that several FPLC fractions contain more than one P-450 species. Preliminary results are presented showing the suitability of immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) for general P-450 fractionation and thus for the further resolution of Mono Q and Mono S fractions. Scale-up for preparative P-450 fractionation is easily done by adapting the optimized analytical FPLC procedures to Q- and S-Sepharose Fast Flow.

Isolation of an outer membrane protein complex from Borrelia burgdorferi by n-butanol extraction and high-performance ion-exchange chromatography

Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, expresses two major membrane proteins, designated outer surface proteins A and B, which are of antigenic relevance, especially in the chronic phase of Lyme disease. Both proteins exhibit strain-related molecular weight variation. A method is described for obtaining these proteins from the bacterial membrane, without the use of detergents, by a combination of n-butanol extraction and cation-exchange chromatography on a Mono S fast protein liquid chromatographic column. This method yields up to five times larger amounts of the proteins in aqueous solution than previously described protocols, which applied ionic or non-ionic detergents. A comparison of extracts obtained by this method from different Borrelia burgdorferi strains is reported.

Analysis of glycoprotein oligosaccharides by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry

A strategy is outlined for isolation and structural analysis of oligosaccharides derived from glycoproteins. Oligosaccharides, N- and O-linked, are released by chemical and enzymatic methods and separated using gel filtration, concanavalin A affinity chromatography and high-performance ion-exchange chromatography. Structural studies are carried out by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. The structural information from the latter can be extended to include determination of binding positions between monosaccharide residues. Prior to the analysis, samples are subjected to periodate oxidation, reduction and permethylation. The positions of glycosidic linkages are deduced from the spectrum by the primary and secondary sequence ions. Structural information can be obtained from mixtures of isomeric compounds.

Purification and properties of chicken egg-white cobalamin-binding protein

A cobalamin-binding protein has been purified from chicken egg-white by using a combination of conventional and high performance ion-exchange chromatography. Following initial purification by DEAE-cellulose, ammonium sulphate precipitation, Sephacryl S-200 CM-cellulose and affinity chromatography, appropriate fractions were further purified using the Pharmacia fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) system. Using this method of purification, egg-white CBP has been purified more rapidly and with greater recovery than with conventional column chromatography. The homogeneity of this protein was verified by SDS-PAGE. The M r was 37 000 by SDS-PAGE and 39 000 by gel filtration, which indicated that it was a glycoprotein. The stokes radius was 4.1 nm and pI was 4.3. The protein bound 57COB 12 with a molar ratio of 1 1 and k d of 0.40 μM. The egg-white CBP was composed of 294 amino acid residues. Thiol groups and metal ions were not connected with the Cbl-binding activities.

Isoforms of corneal keratan sulfate proteoglycan.

Bovine corneal keratan sulfate proteoglycan was found to contain three major protein components. Two proteins (37 and 25 kDa) were released from the proteoglycan by endo-beta-galactosidase, N-glycanase, or chemical deglycosylation. A smaller protein (20 kDa), not covalently linked to keratan sulfate, co-purified with the proteoglycan by conventional and high performance ion exchange chromatography, by ethanol precipitation, and by affinity purification on columns of monoclonal antibody to keratan sulfate, but could be separated from the proteoglycan by gel filtration chromatography in dissociative agents. The three proteins produced different fragmentation patterns on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after digestion with V8 protease, and each had unique two-dimensional tryptic peptide maps. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the core proteins differed. In addition, the proteoglycans containing these proteins differed in molecular size, suggesting different levels of glycosylation of the two core proteins. Similarity of the core proteins was suggested by similar amino acid composition, similarities in tryptic maps, and antigenic cross-reactivity. Corneal keratan sulfate proteoglycan, therefore, seems to occur in two different, but related, forms whose core proteins may represent members of a homologous family.

High-performance liquid chromatography of amino acids, peptides and proteins : XCVII. The influence of the gradient elution mode and displacer salt type on the retention properties of closely related protein variants separated by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography

The influence of different elution modes, gradient times and flow-rates on the relative retention of closely related variants of carbonic anhydrase and ovalbumin has been investigated using high-performance ion-exchange chromatography. Three isoform species of carbonic anhydrase and four isoforms related to ovalbumin eluted by anion-exchange chromatography were characterised by isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Gradient retention data were collected using several different alkali metal halides as the displacer salt, in order to systematically evaluate the efffect on selectivity of different anions and cations in the series F −, Cl − and Br −, and Li +, Na + and K +. While the selectivity between the different ovalbumin isoform species remained essentially constant with each displacer salt, solute Z c-values [ J. Chromatogr., 458 (1988) 27] varied with the type of salt. In contrast, non-parallel retention plots were obtained for the carbonic anhydrase isoforms with the Z c values different for each isoform. Furthermore, significant differences in chromatographic behaviour for these proteins were observed between experiments carried out under gradient elution conditions with either varied gradient time and constant flow-rates or fixed gradient time and varied flow-rates. These results are discussed in tems of the influence of column residence time and protein-salt interactions of the solute's interactive ionotope and the concomitant effects these structural perturbations may have on chromatographic behaviour.

A calcium-dependent galactose-binding lectin from the tunicate Polyandrocarpa misakiensis. Isolation, characterization, and amino acid sequence.

A lectin was isolated from the homogenate of the tunicate Polyandrocarpa misakiensis by heat treatment, ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration, and high-performance ion-exchange chromatography. Analytical gel filtration on Superose 12 and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the lectin is a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of approximately 15 kDa. The lectin bound to an immobilized D-galactose column in the presence of calcium ion with a threshold of 500 microM and eluted completely with 5 mM EDTA. It did not bind to an immobilized D-mannose or N-acetyl-D-galactosamine column. Thus, Polyandrocarpa lectin was found to be a calcium-dependent galactose-binding lectin. The complete amino acid sequence of Polyandrocarpa lectin was determined by automated or manual Edman sequencing of the peptides derived by digestion with trypsin, endoproteinase Asp-N, Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, and pepsin. It is composed of 125 residues, contains no carbohydrate group, and has a calculated molecular mass of 14,034 Da. The lectin contains four half-cystines, and Cys-21 and Cys-119 and also Cys-96 and Cys-111 form intrachain disulfide bridges, respectively. The amino acid sequence of Polyandrocarpa lectin shows about 20-30% homology with those of fly, barnacle, sea urchin, and several vertebrate lectins that belong to C-type lectin (Drickamer, K. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 9557-9560). Although the physiological role of Polyandrocarpa lectin is not clear, preliminary experiments suggest that the lectin may be related to defense mechanisms because it has a strong antibacterial activity.

Purification and characterization of hementin, a fibrinogenolytic protease from the leech Haementeria ghilianii

The fibrinogenolytic enzyme hementin, present in extracts of the posterior salivary glands of the giant leech Haementeria ghilianii, was isolated by ultrafiltration, high-performance ion-exchange chromatography and subsequent reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Approximately 100 μg (1 nmol) of hementin, present at less than 0.5% in the crude leech salivary extract, was brought to about 90% purity in three steps. Hementin migrated at an M r of about 73 000 on non-reducing sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and at 82 000 on reducing SDS-PAGE. The amino terminal sequence was determined to be TTLTE-PEPDL. The amino terminal sequences of two inactive proteins that partially coeluted with hementin in the first chromatographic step were also determined.

Non-specific esterases in partly mineralized bovine enamel

Activity for non-specific esterase was demonstrated in the matrix of developing bovine enamel with alpha-naphthyl acetate and 5-bromoindoxyl acetate as the esterase substrates. By use of high-performance liquid chromatography gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography, and electrophoresis three esterases were shown to be present in the enamel matrix. The enzymes showed highest activity at pH 6.5-7.5. In sections a strong reaction was observed in the secretory ameloblasts. The esterases may be proteolytic enzymes that participate in the degradation of the matrix proteins.