Highest Percentage Of Polymorphism Research Articles

Diversidade genética entre acessos de Spondias mombin L. coletados no Nordeste do Brazil

Abstract: Spondias mombin is an arboreal species, the fruits of which possess a unique flavor and aroma and contain both nutritive and bioactive compounds. Considering that knowledge regarding the genetic variability in S. mombin is important for the establishment of a genetic improvement program, the aim was to characterize S. mombin accessions collected in the states of Maranhão and Piauí, northeastern Brazil, using molecular analysis with simple sequence repeats markers (ISSR). Twenty-six accessions maintained in the Embrapa Meio-Norte germplasm bank (Teresina, PI, Brazil) and two dwarf accessions collected from a private property in Teresina-PI were evaluated. The 12 ISSR markers employed presented strong discriminatory power as demonstrated by the high percentage of polymorphism (88.75%) and mean polymorphic information content (0.641). High genetic diversity among the accessions was demonstrated by the diversity indices of Nei (H=0.37) and Shannon (I=0.55), while gene flow between populations was considered moderate (Nm=0.6268 migrants per generation). The genetic diversity could be explained mainly by variability within-populations (88.71%) rather than between-populations (11.29%), although the genetic differentiation coefficient between-populations was moderate (GST=0.11) and statistically significant (P < 0.01). Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) clustering and Population Structure analysis showed genetically distinct groups. The dwarf accessions were the most divergent and should be incorporated into the germplasm bank. Our study verified the existence of genetic differentiation between the tested S. mombin accessions and confirmed that such variability could be exploited through genetic improvement programs.

Micropropagation of guava (Psidium guajava) seedlings, a plant with interest in cool subtropics, using an innovative BB culture medium

Psidium guajava is a new crop cultivated in Greece, with a potential pharmaceutical and ornamental uses. An efficient and reliable protocol for in vitro clonal propagation of P. guajava from seeds was used. Five different media were examined. Shoot proliferation succeeded on a new basal medium (BB) supplemented with a modified vitamin solution (vit BB), without plant growth regulators. In addition, shoots on media supplemented with BB vitamin solution performed better than in Murashige and Scoog (MS) and Woody Plant (WP) media. When BB medium was used, the greatest shoot number resulted in 4 mg L−1 6-benzyladenine (BA) with a score of 2.8. Regenerated single shoots were rooted in the BB medium, supplemented with 0.1 ΝΑΑ (mg L−1) and producing 2.2 roots of 4.6 cm, along with 3.1 cm of adventitious shoots. Acclimatization was accomplished in three phases, using peat-moss, vermiculite and perlite (1:1:1), with a total survival of 83.3%. To examine the genetic diversity of the plant material, Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) and Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) molecular markers were used. The results indicated a low diversity, along with high percentage of polymorphism for both ISSR and SCoT analyzes.

Detection of genetic variation among five basil species by using ISSR, SCOT and SRAP markers

Background: Eight inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR), 14 Start codon-targeted (SCoT), and eleven sequence-related amplified polymorphisms were used to determine genetic diversity among five basil species (Ocimum tenuiflorum, Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerk, Ocimum basilicum L., Ocimum americanum, and Ocimum basilicum var. minimum). Results: All of the markers' PCR products can be used to discriminate between the different basil species. The ISSR has the highest polymorphism percentage (73.1%), followed by SCoT (57.2%) and SRAP (55.6%). According to the combined data from the three markers, the basil species used were clustered into four groups, each with extremely excellent coordination between the similarity matrix and dendrograms. Species-specific markers have been identified. The SCoT analysis generates the highest number of species-specific marker (17) compared with ISSR and SRAP analysis which generated 14 and 13 markers respectively. Conclusions: These markers can be considered as a useful marker to improve Ocimum characteristics.

Detection of genetic variation among five basil species by using ISSR, SCOT and SRAP markers

Background: Eight inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR), 14 Start codon-targeted (SCoT), and eleven sequence-related amplified polymorphisms were used to determine genetic diversity among five basil species (Ocimum tenuiflorum, Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerk, Ocimum basilicum L., Ocimum americanum, and Ocimum basilicum var. minimum). Results: All of the markers' PCR products can be used to discriminate between the different basil species. The ISSR has the highest polymorphism percentage (73.1%), followed by SCoT (57.2%) and SRAP (55.6%). According to the combined data from the three markers, the basil species used were clustered into four groups, each with extremely excellent coordination between the similarity matrix and dendrograms. Species-specific markers have been identified. The SCoT analysis generates the highest number of species-specific marker (17) compared with ISSR and SRAP analysis which generated 14 and 13 markers respectively. Conclusions: These markers can be considered as a useful marker to improve Ocimum characteristics.

Genetic diversity and relationships among Nopalea sp. and Opuntia spp. accessions revealed by RAPD, ISSR and ITS molecular markers.

Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell) (carmine cochineal) is an insect pest highly noxious that has spread through cactus pear crops in the Brazilian semiarid region. Knowledge of diversity and genetic relationships of the cactus pear accessions is fundamental to create new varieties resistance to carmine cochineal. Therefore, this investigation was undertaken to assess the genetic diversity and genetic relationships that existed among cactus pear accessions of Nopalea sp. and Opuntia spp. with contrasting resistance to D. opuntiae. We conducted a molecular analysis in seven cactus pear accessions from the "reference collection" of the Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco, Brazil using RAPD, ISSR and ITS molecular markers. A total of 242 bands were detected from 26 polymorphic primers. The high percentage of polymorphism by RAPD (89.8%), ISSR (81.2%) and ITS (75%) markers suggests that the cactus pear accessions have high genetic diversity. The combined analysis of markers systems enabled the accessions discrimination of about the genus and ploidy, but were incongruous in relation to resistance level to D. opuntiae. Genetic diversity, discrimination of about the genus and ploidy was confirmed by merging information from ISSR, RAPD and ITS markers systems. The IPA-200016, IPA-200149, IPA-100004, IPA-200205 accessions are genetically divergent, therefore could be potentially incorporated into any further breeding programs directed to create new varieties of cactus pear resistant to D. opuntiae.

Study of Parental Polymorphism and Allelic Variation for Grain Quality and Yield Traits in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Using SSR Markers

Aim: Identification of polymorphic markers is prerequisite for conducting any QTL mapping experiment because if the parents are polymorphic for the traits of interest, then further selection of plants in the progenies becomes easy. Hence, the objective of the present study was to identify polymorphic markers for grain quality and yield traits among the parental lines Improved Samba Mahsuri and Badshabhog.
 Place and Duration of Study: It was carried out at Molecular Breeding Lab, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221 005, India, during 2019.
 Methodology: Two parents Improved Samba Mahsuri and Badshabhog were used for the present study. The DNA extraction was done as per the CTAB method suggested by Murray and Thompson. Standard PCR protocol was followed.
 Results: For parental polymorphism survey, a total of 576 randomly selected SSR markers including 26 gene specific markers related to aroma, cooking and eating quality, grain dimension and yield related traits distributed across the 12 chromosomes of rice were used. Overall, 96 markers including 4 gene specific markers were found to be polymorphic between the two genotypes indicating a total polymorphism percentage of 16.67%. The highest polymorphism percentage was recorded on chromosome 6 (26.67%) followed by chromosome 4 (21.43%) and the lowest polymorphism percentage was observed on chromosome 10 (8.93%). The gene specific markers nksbad2, ARO7, BADEX7_5 and SSI were found to be polymorphic.
 Conclusion: Based on the present study it may be concluded that the polymorphic markers identified will further be utilized in genotyping of F2:3 population, linkage analysis and mapping QTL’s for grain quality and yield traits.

Полиморфизм количественных признаков морозника зеленого (Helleborus viridis L.)

Hellebores in a number of countries are economically important ornamental crops, and these plants are also sources of glycosides used for medicinal purposes. In the literary sources, it was not possible to find information on the variability of the traits of Helleborus viridis L., and this must be known for directed plant breeding. Therefore, the aim of this work is to analyze the polymorphism of quantitative traits in hellebore green in the collection of the Tsytsin Main Botanical Garden (Moscow, Russia). Quantitative data collection was carried out in 2021. There were 20 traits, including 2 traits of plant habit, 8 traits of a leaf, 6 for a flower and 4 for a fruit. Statistical processing of the data was carried out using the calculation of the coefficients of variation and carrying out one-way analysis of variance. It was found that a high percentage of polymorphism falls on the parameters of the leaf, and a low variability - in the traits of a flower and a fruit. Features of the genotype affect the parameters of leaves by 20-30%, and no significant effect on other parameters was found. Keywords: HELLEBORUS VIRIDIS L., HELLEBORE GREEN, ANALYSIS OF VARIABILITY, CORRELATION, CONTAINER GROWING

Molecular Characterization of chickpea genotypes and Identification of true hybrids by molecular markers

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the third most important grain legume cultivated in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. In the present study Six crossing combinations were executed in chickpea comprising Chanoli and PKV Kabuli 4 as female parents and Virat, BDNGK-798 and WR- 315 as resistant male parents. Total 54 markers including 13 SCoT, 31 SSR, 5 STMS, 3 RAPD, 1 SCAR, and 1 ISSR, used for parental polymorphism and polymorphic markers UBC-855, 66 % for TA-59 and 100 % for TA-110, TA-135 and GA-16 were further used to hybridity assessments of F1 plants. The PIC value for polymorphic markers ranged from 0.15 to 0.89 with an average value of 0.46. The highest PIC value was observed in UBC-855 marker (0.89), followed by TA-135 (0.62), TA-59 (0.50), and GA-16 (0.16) and lowest PIC value observed in TA-110 (0.15). From total crosses 31 F1 plants of six crosses were screened for true F1 hybridity assessment. STMS marker TA-59 was used for F1 hybrid purity assessment. This marker screened 31 F1 plants. TA-59 shows specific size amplicon in female and male parents. The results of this investigation proved that SSR markers are well polymorphic and more useful markers within species of chickpea genotypes to perform the molecular characterization and to test the genetic hybridity of F1 plants. Among the tested SSR markers TA-59, TA-110, TA-135, GA-16, UBC-855 shows high percentage of polymorphism and PIC value which will were more helpful for parental diversity analysis and hybridity assessment.

Genetic Variation between Triploid and Diploid Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Using RAPD Markers.

This study was designed to examine the use of RAPD markers in discriminating triploid and diploid African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Following a routine technique, triploidy was induced by cold shock and confirm by erythrocyte measurement in C. gariepinus. Thereafter, 80 RAPD markers were screened; out of which, three showed the highest percentage of polymorphism (i.e., OPB 16 = 71.43%; OPC 14 = 61.9%; OPD 12 = 75%). The results obtained showed genotype differences between triploid and diploid without overlapping. However, the development of a Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) marker was not achievable because progenies of triploid and diploid C. gariepinus could not be differentiated based on a specific fragment. Consequently, the genetic distance showed high similarities for both treatments and the UPGMA-generated dendrogram could not separate the treatments into two distinct clusters. It was concluded that RAPD makers cannot be used to separate the ploidy status of fishes.

Exploring the Genetic Divergence in Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Germplasm Using Multiple Molecular Marker Systems.

Molecular markers are considered powerful tools to identify the potential genetic variation. Forty-two RAPD, ISSR and SSR markers were employed to characterize 21 mungbean genotypes. RAPD primers produced 79 polymorphic bands while ISSR and SSR markers amplified 21 and 6 polymorphic bands, respectively. The range for minimum and maximum number of bands was 3-13, 3-9 and 1-2 and average alleles per loci were 8.17, 4.3 and 1 for RAPD, ISSR and SSR, respectively. Highest polymorphism percentage was 100% for both ISSR and SSR while 80% for RAPD markers. The SSR-VR-303 and ISSR-UBC-810 had highest PIC values (0.44, 0.72) indicating the more discriminating power of these primers for diversity analysis. RAPD primer OPA-7 with maximum PIC value (0.26) resulted in good amplification. Jaccard's similarity coefficient ranged between 0.50 to 1, 0.64 to 1 and 0.75 to 1 for SSR, ISSR and RAPD primers, respectively, indicating less genetic divergence among studied material. Dendrogram based on Unweighted Pair Group Method of Arithmetic Means (UPGMA) grouped mungbean genotypes into two to three major clusters for different marker system with up to 100% genetic relatedness among different cultivars. Molecular genetic divergence identified can be utilized to widen the genetic base in mungbean breeding programs.

A comparative assessment of phenotypic and molecular diversity in Doum (Hyphaene thebaica L.).

Doum palm (Hyphaene thebaica L.) has been reported as one of the most beneficial species worldwide. Its fruits are a good source of fibers, antioxidants, B-complex vitamins, essential minerals, monosaccharides, essential oil and flavonoids. Fruit extract shows anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer and pharmacological potential. However, there is a lack of investigations dealing with its genetic diversity. Therefore, a collection of twelve mature female palm landraces grown in the botanical garden of Aswan, "Egypt" were used for genetic diversity assessment based on phenotypic and molecular levels. 18 vegetal and chemical traits were evaluated. Fifteen of them showed highly significant variation among the tested landraces. Euclidian-based-dendrogram discriminated the tested landraces based on their phenotypic similarities to three main clusters showing a high level of variability. Molecular analysis using inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) vis-à-vis start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism markers displayed the relationships among the tested landraces molecularly. Both markers showed a reasonable degree of polymorphism, however SCoT was more effective than the ISSR by showing a higher percentage of polymorphism, polymorphism information content, resolving power and diversity index. Cluster analysis based on molecular data showed a clear relationship among the doum landraces. However, ISSR- and SCoT-based dendrograms were slightly different, and completely unlike that based on phenotypic data. Nevertheless, phenotypic and molecular evaluations might complement each other, and by data of both an excellent overview was obtained from principle coordinate analysis. The information herein is valuable and considered as a keystone for further proximate studies on doum genetic diversity to help in improvement and breeding approaches.

Genetic Diversity of Egyptian Date Palms (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Using Morphological and Molecular Markers

Morphological and molecular analyses were conducted to evaluate the genetic diversity among eleven Egyptian date palms (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Ten SSR primer pairs revealed a high percentage of polymorphism (97.4%) among 38 total number of alleles, while 11 SCoT primers produced 48.5% from 171 amplified fragments. SCoTs recorded effective multiplex ratio (EMR) and PIC values of 7.5 and 0.14, respectively, opposing to 3.7 and 0.26 for SSRs, respectively. A similar marker index has thus resulted in both markers. Nei’s gene diversity (h) was generally low for both marker systems indicating homogeneous nature and narrow genetic background for the studied Egyptian date palms, which was also emphasized through their high genetic similarity estimates. The results of UPGMA cluster analysis and PCoA grouped the eleven date palms according to their geographical location and sex. In addition to classical morphological characters, the current study confirmed the importance of using SCoTs as functionally gene-based multi-loci markers besides nuclear SSR loci to assess the genetic variations and cultivar identification among Egyptian date palm genotypes

Analysis of Somaclonal Variation in Natural Tetraploid Trifolium pratense L. Regenerants Using RAPD Markers

Trifolium pratense L. is an agricultural legume which is grown mainly in Europe, North America, and Anatolia. As the plant shows great diversity in Anatolia, Anatolia was accepted as the center of the origin of T. pratense L. This study aimed to analyze somaclonal variation among natural tetraploid T. pratense L. regenerants propagated in vitro and their donor plants by using RAPD techniques. In this study, for regeneration, the apical meristems of aseptic plants germinated on hormone-free MS medium were used, then they were transfered on PC - L2 medium containing 1 mg/l NAA + 3 mg/l BAP. In this research, RAPD techniques including 8 different primers were used to detect somaclonal variation. As a result, all of the primers showed polymorphism. The lowest polymorphism percentage was seen between number 2 clone and donor with 17.07% (D 2 -C 2 ), the highest polymorphism percentage was seen between number 4 clone and donor with 60.21% (D 4 -C 4 ). The highest variation difference was seen between donors D2 (a total of 123 bands) and D6 (total 86 bands).

Evaluation of subculture ages on organogenic response from root callus and SPAR based genetic fidelity assessment in the regenerants of Hibiscus sabdariffa L.

The efficacy of an organogenesis based regeneration protocol and the occurrence of somaclonal variation has been studied up-to eighth subculture of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. var. HS4288. Initially, the induction of organogenic calli from 83.33% root explants was standardized in 2.26 μM 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) and 4.65 μM kinetin (KIN) supplemented Driver-Kuniyuki Walnut (DKW) basal medium. The calli were maintained up to the eighth subculture (each with 6-weeks duration) in the same basal medium along with 1.13 μM 2, 4-D and 4.65 μM KIN. The highest regenerative efficiency of the root-derived calli was found in 1.08 μM α-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 8.88 μM 6-Bezyladenine (BA) containing DKW medium. This particular medium produced 14.30 ± 0.47 numbers of visible shoots (>10 mm in length) at the first subculture from 425 ± 35 mg of callus through the process of organogenesis. The morpho-histological study confirmed the organogenic mode of regeneration. With the gradual increase of culture passage, the frequency of shoots was steadily declined. The genetic polymorphism of the regenerated plants from eight successive sub-cultures was assessed using three different single primer amplification reaction (SPAR) methods; viz. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Direct amplification of minisatellite DNA (DAMD) and Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. The SPAR analysis revealed that up to fifth subculture all the three types of primers produced the monomorphic banding pattern among the regenerated plants with that of their mother plant. From the sixth subculture onwards there were some alterations in banding profiles both in RAPD and ISSR markers but DAMD marker did not show any polymorphism up to eighth subculture. In the present work, the highest polymorphism percentage was recorded among the plants of eighth subculture by using both RAPD (41.61%) and ISSR (31.65%) markers. The SPAR method ensured that the present protocol may be used for true to type plant production up-to five consecutive subcultures.

Comparative DNA Fingerprinting and Botanical Study of Certain Haworthia and Gasteria Species Growing in Egypt

Introduction: Haworthia Duval and Gasteria Duval are succulent plants, native to South Africa. They have been used worldwide in folk medicine. They are members of the Alooideae subfamily, which has been always viewed as a taxonomically confusing sub-family. The present study aims to differentiate between Haworthia limifolia Marloth, Gasteria carinata (Mill.) Duval and Gasteria minima Poelln. growing in Egypt. Methods: A comparative botanical and genetic investigation is presented. Macromorphological and micromorphological botanical features of the leaves and stems of the species under investigation using the entire specimens, transverse sections and isolated elements. Moreover, their DNA was extracted from the leaf samples and RAPD-PCR analysis was made using 10 primers. Results: The comparative botanical criteria of the examined leaves and stems were identified. Furthermore, the total number of amplified products produced by the ten primers was 98 fragments. Primers OPB-07, OPB-01 and OPB-02, recording high percentage of polymorphism (78.6, 70.6 and 57.1%, respectively), can be used to differentiate between the examined species. While primers OPB-01, OPB-04, OPB-07 and OPB-08, generating fragments with wide molecular size (17, 14, 14 and 11fragments, respectively), can be used for the identification of Haworthia limifolia, Gasteria carinata and Gasteria minima. Conclusion: The macromorphological, micromorphological and genetic identifying parameters presented in the current study revealed good crieteria to authenticate and differentiate between Haworthia limifolia Marloth, Gasteria carinata (Mill.) Duval and Gasteria minima Poelln.

Evaluation of genetic variations and phylogeny of the most popular pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars in Duhok city using AFLP markers

Introduction: Genotyping and evaluation of genetic variation and polymorphic information content of the locally cultivated pear (Pyrus communis L.) might play an important role in building the genetic bank. These are also immensely important for present and future pear breeding program in the region. Methods: In the current study, AFLP markers have been employed to estimate the level of genetic diversity and to assess the phylogeny among theseven most popular pear cultivars in Duhok city. Results: Eight selective primer combinations generated a total of 653 AFLP fragments from which 445 (68.2%) fragments were polymorphic. The number of visible amplified products per primer combination were varied and ranged from 66 to 96 bands. The highestpercentage of polymorphism (78.4%) was observed by the primer pair P174/M182, while the lowest percentage of polymorphism (58.6%) was observed by the primer pair P174/M100. The highest PIC (0.85) was obtained with the primer combination P174/ M182, while, the lowest PIC (0.49) was obtained by the primer combination P174/M307. The genetic distance was ranged from 0.1348 (between Danimarki and Amreki cultivars) to 0.3131 (between Italy and Zaafaran2 cultivars). Based on the AFLP data, all the seven pear genotypes were successfully clustered into two separate clusters (C1 and C2) with an out-group of Itali cultivar. Conclusions: Overall, it can be concluded that there was high polymorphism among the studied genotypes. Also, it can be stated that the AFLP was a reliable and a powerful technique in genotyping and discriminating of respective pear cultivars.

Genetic and morphological diversity of fennel by using ISSR marker and biplot analysis

Understanding genetic and morphological diversity is important for management of rare and endangered species and plant-breeding programs. The genetic and morphological diversity among ten genotypes was studied by using ISSR marker and plant height, number of seeds per umbel, umbels per plant, chlorophyll, leaf length, proline, and carbohydrate were measured. Twelve PCR primers were used for molecular diversity analysis. The data was analysed using SAS, NTSYS, biplot, and Genalex software. The result showed that the Shiraz genotype has the best economic performance, number of umbels per plant, number of seeds per umbel, and proline between all genotypes. Using principle component analysis, the first two components have values over 1, and together they explained 90.20% of variation. Cluster analysis results were similar to biplot results and divided the genotypes into five groups, where the Shiraz genotype was introduced as the best genotype. The results showed that among the primers used for ISSR marker, primer 8 was found to be the best primer with the highest polymorphism percentage. The ISSR marker could well show genetic diversity in fennel genotypes.

RAPD markers reveal genetic variation between Cichorium spinosum L. and Taraxacum sp.; a substantial medicinal plants of Greece

Fifteen Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to measure genetic diversity and genetic relationships between five endemic genera of Mediterranean basin (Greece). Three species of Cichorium spinosum were collected; two from island Crete (Greece) and one from island Kythnos, and other two species of Taraxacom sp. (Asteraceae); are from Orhomenos and Athens. Two hundred-forty amplified products and 163 RAPD bands were scored with an average of 67.91% of them revealing polymorphism across accessions. In this research OPD-05 primer with 24 bands showed the highest number of bands, while the OPM-18 and OPB-16, both of them with 8 bands showed the least number of bands. Also OPV-06 primer with 18 polimorphic bands showed the highest number of bands. The least number of polymorphic bandswere found in OPX-18. UBC-292, OPAN-01, OPB-16, OPM-18, OPD-05 primers. Subsequently, OPD-05 primer with 29.16% showed the least percentage of polymorphism degree, whereas OPM-18 and OPB-16 primers with 87.50% showed the highest percentage of polymorphism. UPGMA clustering based on data from polymorphic RAPD bands revealed two distinct group which joined to form one major cluster at 32% level of similarity. Also Cichorium spinosum, Crete and Cichorium spinosum, Kythnos, varieties with 100% similarity are synonyms. The similarity indices of the RAPD dendrogram ranged between 30% and 100% averagely high enough to suggest useful variability for genetic diversity and plant breeding.

Molecular analysis of buckwheat using gene specific markers

Buckwheat (Fagopyrium esculentum) is a pseudo-cereal which has spread troughout the world and nowadays it represents cultural, economic and nutritionally important pseudocereal. It´s enviromentally friendly, characterized by high fiber, routine, protein and B vitamins, and is general-purpose. The goal of the present study was to analyze 17 genotypes of buckwheat by using 7 SCoT markers. In total, 52 fragments were detected, of which 38 were polymorphic. The average number of polymorphic fragments was 5.43. The most polymorphic fragments were detected in SCoT 26 and SCoT 29 markers, and the average percentage of polymorphism was 73.36 %. SCoT 29 reached the highest percentage of polymorphism (87.5 %) and SCoT 36 was lowest (60 %). The DI values ”‹”‹ranged from 0.625 (SCoT 36) to 0.887 (SCoT 26) and the average DI value was 0.749. The average PIC value was 0.729 with PIC values ranging from 0.386 (SCoT 36) to 0.831 (SCoT 26). To determine the genetic diversity of 17 genotypes of the buckwheat, a dendrogram was created using the hierarchical cluster analysis. The genotypes were divided into two major clusters (I and II). Cluster I was divided into three other subgroups. Sixteen genotypes were included in cluster I and the genotype of Madawaska (USA) was genetically the farthest in cluster II. Genetically the closest were the varieties of Ballada (Russia) and Bamby (Austria). Used SCoT markers were sufficiently polymorphic, were able identify and differentiate chosen set of buckwheat genotypes.

Assessment of Genetic Diversity among Pleurotus spp. Isolates from Jordan.

Pleurotus is considered an important genus that belongs to the family Pleurotaceae and includes the edible King Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii). In the present study, 19 Pleurotus isolates were collected from two locations in the north of Jordan (Tell ar-Rumman and Um-Qais). The morphological characteristics among collected isolates revealed that there was a morphological similarity among the collected isolates. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1–5.8S rDNA–ITS4 region) and 28S nuclear large subunit (nLSU) in the ribosomal DNA gene of the isolated stains showed that all of them share over 98% sequence similarity with P. eryngii. Genetic diversity among the collected strains was assessed using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis using 18 different primer pairs. Using this approach, 141 out of 196 bands obtained were considered polymorphic and the highest percentage of polymorphism was observed using primer UBC827 (92.3%) with an overall Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) value of 70.56%. Cluster analysis showed that the Jordanian Pleurotus isolates fall into two main clades with a coefficient of similarity values ranging from 0.59 to 0.74 with a clear clustering based on collection sites. The results of the present study reveal that molecular techniques of ISSR and rDNA sequencing can greatly aid in classification and identification of Pleurotus spp. in Jordan.