High-density Particles Research Articles

Improvement of strength and toughness of 1 GPa Cu-bearing HSLA steel by direct quenching

A novel process based on recrystallization controlled rolled (RCR) + on-line direct quenching (DQ) and tempering (DQT) was developed to improve both yield strength and low-temperature toughness for 1 GPa Cu-bearing HSLA steel. Reheating quenching (RQ) and tempering (RQT) processes were compared to examine the effects of DQ and DQT on co-precipitation behavior of Cu-rich particles and Mo, V carbides. The evolution of microstructures under various heat treatments was characterized using optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Tensile properties and low-temperature impact toughness were also tested. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) shows that lower activation energy of Cu precipitation in DQ steel than that in RQ steel. The lower activation energy can be attributed to higher density dislocations and finer martensitic laths, which results in high-density and finer Cu-rich particles formed in DQT steel. Meanwhile, the coarsening of Cu-rich particles in DQT steel is also inhibited resulting in the Cu-rich precipitates with ∼5.8 nm in DQ steel aging at 550 °C for 240 min. Subsequently, the precipitation of Mo, V carbides is promoted at the nucleation sites provided by the pre-precipitated high-density Cu-rich particles, with the rapid dissolution of cementite. Synergistic enhancement of yield strength and low temperature toughness has been achieved with a yield strength of 1056 MPa as well as impact energies of 204 J and 74 J at −40 °C and −85 °C, respectively.

On the Spectral Identification and Wavelength Dependence of Rare-Earth Ore Emission by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

The increasing demand for rare earth elements (REE) requires faster analysis techniques for their rapid exploration. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has on-site and real time analysis capability. However, interference and the weaker emission of minor REEs are key challenges for the complex REE emission spectra. Using simulations and experimental results, we presented essential principles for improved line identification in the transient spectra of complicated samples, such as those of REE ores (e.g., monazite). Knowledge of plasma conditions, spectral collection setup, and capability of the spectral system are key parameters to consider for the identification of an emission line in such spectra. Furthermore, emission intensity dependence on laser wavelength was analyzed for major and minor REEs using IR (1064 nm), visible (532 nm) and UV (266 nm) irradiation. A higher plasma temperature was found with the IR laser, while stronger material ablation was observed by UV irradiation. Higher particle density by UV laser ablation was the key factor in the higher signal intensity of the minor elements, and this laser can improve the emission signals for LIBS use as an REE analyzer.

The influence of the synergistic effect of airflow and vibration in compound dry separation bed on upgrading of 6–0 mm fine-grained low-grade high-sulfur lignite

Coal is the important support to guarantee the national energy security system. China is the largest coal producer and consumer country and the lignite reserves are abundant. In recent years, as the high-quality coal resources decrease and the difficulty in mining increases, low-grade lignite resource has been the important component of China’s energy production and supply. Promoting the clean and efficient utilization of low-grade lignite is an important approach to realize the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. In this paper, compound dry separation bed was used for the desulfurization and ash reduction of fine-grained low-grade high-sulfur lignite. The synergistic effect of airflow and vibration on particle force characteristics was emphatically investigated and the leading action stage under different airflow and vibration conditions was determined. The spatial migration acceleration variation rule and spatial migration trajectory of particles in different areas under the synergistic effect of airflow and vibration were systematically analyzed. Meanwhile, the spatial distribution characteristics of sulfur content of fine-grained low-grade high-sulfur lignite on the compound dry separation bed and the segregation rule of particles on the different areas along the bed transverse direction were explored, and the spatial distribution layer of the materials on the bed area was determined. The experimental results demonstrate that under condition of Γ = 10.14, when the gas velocity U = 0.125 m/s, vibration plays a leading role in the particle migration on the bed surface; when the gas velocity U = 0.148 m/s, vibration plays a leading role and the airflow plays a surrounding role; when the gas velocity U = 0.229 m/s, the synergistic effect of airflow and vibration dominates in the particle migration. The motion trajectories of particles in each cross section are all oval shape. The variation of acceleration amplitude along OX-axis determines the transverse migration trajectory of particles; the variation of acceleration amplitude along OY-axis determines the peak force characteristics of particles; the variation of acceleration amplitude along OZ-axis determines the stratification law of particles. Meanwhile, it is determined that the top layer of area Ⅰ is the low density particle distribution layer; the top layer of area II is the medium–low density particle distribution layer; all of the top, middle and bottom layer in area III are the high density particle distribution layer. The separation and upgrading for fine-grained low-grade high-sulfur lignite were conducted and the results were as follows. The yield of clean coal is 66.56 % and its sulfur content is 0.97 %; the yield of gangue is 33.44 % and its sulfur content is 22.41 %; the probable error Ep is 0.105 g/cm3, which means that the efficient and clean desulfurization and ash reduction for fine-grained low-grade high-sulfur lignite have been realized.

Comparison of lightweight and normal-weight aggregate concrete

In this experimental study, lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) and normal-weight aggregate concrete (NWAC) were compared within the contexts of the size of calcium hydroxide (CH) crystals in interfacial transition zone (ITZ), compressive strength, and oven-dry density. Six LWAC and NWAC mixtures were prepared for this study. Thirty-six images obtained from Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were used to determine the size of CH crystals in ITZ of LWAC and NWAC. Eighteen test specimens (three for each of the six LWAC and NWAC mixtures) were prepared in 150x300 mm sizes and in the form of cylinders for the compressive strength tests and also eighteen test specimens in 100x100x100 mm sizes and in the form of cubes for the oven-dry density tests. It was determined that the size of CH crystals in ITZ of LWAC is 8.43% less than (on average), compressive strength of LWAC is 39.09% more than (on average), and oven-dry density of LWAC is 10.97% less than (on average) the NWAC’s that has the same volumetric proportions of ingredients. The findings of this study show that lightweight aggregate that has high particle density, angular shape, rough surface texture, and a structure that enables chemical reaction with CH crystals will be beneficial for the ITZ microstructure and properties of concrete. It is considered that these properties should be taken into consideration in the selection of lightweight aggregate for structural concrete production.

Impact of SiC Particle Incorporated Dielectric Medium on Machining Performance of AA7050/SiC/Al2O3 Hybrid Composites

The component produced with best surface quality increases the life time of the product and with the objective of attaining it AA7050 hybrid composites was processed using the Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) technique. The composites with varying weight percentage of reinforced particles (2, 4, 6, 8 wt%) was manufactured using the stir casting technique, with SiC and Al2O3 as reinforcement and uniform dispersion of particles were confirmed through SEM with EDS mapping. EDM experimentations were conducted on the composites by varying the Pulse on Time (Ton), Current (A), Powder concentration and reinforcement weight percentage and the experimental runs were being designed using the Taguchi mixed orthogonal array, Whereas Material Removal Rate (MRR), Tool Wear Rate (TWR), Surface Roughness (Ra) and Machined Surface Hardness (MSH) were recorded as response. The MRR increased from 38.72 mg min−1 to 73.67 mg min−1 when SiC particles were incorporated in the dielectric fluid attributed to the fact that generated heat was uniformly dispersed throughout the machined surface due to the low thermal conductivity of SiC particles. When powder particles were incorporated, TWR for composites machined with 2 wt percent reinforcing materials increased substantially to 32.61 mg min−1. Because of the high density of SiC particles (4.36 g cm−3), the scattered particles settled throughout the machined surface, reducing the surface quality by 12% with particle inclusion. Black spots, remelted particles, globules and micro pits are some of the textures observed on the machined surface morphology.

Precipitation behavior of Cu-NiAl nanoscale particles and their effect on mechanical properties in a high strength low alloy steel

The precipitation behavior of Cu-NiAl nanoscale particles in a high strength low alloy steel and their effect on mechanical properties are studied systemically by atom probe tomography and tensile testing. The results display that the Cu-rich zones will nucleate firstly from the supersaturated solid solution for the experimental high strength low alloy steel tempered at 500 °C for 0.08 h, which will transform into Cu-rich particles and also promote the heterogeneous nucleation of isolated NiAl particles. The precipitation sequence in the studied high strength low alloy steel can be expressed as: supersaturated solid solution → Cu-rich zones → Cu-rich particles + isolated NiAl → Cu-NiAl + isolated NiAl. With increasing tempering time, the NiAl (Cu-NiAl + isolated NiAl) particles will coarsen continuously and the Cu-NiAl particles have larger radius and higher number density than the isolated NiAl particles. The tensile testing results reveal that NiAl particles exhibit strong precipitation strengthening and result in a strength plateau of about 1423–1486 MPa at 2–310 h. With tempering time increasing, the elongation decreases firstly and attains the minimum value of about 7.5% in the 5 h tempered condition due to the high number density (1.95 × 10 24 m −3 ) of NiAl particles, and then the elongation increases gradually to 13.0% at 310 h. Obviously, the sample tempered for 310 h displays a beneficial combination of yield strength (1423 MPa) and elongation (13.0%). Schematics of the precipitation behavior of Cu-NiAl co-precipitates for the experimental steel tempered at 500 °C. • The Cu-rich zones will nucleate firstly from the supersaturated solid solution. • The precipitation sequence can be shown as: Cu-rich zones → Cu-rich particles + isolated NiAl → Cu-NiAl + isolated NiAl. • The precipitation strengthening of NiAl particles is studied thoroughly. • The steel exhibits a beneficial combination of yield strength and elongation for the sample tempered at 500 °C for 310 h.

Evolution of shape memory effect with aging time during aging after pre-strain in Fe–Mn–Si–Cr–Ni–C shape memory alloys

The shape memory effect of Fe–Mn–Si–Cr–Ni–C shape memory alloys could be significantly improved by aging after pre-strain, because a high density of directional Cr23C6 particles is precipitated. However, the variation of shape memory effect under a large deformation-strain with aging time is not evident in the Fe–Mn–Si–Cr–Ni–C alloys subjected to aging after pre-strain. In order to clarify the above issue, the effect of aging time on the microstructures and the recovery-strain under a large deformation-strain of 7.5% for the Fe–Mn–Si–Cr–Ni–C alloy subjected to aging for 10–300 min after 10% pre-strain at room temperature was systematically investigated by XRD, SEM, EBSD, and EPMA. When the aging time was 30 min, the maximum recovery-strain of 5.4% was achieved. The recovery-strain increased from 4.9% to 5.4% when the aging time was extended from 10 min to 30 min. It is attributed to that the fraction of twin boundaries, inhibiting stress-induced ε martensitic transformation, decreased from 19.1% to 14.2%, as the precondition that the density of stacking faults, promoting stress-induced ε martensitic transformation, remained nearly constant. When the aging time was extended from 30 min to 180 min, the recovery-strain decreased from 5.4% to 4.6% due to both the decrement of stacking faults and the increment of twin boundaries.

A Short Review on the Preferential Concentration of Particles in Fluid Flow

Particle laden fluid flows are important in many fields of application such as environmental, chemical, astrophysical, and biological flows. They are examples of multicomponent fluid flow where the dispersed component is transported within a carrier fluid, and the dynamics of the flow are mostly dictated by the carrier fluid. The dispersed phase generally consists of particles such as droplets, bubbles, sediments, or nanoparticles while the carrier phase is typically water, oil, and chemical and biological liquids. Preferential concentration is an important characteristic of such multicomponent fluid flow which is defined by a higher density of particles in local regions of flow based on local acceleration, vorticity, strain, and pressure. Due to the intrinsic challenges of dealing with turbulence, mixing, particle tracking, and inter-and intra-component interactions, these flows are complicated to model. Based on the mass ratio of the particles to the fluid, the particles exhibit different preferential concentration patterns. In this article, experimental and numerical works on the preferential concentration of dispersed particles in different fluid flow problems are reviewed and discussed.

A Probabilistic Particle Tracking Framework For High Particle Densities

A framework for particle tracking velocimetry at high particle densities (HD-PTV) based on a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) is presented. This new approach is validated by tracking synthetic particles generated for a generalized turbulent pipe flow defining the ground truth. For a step size per time step of δS = 14 px and a particles per pixel (ppp) density of 0.09 the framework tracks about 90% of the ground truth particles (percentage of matched particles, pmp) already after 9 time steps without generating any ghost particles. For a lower step size of δS = 7 px, corresponding to a higher temporal resolution of the flow, and the lowest investigated particle density ppp = 0.02 a constant pmp close to 100% is reported. A decrease on pmp to 80% is found for the highest ppp = 0,11 - corresponding to about 45000 particles in total. Increasing the step size per time step to δS = 14 px results in a similar sloping curve and pmp that are generally 5% lower compared to the lower step size. The approach is further successfully applied to a well-known experimental tracking problem, i.e. particle tracking in turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection, for which the motion of about 28500 particles is tracked. With track lengths up to 250 times steps the occuring structures and velocities are investigated and agree well with previous studies based on tomographic particle image velocimetry using the same data. Thus, it is concluded that the presented HD-PTV framework is an appropriate tool for the flow analysis even at high particle densities.

3D Particle Position Determination And Correction At High Particle Densities

The method of Iterative Particle Reconstruction (IPR), introduced by Wieneke in 2013, constitutes a major step towards high-density 3D Lagrangian Particle Tracking. It reconstructs 3D particle positions from their projections onto several cameras. In the first part of this work, we present several approaches to enhance the original IPR working principle which, in combination, nearly triple the processable particle image densities, allowing complete and ghost-free reconstructions on a single snapshot from a four-camera system at up to 0.14 particles-per pixel (ppp). The updated method is proven to be fast, accurate and robust against image noise and other imaging artifacts. A central piece of the IPR functionality is a position optimization algorithm, using the difference of the local re-projected and original images (the residual images) as a cost function and displacing particles along its steepest gradient ('shaking' of the particles). The same approach is used within the Shake-The-Box (STB) Lagrangian Particle Tracking (LPT) scheme to correct predicted particle positions. The positional errors to be corrected during IPR-processing are typically in the sub-pixel range, however larger errors can occur at the prediction stage of STB. The second part of this manuscript quantifies the ability of the position optimization to successfully correct misplaced particles and proposes a method to further increase this range. Cost-function-gradient based methods require a certain overlap of the re-projected image with the original image for any given particle. Still, a misplacement of 2-3 pixels - depending on its direction relative to the camera positions - is shown to be reliably correctable. As seen by statistics from a DNS of a turbulent cylinder flow, such high accelerations (and therefore mispredictions) are rare at typical sampling rates. Therefore, most particle predictions can be successfully optimized to the correct position. In order to additionally handle rare events of large acceleration and misplacement, an iterative grid-search is applied specifically to particles not being optimally placed yet ('Variable Space step', VS). Such particles are identified using the local shape of the cost-function gradient. Using synthetic data, it is demonstrated that this method is able to correct even large prediction errors with high reliability. Applying a low temporal sampling on the test case of turbulent cylinder flow results in 20.8 px average particle shift. In this case, using noisy image data at a particle image density of 0.1 ppp, approx. 95.3% of the particle predictions can be corrected by pure position optimization, while around 99.5 % are achieved by additionally applying VS. Transferring this approach to experimental data could further improve tracking fidelity and would allow relaxing on the temporal resolution demands.

Using active matter to introduce spatial heterogeneity to the susceptible infected recovered model of epidemic spreading

The widely used susceptible-infected-recovered (S-I-R) epidemic model assumes a uniform, well-mixed population, and incorporation of spatial heterogeneities remains a major challenge. Understanding failures of the mixing assumption is important for designing effective disease mitigation approaches. We combine a run-and-tumble self-propelled active matter system with an S-I-R model to capture the effects of spatial disorder. Working in the motility-induced phase separation regime both with and without quenched disorder, we find two epidemic regimes. For low transmissibility, quenched disorder lowers the frequency of epidemics and increases their average duration. For high transmissibility, the epidemic spreads as a front and the epidemic curves are less sensitive to quenched disorder; however, within this regime it is possible for quenched disorder to enhance the contagion by creating regions of higher particle densities. We discuss how this system could be realized using artificial swimmers with mobile optical traps operated on a feedback loop.

Numerical Study of Factors Affecting Particle Suction Efficiency of Pick-Up Head of a Regenerative Air Vacuum Sweeper

The influence of variable operational conditions affects the performance of particle collection and separation of a regenerative air vacuum sweeper. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to numerically investigate the factors affecting the particle suction efficiency of the pick-up head. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), a model of an integrated pick-up head was developed based on the particle suction process to evaluate the particle removal performance. The realizable k-ε and discrete particle models were utilized to study the gas flow field and solid particle trajectories. The particle structure, sweeping speed, secondary airflow, pressure drop, and distance between the particle suction port and the road surface, as factors that affect the particle removal efficiency, were investigated. The results indicate that the particle suction efficiency increases with decreasing sweeper speed. Furthermore, the particle overall removal efficiency increased with a reduction in the distance between the suction port and the road surface as well as the control of the secondary airflow in the system. By increasing the airflow rate at the suction port, high efficiencies were achieved at a high sweeper speed and high particle densities. At a sweeper speed of 6–10 km/h, the results showed that the secondary airflow recirculation varied between 60 to 80 %, while the high-pressure drop ranged from 2200 to 2400 Pa, and the particle suction efficiency recorded was 95%. The numerical analysis results provide a better understanding of the particle suction process and hence could lead to an improvement in the design of the pick-up head.

Effect of fabrication parameters on grinding performances of electroplated Ni-B-diamond tools with D150-diamond particles

Electroplated Ni-B-diamond tools with D-150 diamond particles were fabricated and their tool life performances from slot grinding Al2O3 plates were evaluated. Electroplated diamond tools with high diamond particle density were prepared from martensitic stainless steel (AISI 440C) rods, using three sequential electroplating processes, namely Ni-undercoating, Ni-diamond co-electrodeposition, and Ni-B strengthening electroplating. Fabricating parameters of electroplated diamond tools, including the Ni-undercoating thickness, the choice between Ni-diamond and Ni-B-diamond co-electrodeposition, the diamond-coverage percentage, and the post-process annealing temperature, were studied to acquire the determinants of electroplated diamond tool with high grinding performance. Experimental results showed that the grinding performance of an electroplated diamond tool depends strongly on the Ni-undercoating thickness. The highest grinding performance can be achieved from the 400 °C-annealed electroplated diamond tool with Ni-undercoat thickness of 90 μm and diamond-coverage percentage of 80 %. Due to the cracking found along the interface between the Ni-undercoating and Ni-B deposit, Ni-B-diamond co-electrodeposition process is ill-suited for electroplated diamond tool fabrications. Diamond particles should extrude from the tool surface to cut and remove Al2O3 chips formed during grinding. Diamond-coverage should be more than 50 % to avoid low grinding performances due to the low bonding strength of diamonds.

Specificities of the Nonlocal EDF Formation in a Dusty Plasma With the Different Spatial Distribution of the Microparticle Density

The formation of a nonlocal electron distribution function (EDF) in an argon dusty plasma of a dc glow discharge has been studied in a wide range of microparticle densities and their different spatial distributions inside a dusty cloud have also been explored. It is shown that the spatial profile of charges and the ambipolar potential can vary greatly, both with a change in the absolute values of the density of dust particles and the type of their spatial distribution. In turn, changes in the profiles of the ambipolar potential lead to strong differences in the nonlocal EDF at different points of the tube radius. This is most clearly seen at high densities of dust particles when nonmonotonic profiles of the potential distribution and reversal of the sign of the ambipolar field are formed. In this extreme case, great changes in the nonlocal EDF are observed not only at the discharge periphery but also inside the dust cloud.

Coal desulfurization and deashing by high voltage pulse treatment in tap water

Water is commonly used as the dielectric medium in High Voltage Pulse (HVP) disintegration. It is hypothesized that deionized water can achieve better efficiency than tap water and is prevailingly used in different laboratory-scale HVP applications. Since tap water is more easily accessible and inexpensive than deionized water, particularly in industrial applications, a study was carried out to investigate the viability of using tap water in lieu of deionized water for the HVP-enabled coal desulfurization and deashing application. Three coal samples were treated by HVP in tap water and deionized water to evaluate the HVP treatment efficiencies through paired-particle tests for density-fractionated particles and multi-particle tests for the as-received coal samples. Three repeat tests in tap water for each coal sample were performed for statistical analysis of the results. The paired-particle tests confirm that using both tap water and deionized water can acquire a similar HVP selectivity of breakdown in high-density particles. The multi-particle tests prove that the use of tap water would not negatively affect the effectiveness of the HVP treatment of the three coal samples. Three factors are considered to make the successful use of tap water in this study: 1) the HVP generator can generate pulses with a voltage rising time of ∼ 50 ns to promote the electrodynamic disintegration; 2) a Backpropagation Artificial Neural Network (BPANN) analysis algorithm was employed to ensure that the HVP parameters setup is optimized; 3) the coal samples contain pyrite to induce HVP selective breakdown in mineralized particles.

Cold Spray Deposition of High-Density Polyethylene Polymer Particles on Metal Substrates

Cold Spray Deposition of High-Density Polyethylene Polymer Particles on Metal Substrates

Magnetic Functionalization of Poly( N ‐isopropylacrylamide) Hydrogels for Sensor Applications

To develop a hydrogel sensor system using the Hall effect to detect the degree of swelling, gels containing high concentrations of magnetic particles are necessary to induce a strong magnetic field. For this purpose, hydrogels based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) cross-linked with Laponite XLS are modified with various magnetic nanoparticles. The focus of this work is to introduce high particle densities with a homogeneous distribution into the gel. Particles are coated with 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate to bind them into the network structure. The swelling behavior and temperature response of gels containing pure and modified particles are compared to the unmodified clay gel. Ferrogels are further synthesized in a magnetic field to permanently align magnetic nanoparticles in the network. This results in permanently embedded rod-like structures spanning the entire length of the gel. The influence of this anisotropic distribution on the mechanical properties of the hydrogel is investigated through compression measurements.

Role of gravity in coagulation of colloidal particles under low-shear environments

Shear rates play a critical role in the coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation processes of colloidal particles. Under high shear environments, it is widely accepted that the median floc size at equilibrium (D) decreases with an increase in shear rates (G). For low shear conditions, however, conflicting D-G relationships were measured in previous laboratory experiments, without a clear explanation of the reasons and a reasonable reproduction of the physical processes. In this study, the direct numerical simulation technique was used to mimic the flocculation of two typical colloidal particles (i.e., latex and silica) with different densities but under similar hydrodynamic conditions. Our results show that the previous different observations at low shear are mainly caused by particle gravity, which influences the particle residence time in a device system. They also confirm previous arguments about limited residence time due to gravitational settling being the reason for the observed peak, in accordance with Winterwerp (1998) [J. Hydraul. Res. Vol 36, pp. 309–326]. This study implies that to better investigate the shear-dominated flocculation of high-density particles such as sediments, settling processes should be addressed unless particles are always in suspension under specific conditions.

Effect of Post-Fabricated Aging on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Underwater Friction Stir Additive Manufacturing of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy.

The fabricated Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy build has low mechanical properties due to the dissolution of strengthening precipitates back into the matrix during friction stir additive manufacturing (FSAM). Post-fabricated aging was considered an effective approach to improve the mechanical performance of the build. In this study, various post-fabricated aging treatments were applied in the underwater FSAM of Al–7.5 Zn–1.85 Mg–1.3 Cu–0.135 Zr alloy. The effect of the post-fabricated aging on the microstructure, microhardness, and local tensile properties of the build was investigated. The results indicated that over-aging occurred in the low hardness zone (LHZ) of the build after artificial aging at 120 °C for 24 h as the high density of grain boundaries, subgrain boundaries, dislocations, and Al3Zr particles facilitated the precipitation. Low-temperature aging treatment can effectively avoid the over-aging problem. After aging at 100 °C for 48 h, the average microhardness value of the build reached 178 HV; the yield strength of the LHZ and high hardness zone (HHZ) was 453 MPa and 463 MPa, respectively; and the ultimate tensile strength of the LHZ and HHZ increased to 504 MPa and 523 MPa, respectively.

High-Efficient Hydrogen Generation Study by a Reverse Tailing Pulsed-Plasma Water Dissociation Applying Wet Electrode Method

A pulsed power water dissociation method applying a couple of a porous-ceramic electrode, wetted with water, and an opposite dry electrode in the atmospheric air was studied. The basic concept for this study is composed of “pulsed power activation of high water particle density liquid state at the porous electrode creepage” and “subsequent non-thermal equilibrium plasma reactions of these particles diffusing into the low water particle density gas state.” The deionized water (DIW) dissociation experiments were performed by applying the Reverse Tailing Pulse (RTP) method, where the forward pulse voltage of 10 kV level with the rising up ratio (dV/dt) of 1011 V s−1 level is applied. To examine the electric polarity contribution, four kinds of reactors were studied. H2 was detected in one reactor which is composed of an anode electrode made by porous-ceramic, wetted with DIW, and a cathode electrode made from a dry fine-ceramic. The H2 generation efficiency, close to the theoretical prediction, was obtained when “Tanzanite” colored plasma was detected. These features may be due to the “RTP” reformation of the high water particle density liquid state in the wetted porous-electrode creepage and their continuous diffusion into the gas plasma space with the help of “Fick’s law of diffusion” and “pulsed ion wind.”