High Packet Loss Rate Research Articles

The HSBQ Algorithm with Triple-play Services for Broadband Hybrid Satellite Constellation Communication System

The HSBQ algorithm is the one of active queue management algorithms, which orders to avoid high packet loss rates and control stable stream queue. That is the problem of calculation of the drop probability for both queue length stability and bandwidth fairness. This paper proposes the HSBQ, which drop the packets before the queues overflow at the gateways, so that the end nodes can respond to the congestion before queue overflow. This algorithm uses the change of the average queue length to adjust the amount by which the mark (or drop) probability is changed. Moreover it adjusts the queue weight, which is used to estimate the average queue length, based on the rate. The results show that HSBQ algorithm could maintain control stable stream queue better than group of congestion metric without flow information algorithm as the rate of hybrid satellite network changing dramatically, as well as the presented empiric evidences demonstrate that the use of HSBQ algorithm offers a better quality of service than the traditionally queue control mechanisms used in hybrid satellite network.

Video Streaming Over Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Using Erasure Coding

Video streaming over vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is an attractive application that provides many useful services for drivers. However, many problems need resolving, most of which are related to packet delay and packet loss. Due to the specific environment of VANETs, it is difficult to apply conventional protocols originally developed for the Internet, such as Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP). Previous research works have offered many new protocols to solve this problem. However, most of them cannot make full use of existing Internet video-streaming resources like RTP players and servers. In this paper, we propose the converter model to solve this compatibility issue. Based on this model, we first modify the RTP using the erasure coding (EC) technique to address the high packet loss rate of VANETs. This protocol is known as EC-RTP. Then, we develop two converters; the first stands on the boundary between the Internet and VANETs. It receives the RTP packets from the Internet and translates them to EC-RTP packets, which are shared between vehicles. The second converter receives EC-RTP packets, translates them back to RTP packets, and then sends them to the RTP player.

Reliable scalable video streaming using layer weight switching‐based unequal Luby transform

A layer weight switching-based unequal Luby transform (LWS-ULT) method is proposed to minimise video distortion over packet-lossy networks. The proposed ULT method divides all quality layers into more important set (MIS) and less important set to provide unequal packet protection property in LT codes based on error propagation effects. The number of quality layer in MIS is adjusted in accordance with channel status. At high packet loss rate, lower number of quality layer is assigned into MIS for more protection of quality layer with larger error propagation weight. On the other hand, higher number of quality layer is included in MIS for improving video quality by expanding the range of protection at low packet loss rate. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed LWS-ULT method gives robust performance and significantly improved video quality (0.9–1.2 dB in Y-PSNR), compared with the conventional ULT schemes.

A Novel Traffic Control Scheme for Multi-Layered Satellite Network Based on Chain Reaction Model

Multi-Layered Satellite Network (MLSN) is a kind of delay tolerant network with characters of intermittent connection, long packet queuing time, complex and uncertain delay time, etc. The call congestion rate of new business is higher in delay tolerant network which leads to the reduction of communication quality and the high packet loss rate. The existing traffic control scheme is hard to meet the individual requirements of new business. It becomes more and more important to study the most effective traffic control scheme so as to increase the satellite bandwidth utilization. According to the nuclear chain reaction of atomic physics, a novel traffic control method based on chain reaction model (TCCR) is presented in this paper to realize dynamic data transmission and control for MLSN. The optimal flow distribution scheme will be obtained by analyzing the network transmission information in this algorithm. Simulation by OPENT is done which proves that TCCR can obviously improve the network total throughput, shorten link transmission delay, and reduce packet loss rate of MLSN.

Multi Agent System based Tcp using Seamless Internet Access for Vanet

In this project implement seamless and efficient WIFI-based Internet access from moving vehicles. In our implementation, a group of aps are employed to communicate with a client (called ‘AP diversity’), and the transmission succeeds if any AP in the group accomplishes the delivery with the client (called ‘opportunistic transmission’). Such AP diversity and opportunistic transmission are exploited to overcome the high packet loss rate, which is achieved by configuring all the aps with the same MAC and IP addresses. The cellular networks have been proven to be insufficient for the surging amount of data from Internet-enabled mobile devices. Due to the explosive growth of the subscriber number and the mobile data, cellular networks are suffering overload, and the users are experiencing service quality degradation. With such a configuration, a client gets a graceful illusion that only one (‘virtual’) AP exists, and will always be associated with this ‘virtual’ AP. Uplink communications, when the client transmits a packet to the virtual AP, actually multiple aps within its transmission range are able to receive it. seamless in the sense that any user can use it and maintain his workspace, including all existing network connections without manual configuration and with minimal network overhead. In downlink, a packet destined for a client is first pushed to a group of APs through multicast. This AP group is maintained dynamically to follow the moving client.

Propagation of Low Variability in Video Traffic

Currently popular HTTP-based video delivery services generate highly variable video traffic over small time scales. This paper confirms that with sufficient transmission bandwidth available to the video traffic, small time scale variations can be reduced to a level approaching the Poisson arrivals without experiencing degradation in the video quality. The primary result in this paper is that upon establishment of a low variability state, this state shows stable behavior. The state remains intact even under a high network load, a high packet loss rate, or a long propagation delay. Furthermore, the state traverses wired/wireless LANs and the Internet. This attractive feature can facilitate the development of more basic and efficient traffic control schemes. The feasibility of this approach to reducing video traffic variability is discussed from the viewpoint of the perceived video quality

A Cross Layer Video Transmission Scheme Combining Geographic Routing and Short-Length Luby Transform Codes

Video transmission is a real challenge for wireless multihop networks with high packet loss rate. This paper proposes a cross layer video transmission scheme which combines the geographic routing in network layer and the short-length Luby transform (LT) codes in transport layer. We first analyze the effect of bit error rate (BER) on the retransmission load and the effect of payload length and LT symbols size on network efficiency. Then, based on the product of the link quality and the distance from destination, we design a routing metric for geographic routing. We further propose a cross layer transmission scheme, which adaptively adjusts payload length to encapsulate short-length LT encoded symbols and selects routes based on the new routing metric. The simulation results show that our cross layer scheme can decrease the decoding overhead and the packet loss rate, while improving the video transmission quality and the network efficiency.

A TCP performance enhancement scheme in infrastructure based vehicular networks

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) in infrastructure based vehicular networks is dedicated to support reliable Internet services for mobile users. However, an end-toend TCP flow not only experiences some common challenges in wireless mobile networks, such as high packet loss rate, medium access competition, unstable wireless bandwidth, and dynamic topology, etc., but also suffers from performance degradation due to traffic congestion at the Road-Side Units (RSUs) that connect the wireline and wireless networks. In order to address the challenging issues related to reliable TCP transmissions in infrastructure based vehicular networks, we propose an RSU based TCP (R-TCP) scheme. For wireline source nodes, R-TCP adopts a novel flow control mechanism to adjust transmission rates according to the status of bottleneck link. Specifically, during the short wireless connection time in Infrastructure based vehicular networks, R-TCP quickly chooses an ideal transmission rate for data transmissions instead of activating the slow start algorithm after the connection is established, and successfully avoids the oscillation of the transmission rate. Simulation results show that R-TCP achieves great advantages than some relate proposals in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay, and packet loss rate.

Multi‐objective optimisation for selective packet discarding in wireless sensor network

Traffic convergence in wireless sensor networks (WSN) during simultaneous data transmission may overwhelm its limited buffer capacity, resulting in congestion, waste of resources and severe performance degradation. The obvious consequences include high packet loss rate, huge amounts of wasted energy and obsolete data that may lead to inaccurate information. Since WSN suffers from scarce resources such as energy, data transmission which is the main cause of energy depletion should be kept to the very minimum. Various studies have used packet discarding as a means to reduce high traffic volumes. However, none of these methods have ever been applied in WSN which possesses different characteristics. This study proposes a new technique for mitigating congestion by selectively discarding some of the least important packets to give sufficient room for more important ones to get through. The proposed discarding policy is integrated with multi-objective optimisation (MOO) which can optimise several objectives at once. The proposed selective packet discarding policy discards the unimportant packets based on some discarding criteria which will be optimised by the MOO. Performance evaluation using the optimisation tool (LINGGO) and simulation in Network Simulator 2 shows remarkable and promising performance with more than 50% improvement.

The Optimization Research of the Multimedia Packets Processing Method in NIDS with 0/1 Knapsack Problem

There always exists a high packet loss rate in the network intrusion detection system, especially when the network traffic is high. The author raised the method of Multimedia Packets Processing to solve this problem and received good results. In this paper, on the basis of these research results, 0/1 knapsack problem has been used to optimize multimedia packets processing method. Thus, by using this modified method, an optimum solution can be found to select the highest risk of multimedia packets sequence in each time unit. Network intrusion detection system can make limited processing capability focus on the even riskier multimedia packets by using this improved method. Experiments have shown that the method can effectively improve the detection rate of multimedia packets with dangerous information. In addition, on one hand, the packet loss rate of network intrusion detection system decreases obviously, and on the other hand, its security is improved.

Robust FMO algorithm and adaptive redundant slice allocation for wireless video transmission

Visual quality of compressed video may suffer great degradation when transmitted over lossy wireless networks. Flexible macro-block ordering (FMO) is a new error resilient tool adopted by H.264/AVC. It has a good performance of error resilience by changing the coding order of macro-blocks in the frame. redundant slice (RS) is another tool which adds redundant copy of slices into the stream to take precautions against packet loss. However, we shouldn't only care about peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) of the video; the robustness of video streams to burst packet loss of wireless channel is also worth considering. In applications, such as real-time video transmission services, degradation of video quality may be tolerable, but collapse of decoder due to burst packet loss will greatly lower user's quality of experience. This paper proposes a robust FMO (RFMO) algorithm which takes gradient feature of frames into consideration to enhance robustness of video streams, and the adaptive RS allocation (ARSA) helps to increase the PSNR with only a little increase in bit rate. Experiment results show that the RFMO algorithm can significantly reduce the collapse times of decoder with invisible decrease in visual quality, and the ARSA can still guarantee a high PSNR in the case of high packet loss rate.

공유된 병목 링크를 경유하는 MPTCP의 성능 평가

In this paper, we present experimental results evaluating the performance of the Multipath TCP over shared bottleneck path in series of benchmark tests. In summary, we find that the Multipath TCP’s fairness as well as its competitive responds to the change of network conditions such as latency, loss rate... MPTCP is extremely unfair and powerful with regular TCP in ideal network conditions but its throughput decreases clearly even less than regular TCP in worse network conditions with very high latency, higher packet loss rate.

Location-based mobility support for 6LoWPAN wireless sensor networks

A 6LoWPAN WSN has mobility, so it can obtain more extensive application space only if it provides good mobility support. However, the existing mobility protocols cannot work efficiently in 6LoWPAN WSN due to long handover latency and high packet loss rate. Therefore, this paper proposes a location-based mobility support scheme for 6LoWPAN WSN in order to reduce the handover delay and packet loss. In this scheme, the architecture based on cluster domains is proposed and based on this architecture the mobility support algorithm is presented. In this algorithm, the handover in the network layer (L3) and the one in the link layer (L2) are performed simultaneously. Also, a mobile node neither needs a care-of address nor participates in the handover process, so the packet loss caused by the address change and the node mobility is avoided. Moreover, a cluster head׳s IPv6 address includes the location information, so the routing path reaching a destination cluster head can be automatically established without routing discovery. As a result, the mobility handover performance is improved. The performance of this scheme is evaluated, and the data results show that this scheme reduces the handover cost, shortens the handover delay and lowers the packet loss rate.

Transport layer performance analysis and optimization for smart metering infrastructure

In a smart power grid, collecting data from a large number of smart meters and sensors over the conventional one-hop transmission control protocol (TCP) communication is prone to a high packet loss rate and degraded throughput due to the ineffectiveness of the TCP congestion control mechanism. The Split and Aggregated TCP (SA-TCP) proposes upgrading intermediate devices (known as regional collectors or RCs) to combine meters׳ TCP connections and forward data over a unified TCP connection to the utility server.This paper provides a comprehensive performance analysis of the SA-TCP scheme. It studies the impact of varying various parameters on the scheme, including the impact of network link capacity, buffering capacity of RCs, propagation delay between the meters and the utility server, and finally the number of RCs utilized as SA-TCP aggregators. The performance results show that by adjusting those parameters, it is possible to tune throughput of a smart metering network to the desired amount while keeping the deployment cost minimal.

Lossy links diagnosis for wireless sensor networks by utilising the existing traffic information

Network diagnosis is very important for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) since many network-related faults, such as node and link failures, often occur in real applications. Diagnosis tools for WSNs usually consist of information collection and root-cause deduction, which deduce whether there are failures and which components are faulty. Compared to wired networks, the links in wireless sensor networks are prone to suffer from high packet loss rates, which cause the incomplete data at sinks. Therefore, to identify the poorly performing (lossy) links, lossy links diagnosis is crucial for WSNs. Existing diagnosis approaches usually need each sensor node to report a large amount of status information to the sink, thus introduce huge traffic overheads which is an enormous burden for a resource constrained and usually traffic sensitive sensor network. In this paper, we introduce a novel lossy link diagnosis approach to infer lossy links using only existing traffic information of sensor nodes. We propose an inference algorithm and a path information preprocessing algorithm in this paper. We evaluate the performance of our approach and the experimental results validate the scalability and effectiveness of our approach.

Analytical evaluation of a time- and energy-efficient security protocol for IP-enabled sensors

With the development of the 6LoWPAN standard, sensors can be natively integrated into the IP world, becoming tiny information providers that are directly addressable by any Internet-connected party. To protect the information gathered by sensors from any potential attacker on the Internet, it is essential to have trustworthy real-time information about the legitimacy of every attempt to interact with a sensor. Our approach to address this issue is Ladon, a new security protocol specifically tailored to the characteristics of low capacity devices. In this paper, we study the performance of Ladon, showing that it successfully meets the requirements of the targeted environments. To that end, we evaluate the delay and energy consumption of the execution of Ladon. The obtained results show that the cost of Ladon is bounded, even in situations of high packet loss rates (20–80%) and comparable to that of other protocols that implement fewer security features.

Reward-Based Radio Interface Selection of Hybrid 4G UMTS and LTE Communications for Fast Cloud Accesses

For achieving fast accesses the cloud's big data through mobile smart node, an extreme high data rate for the forwarding link under high-mobility wireless communications is necessary. 3GPP thus specifies LTE/LTE-Advanced specifications as the 4G system to cooperate with the existing UMTS system. To balance loads among different communication interfaces in the hybrid cellular system is one of the most important issues that should be addressed for achieving efficient radio resource allocations. In a shared packet service, the 3GPP UMTS adopts the VSF-OFCDM interface to allocate orthogonal codes of an OVSF code tree in two-dimension spreading of the time and frequency domains. However, UMTS suffers from high packet loss rate and high bandwidth waste rate. In 4G, although the LTE/LTE-Advanced interface offers a high data rate, it suffers from unbalanced loads and moderate reward. This paper thus proposes an adaptive radio interface selection for balancing loads between the UMTS and LTE/LTE-Advanced interfaces according to various interference and mobility environments. Numerical results indicate that the proposed approach outperforms other approaches in fairness, FRL, utilization and call blocking.

Comparative Study on New AQM Mechanisms for Congestion Control

As usage of network goes increasing day by day, managing network traffic becomes a very difficult task. It is important to avoid high packet loss rates in the Internet. Congestion is the one of the major issue in the present networks. Congestion Control is one of the solutions adopted to solve the congestion issue and to control it. Numbers of queue management algorithms are proposed for congestion control and to reduce high packet loss rates. Active Queue Management (AQM) is one such mechanism which provides better control over congestion. In this paper a study is made on recent load based AQM techniques that are proposed and its merits and shortfall is presented.

Research on Typical Wireless Hoc Routings for Vehicular Network

In the market, there was only specific software for network simulation or traffic simulation. They were expensive and could not support the routing simulation for vehicular network. In order to solve the problem, typical wireless ad hoc routings for vehicular network was researched in the free network simulation software NS2. The obstacle model and node mobile model were added. The nodes moved in random speed and direction on the road. Then the typical wireless ad hoc routings such as DSR (dynamic source routing), DSDV(destination sequenced distance vector) and AODV (ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing) were researched in the environment. The network packet loss rate and end to end delay time were compared and analyzed under the different situation whether obstacles block the radio. If obstacles did not block the radio and number of nodes was enough, DSDV had higher packet loss rate and the three routings had relatively low delay time. So DSR and AODV were more suitable for vehicular network. If the obstacles blocked the radio, the three routing routings had high packet loss rate. They needed to further advancement. This study provided a routing research idea for vehicular network and laid a foundation for further research.

GRAPEVINE

This paper present Grapevine, a wireless networking protocol designed to be used in challenged environments such an emergency response network. These environments typically experience a lot of noise, interference, disconnections and high mobility resulting in high packet loss rates. As often critical data needs to be disseminated to other nodes it is important to have a protocol that efficiently delivers data under these conditions, but which is also efficient under good conditions. Grapevine uses to fountain coding to opportunistically and cooperatively to efficiently delivers data in high throughput wireless multi hop networks, as well as lossy and delay tolerant networks. Results show that our flooding based protocol is more efficient than traditional protocols in lossy networks both in terms of lower delay and lower overhead.