High Oleic Acid Research Articles

Development of new high oleic Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) hybrids and its genotype × environment interaction across temperature regimes

The present investigation was undertaken to assess the stability of 30 sunflower hybrids for oleic acid content along with four commercial checks across three temperature regimes of Karnataka, India over two seasons, rabi/summer 2020-21 and rabi 2021. The phenotypic stability of sunflower hybrids was analyzed by AMMI model. The AMMI biplots delineated one promising hybrid combination which exhibited stable expression of high oleicacid content, with pooled mean of all six environments revealing 73.06 per cent of oleic content. The identification of this particular hybrid combination served the purpose of this study of deriving the stable high oleic hybrid across temperature regimes.

Monocyte transcriptomic profile following EPA and DHA supplementation in men and women with low-grade chronic inflammation

BackgroundRecent data indicate considerable variability in response to very long chain omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on cardiovascular disease risk. This inconsistency may be due to differential effects of EPA vs DHA and/or sex-specific responses. MethodsSixteen subjects (eight men and eight women) 50–75 y and with low-grade chronic inflammation participated in a randomized controlled crossover trial comparing 3 g/d EPA, 3 g/d DHA, and placebo (3 g/d high oleic acid sunflower oil). Blood monocytes were isolated at the end of each phase for RNA-sequencing. ResultsSex dimorphism in monocyte gene expression was observed, therefore, data for men and women were analyzed separately. 1088 genes were differentially expressed in men and 997 in women (p < 0.05). In both men and women, EPA and DHA repressed genes involved in protein turnover and mitochondrial energy metabolism, relative to placebo. In men only, EPA and DHA upregulated genes related to wound healing and PPARα activation. In women only, EPA and DHA activated genes related to ER stress response. Relative to DHA, EPA resulted in lower expression of genes involved in inflammatory processes in men, and lower expression of genes involved in ER stress response in women. ConclusionsEPA and DHA supplementation elicited both similar and differential effects on monocyte transcriptome, some of which were sex specific. The observed variability in response to EPA and DHA in men and women could in part explain the conflicting results from previous cardiovascular clinical trials using omega-3 fatty acids.

Effect of Genotype-by-Environment Interaction on Oil and Oleic Fatty Acid Contents of Cultivated Peanuts

Twenty-seven genotypes of varieties and advanced breeding lines were grown in two locations in three years with three replications to estimate the effects of the genotype-by-environment interaction (G × E) on the oil and oleic fatty acid contents of cultivated peanuts. Oil and oleic fatty acid contents were quantified using NMR and GC, respectively. The tested lines were genotyped with functional SNP markers from the FAD2A and FAD2B genes using real-time PCR and classified into four genotypes. The results indicated that Alabama was the environment that better discriminated the test genotypes during the year 2012. Eight promising selected genotypes #12, #15, ARSOKR, Brantley, GaHO, M04-149, M04-48, and SunO97R showed wide adaptation and high-oleic acids of 83.02%, 81.32%, 82.03%, 81.15%, 79.21%, 80.94%, 82.46%, and 82.18%, respectively. The Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model that combines the conventional analyses of variance for additive main effects with the principal component analysis (PCA) for the non-additive residuals was applied to estimate the additive effects from FAD2A and FAD2B genes and the G × E interaction. The results indicated significant G × E interactions for oleic fatty acid contents. No correlation between oil content and FAD2A and FAD2B genes was found. The FAD2B gene had a larger additive effect than the FAD2A gene. The results from this study may be useful not only for peanut breeders, but also for food processors and product consumers to select suitable cultivars.

Morphological, Biochemical, and Molecular Characterization of Exotic Brassica Germplasm.

Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is an important oilseed crop. We examined the diversity of germplasm expressed at three distinct levels (i.e., morphological, biochemical, and DNA levels). In this study, 150 B. napus L. accessions with three check varieties were provided by Bioresources Conservation Institute. The germplasm was grown in field conditions for data collection of 15 quantitative and nine qualitative agro-morphological traits. The result indicated that for 15 quantitative agro-morphological traits, the highest coefficient of variation was recorded for plant height and days to flowering initiation. For nine qualitative traits, most of the accessions have a spatulate leaf, brown color seeds, yellow flowers, and erect silique attitude. The best adoptable genetically diverse exotic Brassica germplasms were selected, i.e., accessions 24178, 24881, 24199, 24214, 24242, and 24192. Based on biochemical analysis for high oil content and high oleic acid content, chakwal sarsoon and accession 24192 were selected. For high oleic and linoleic acids, accession 24181 performed best, for low erucic acid accessions 24177 and 24195. Based on molecular (SSR) markers, the top 50 selected genotypes were evaluated with 30 SSR markers. The 47 genotypes with three check varieties were clustered in six major groups; the coefficient of similarity ranged between 0.18 and 1.00. Based on SSR data, the germplasms accession 24178 and Abasin were the most diverse genotypes. These genotypes have the capacity and could be used in future breeding programs. High genetic variations were investigated through the SSR among the studied genotypes of Brassica napus L. The present study also concluded that SSR is a better technique for intraspecific genetic diversity. Other modern techniques should be applied such as SNIP for the investigation of a high level of genetic diversity among crop plants in the future.

Generation of high oleic acid sunflower lines using gamma radiation mutagenesis and high-throughput fatty acid profiling.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is the second most important oil seed crop in Europe. The seeds are used as confection seeds and, more importantly, to generate an edible vegetable oil, which in normal varieties is rich in the polyunsaturated fatty acid linoleic acid. Linoleic acid is biosynthesized from oleic acid through activity of the oleate desaturase FATTY ACID DESATURASE 2 (FAD2), which in seeds is encoded by FAD2-1, a gene that's present in single copy in sunflowers. Defective FAD2-1 expression enriches oleic acid, yielding the high oleic (HO) acid trait, which is of great interest in oil seed crops, since HO oil bears benefits for both food and non-food applications. Chemical mutagenesis has previously been used to generate sunflower mutants with reduced FAD2-1 expression and here it was aimed to produce further genetic material in which FAD2-1 activity is lost and the HO trait is stably expressed. For this purpose, a sunflower mutant population was created using gamma irradiation and screened for fad2-1 mutants with a newly developed HPLC-based fatty-acid profiling system that's suitable for high-throughput analyses. With this approach fad2-1 knock-out mutants could be isolated, which stably hyper-accumulate oleic acid in concentrations of 85-90% of the total fatty acid pool. The genetic nature of these new sunflower lines was characterized and will facilitate marker development, for the rapid introgression of the trait into elite sunflower breeding material.

Identification of an effective genotyping assay for marker assisted selection of high oleic acid content trait in groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.)

Identification of an effective genotyping assay for marker assisted selection of high oleic acid content trait in groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.)

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Properties and Sensory Aspects of Sponge Cakes Supplemented with Edible Insect Flours.

The chemical composition, antioxidant properties, and sensory aspects of sponge cakes with the addition of flours from edible insects (buffalo worm, cricket, and mealworm) were evaluated. The addition of edible-insect flours increased the protein, fat, and dietary fiber content in all cases. The utilization of edible insects demonstrated a notable augmentation in the phenolic compounds (especially protocatechuic acid and protocatechuic aldehyde, and syringic, ferulic, and sinapic acids). This resulted in an increase in the antioxidant activity measured against the ABTS radical cation, the DPPH radical, and ferric ions. The antioxidant potential, assessed by four different methods, unequivocally confirmed that the aforementioned polyphenolic compounds found in edible insects provide significant radical-scavenging and antioxidant activity in sponge cakes containing them. The polyunsaturated fatty acid contents were significantly lower in cakes with insect flour compared to the standard wheat cakes. Products and raw materials exhibited high values of the n - 6/n - 3 ratio, which may be associated with negative health effects, with a high oleic acid content. The amino acid score (AAS) for the essential amino acids exceeded 100% for all obtained products. The sponge cakes were accepted by consumers and the taste was the most important predictor for overall acceptability, whereas the structure and appearance had less impact.

Comprehensive Analyses of Advanced Glycation end Products and Heterocyclic Amines in Peanuts during the Roasting Process.

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and heterocyclic amines (HAs) are two kinds of important harmful products formed simultaneously during the thermal processing of proteinaceous food. In this paper, the effect of roasting conditions on the formation of AGEs and HAs, as well as active carbonyl intermediates in common peanut (C-peanut) and high-oleic acid peanut (HO-peanut) was studied simultaneously for the first time. In general, with the increase in roasting temperature (160-200 °C) and time, the contents of AGEs, HAs and active carbonyl intermediates (i.e., glyoxal (GO) and methylglyoxal (MGO)) significantly increased in peanuts. Four kinds of HAs (i.e., AαC, DMIP, Harman and Norharman) were observed in roasted peanuts, of which Harman and Norharman accounted for about 93.0% of the total HAs content after roasting for 30 min at 200 °C. Furthermore, a correlation analysis among AGEs (i.e., Nε-(1-Carboxymethyl)-L-lysine (CML) and Nε-(1-Carboxyethyl)-L-lysine (CEL)), HAs, GO and MGO was conducted. Most of these compounds showed an excellent positive linear relationship (p ≤ 0.001) with each other. The evident increase in GO and MGO contents implied an increase in not only the content of AGEs but also HAs. However, contents of AGEs and HAs showed no significant difference between roasted HO-peanut and C-peanut. This study would provide a theoretical basis for simultaneously controlling the levels of AGEs and HAs in thermal processed peanut foods.

Valorization of microalgae oil via steam reforming for hydrogen-rich gas production over Ni/CeO2-ZrO2

This study investigated the steam reforming of microalgae oil in the existence of Ni/CeO2-ZrO2 catalyst to assess its potential for hydrogen production. For this purpose, the catalyst was synthesized by the impregnation-co-precipitation method and characterized using various techniques. Catalytic microalgae steam reforming was performed in a continuous flow quartz fixed bed reactor and the effects of reaction temperature, weight hourly space velocity, and steam to microalgae volume ratio on conversion and hydrogen selectivity were evaluated. The findings revealed that microalgae oil, especially with a high oleic acid content, showed promise as a feedstock for hydrogen production via steam reforming. Suitable conditions were identified as a reaction temperature of 850 °C, weight hourly space velocity of 29 h−1, and steam to microalgae oil volume ratio of 12:1, resulting in 99.79 % hydrogen selectivity and 100 % microalgae oil conversion. Furthermore, a characterization of the spent catalyst was conducted, and a coke deposition of 19.17 mgcarbon/gcat.h was observed following 15 h of reaction.

QTL mapping of oleic acid content in modern VNIIMK sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) lines by using GBS-based SNP map.

Oleic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid increasing oil oxidative stability. High content of oleic acid is thus a valuable trait in oilseed crops. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) normally accumulates linoleic acid as a major fatty acid, but a mutant expressing a high oleic phenotype form was previously obtained by chemical mutagenesis and mapped on the sunflower genome. Several studies suggest the presence of additional genes involved in the control of the high content of oleic acid, with their expression possibly depending on the genetic background. To test this hypothesis, we performed a QTL mapping of the high oleic acid trait within two independent F2 crosses involving lines with contrasting oleic acid content from the Pustovoit All-Russia Research Institute of Oil Crops (VNIIMK) collection. We applied genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) to construct single nucleotide polymorphism-based genetic maps and performed QTL mapping using quantitative and qualitative encoding for oleic acid content. Our results support the finding that the oleic acid content in the assessed crosses is controlled by one major effect locus. However, different dominant/recessive effects of the major locus were reported for both crosses. Additionally, a possible translocation between chromosome 7 and 14 was reported in one assessed cross. We defined a set of single nucleotide polymorphism markers for each cross which could be used for marker-assisted selection.

Formation of AGEs in Penaeus vannamei fried with high oleic acid sunflower oil.

Here, we investigated the effects of frying process on the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in shrimps using Penaeus vannamei as the raw material. The results showed that the oil, malondialdehyde, fluorescent AGEs, carboxymethyl lysine (CML), methylglyoxal hydroimidazolone (MG-H1) and the outer layer carboxyethyl lysine (CEL) content was higher in the fried shrimps than that in the raw unfried shrimps. The outer layer CML, CEL and inner CEL, MG-H1 values all reached the maximum after the first batch of frying (22.43mg/kg, 304.24mg/kg, 83.76mg/kg, and 169.42mg/kg respectively). However, fluorescent AGEs and MG-H1 of the outer layer reached the maximum after the fifth and fourth batches of frying (1230.0 AU/g and 341.63mg/kg). Malondialdehyde, fluorescent AGEs, CML, MG-H1, and CEL concentration in the fried shrimps firstly increased and then decreased to stabilization with more frying batches, with higher content in the outer layer of fried shrimps.

Correlation and variability analysis of yield and quality related traits in different peanut varieties across various ecological zones of China

Peanut cultivation in China spans various ecological zones, each with unique environmental conditions. Identifying suitable peanut varieties for these regions has been challenging due to significant phenotypic variations observed across environments. This study, based on a comprehensive analysis of 256 peanut varieties, selected nine representative varieties (Huayu23, Yuanza9102, Silihong, Wanhua2, Zhonghua6, Zhonghua16, Zhonghua21, Zhonghua215, Zhonghua24) for cultivation in five distinct ecological zones including Chengdu, Hefei, Nanjing, Shijiazhuang, and Wuhan. The yield and quality related phenotypic traits of these varieties were thoroughly assessed, revealing a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Principal component analysis (PCA) effectively distinguished varieties based on yield and quality traits. Strong correlations were observed between specific traits, such as seed size and quality components. The G ​× ​E interaction was evident, as some varieties consistently performed better in certain environments. Varieties with lower coefficient of variation (CV) values exhibited stable trait expression, making them reliable choices for broad cultivation. In contrast, varieties with higher CV values displayed greater sensitivity to environmental fluctuations, potentially due to specific genetic factors. Two high oleic acid varieties, Zhonghua24 and Zhonghua215, demonstrated remarkable stability in oleic acid content across diverse environments, suggesting the presence of genetic mechanisms that buffer against environmental variations. Overall, this study underscores the importance of selecting peanut varieties based on their adaptability and performance in specific ecological zones. These findings provide valuable insights for peanut breeders and farmers, facilitating informed decisions for improved crop production and quality.

Enhancing Immune-Mediated Radiotherapy Efficacy in Murine Models of Head and Neck Cancer through Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Modulation

The tumor microenvironment (TME) in HPV-unrelated head and neck cancer (HNC) is considered to be immunologically "cold," and immunometabolic adaptations to radiotherapy (RT) can exacerbate these conditions and lead to radioresistance. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) agonism may improve the immune response to RT by reducing glucose scarcity through upregulation of fatty acid utilization in cancer cells. Our clinical trial data shows that high serum oleic acid (OA), a PPAR ligand, correlates with response to radioimmunotherapy. Orthotopic buccal tumor implantations of MOC2 and LY2 HNC cell lines were performed in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, respectively. Mice were placed on a high OA diet (38% kcal from OA) 3 weeks prior to tumor implantation. Control diet consisted of 1% kcal from OA. In vitro RT was performed to characterize the metabolic effects on the cancer cell lines. For in vivo studies, tumors were irradiated upon reaching 100 mm^3 with three 8 Gy fractions, given every 4-5 days. The PPARα agonist fenofibrate (FF, 100mg/kg/day) was given via oral gavage or intraperitoneal injection starting 5 days after RT. Tumor volume and overall survival were measured as objective outcomes, and flow cytometry was used to characterize the immune landscape of the tumor, blood, and lymph nodes. Mass spectrometry was employed for bulk proteomics and metabolomics on serum samples, and stable isotope labeling was performed on CD8 T cells from treated mice ex vivo. Extracellular flux analyses were performed on tumor cells and CD8 T cells to determine metabolic phenotypic changes. In vitro cytotoxicity was met for MOC2 and LY2 cancer cells in 100 uM FF and OA in comparison to solvent (p<0.01). Extracellular flux analyses show that RT upregulates the glycolytic phenotype of MOC2 and LY2 cancer cells; and that FF and/or OA decrease the glycolytic capacity of the cancer cells. Ex vivo extracellular flux analyses showed increased glycolytic capacity of CD8 T cells in mice treated with FF in comparison to RT alone. RT in combination with FF significantly improved tumor volume response in comparison to RT alone (mean 99.4 vs 182.7 mm^3, p = 0.001) and was comparable to combination radioimmunotherapy (with anti-PDL1 therapy; mean 99.4 vs. 132.3 mm^3). Unexpectedly, OA negated this improvement in efficacy in both MOC2 and LY2 tumor models; mice on the high OA diet had significantly higher average body weight (p<0.01). Significant changes in adaptive immune response were observed within the TME with the addition of FF. This was mirrored by changes in serum metabolomics. PPARα agonism improved the efficacy of RT in murine HNC models and could be considered in future translational clinical trial design.

ScRNA-seq Reveals the Mechanism of Fatty Acid Desaturase 2 Mutation to Repress Leaf Growth in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.).

Fatty Acid Desaturase 2 (FAD2) controls the conversion of oleic acids into linoleic acids. Mutations in FAD2 not only increase the high-oleic content, but also repress the leaf growth. However, the mechanism by which FAD2 regulates the growth pathway has not been elucidated in peanut leaves with single-cell resolution. In this study, we isolated fad2 mutant leaf protoplast cells to perform single-cell RNA sequencing. Approximately 24,988 individual cells with 10,249 expressed genes were classified into five major cell types. A comparative analysis of 3495 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in distinct cell types demonstrated that fad2 inhibited the expression of the cytokinin synthesis gene LOG in vascular cells, thereby repressing leaf growth. Further, pseudo-time trajectory analysis indicated that fad2 repressed leaf cell differentiation, and cell-cycle evidence displayed that fad2 perturbed the normal cell cycle to induce the majority of cells to drop into the S phase. Additionally, important transcription factors were filtered from the DEG profiles that connected the network involved in high-oleic acid accumulation (WRKY6), activated the hormone pathway (WRKY23, ERF109), and potentially regulated leaf growth (ERF6, MYB102, WRKY30). Collectively, our study describes different gene atlases in high-oleic and normal peanut seedling leaves, providing novel biological insights to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the high-oleic peanut-associated agronomic trait at the single-cell level.

Green process for the preparation of resveratrol-containing high oleic acid peanut oil

Resveratrol (Res), a polyphenol compound with strong biological activity, is widely used in medicinal and health products. In this study, an innovative resveratrol high oleic peanut oil (Res-HOPO) was prepared utilizing self-developed cold pressing equipment and high oleic peanuts. The peanut roots were pretreated with four different methods, including ultra-fine crushing, ultrasound-treating, microwave-treating, and a combination of microwave-ultrasound-treating peanut roots. Under optimized conditions (microwave power of 15 W, ultrasound time of 28 min, and ultrasound power of 400 W), the Res-HOPO prepared by pretreating with a combination of microwave-ultrasound had the most Res (91.12 mg/kg). Except for the pretreated whole peanut roots, pretreating with microwave (40.49 mg/kg), ultrasound (39.03 mg/kg), and ultra-fine crushing of peanut root powder (22.57 mg/kg) resulted in the high Res content. The Res-HOPO had a satisfactory yield (40%), oleic acid content (74.05% ∼ 75.85%), no trans fatty acids, great physicochemical properties, higher nutritional value (4-fold increase in squalene and almost 10-fold increase in campesterol), an extended oxidation induction time (1.39 ∼ 22 times), and no heavy metals, pesticides, or aflatoxins. The four green pretreatment methods used for the preparation of Res-HOPO in this study were effective, which provided an innovative approach for developing nutritious and healthy edible oil.

Investigation of a membrane bioreactor's performances in treating sunflower oil refinery wastewater containing high oleic acid at different SRTs.

This study investigated the MBR performance, sludge morphology, and membrane fouling potential in treating sunflower oil refinery wastewater containing high oleic acid at three different SRTs of 10days, 40days, and infinite. The analysis of mixed liquor morphology including sludge volume index, PSD, EPS, and SMP showed that the sludge flocs compressibility and bioflocculation considerably improved at 40-days SRT. Additionally, at this SRT, the mixed liquor O&G, COD, and SMP accumulation were low, and the microbial activity and COD removal were enhanced. The gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis results confirmed the formation of three different new compounds related to non-readily biodegradable recalcitrant oily compounds and SMP at all SRTs. The analysis of mixed liquor EPS, PSD, SMP, and effluent COD at three different SRTs suggests that under the industrial conditions of MBR operation treating SORW with high oleic acid, the optimal operating conditions are predicted to be at 40-days SRT.

Selection of Agronomic Parameters and Construction of Prediction Models for Oleic Acid Contents in Rapeseed Using Hyperspectral Data

High oleic acid oilseed rape is a hot research area in the development of functional oilseed rape. At present, the model of predicting the oleic acid content in rapeseed at the early growth stage based on hyperspectral technology lacks a mechanistic explanation. In this study, based on the data collected at the 5–6 leaf stage of oilseed rape, a one-dimensional linear regression prediction model of the oleic acid content in leaves (x) and the oleic acid content in rapeseed (y) was constructed with the regression equation y = 1.83x + 75.26, and the R2, RMSE, and RPD of the testing set were 0.96, 0.23%, and 4.86, respectively. Then, a support vector regression prediction model of the spectral standard normal transformed feature parameters and the oleic acid content in leaves was constructed, and the R2, RMSE, and RPD of the testing set were 0.74, 0.21%, and 2.01, respectively. Finally, the sensitive parameter transfer model for the prediction of “spectral standard normal transform feature—oleic acid content in leaves—oleic acid content in rapeseed” was validated, and the R2, RMSE, and RPD of the full sample test were 0.71, 0.54%, and 0.54, respectively. The results show that although the accuracy of the prediction model after the introduction of the agronomic parameters was reduced compared with the performance of direct prediction by using spectra, the oleic acid content in oilseed rape leaves, as an important intermediate variable, could better explain the relationship between the reflection spectrum of the leaf and the oleic acid content in rapeseed. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for hyperspectral remote sensing technology in the quality prediction of rapeseed.

Elucidating Genetic Variability of Brassica napus L. Progenitors and Their Crosses for Enhanced Qualitative Traits

Evaluation of the breeding population is crucial for the selection of a superior genotype. Hence, the present study was conducted to assess genetic variation among five Brassica napus L. parents and their diallel hybrids to identify the best-performing parents and crosses. Heterosis and inbreeding depression were also assessed for the qualitative traits. Among the parental genotypes, Ancestor 2702 was identified as the best general combiner for protein (1.41%) and oleic acid content (1.21%). 2702×DUNCLED was the best specific combiner for oil content (0.78%), while 2702×2722 was recognized as best cross for linoleic acid content (1.3%). Similarly, DUNCLED×2702 was the best reciprocal cross for oil content (2.4%) and linoleic acid content (0.4 %), while P1-801×2702 was considered the best cross for protein content (2.2%) and oleic acid (1.7%). All the qualitative traits revealed a broad sense of heritability and non-additive type of gene action, which indicated the later generation selection for further improvement. High oleic acid content, preferred negative mid and best parent heterosis for erucic acid, glucosinolate and moisture contents was reported for 2702×DUNCLED. The favorable cross combination for protein and oil content was 2702×2722, which also yielded the positive mid and best parent heterosis. Inbreeding depression for qualitative traits ranged from -20.8% to 22.9%. It was concluded that among all the genotypes, accession 2702 was the best general, specific and reciprocal combiner, and the best parent heterosis for all traits when crossed with genotypes DUNCLED, P1-119 and 2722. It is also suggested that the screened crosses be carried to further generations to improve the quality related traits of Brassica napus. L.

Canola variety, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur fertilization affect yield, quality, and fatty acid profile

Canola yield and quality are important for food, feed, and industrial end-uses. There may be trade-offs between the agronomic and quality aspects of canola production depending on varietal traits and management. The objective of this work was to assess the effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) fertilization on agronomic and quality properties of canola varieties with distinct oleic acid contents. Nitrogen fertilization rates were 0, 25, 50, or 100 kg·ha−1, P rates were 0 or 30 kg·ha−1, and S rates were 0 or 20 kg·ha−1. Canola was grown in 2003, 2004, and 2005 at Brandon, a private farm close to Brandon, and at Lacombe, Canada. Canola yields averaged 2.36 t·ha−1 for conventional, 2.53 t·ha−1 for low, and 2.2 t·ha−1 for the high oleic acid varieties at maximum fertilization of N, P, and S. The high oleic acid variety averaged 75% oleic acid content, whereas the low variety averaged 65%, and the conventional variety 62%. Total saturated fatty acids were greatest with the conventional oleic acid variety, and tended to increase with N, decrease with S, and were not influenced by P. The high oleic acid variety yielded slightly less than the other two varieties but tended to have lower glucosinolate and saturated fatty acid contents. This work could have implications for human nutrition or other end-uses. Current canola varieties and fertility management should be studied to produce canola with quality tailored for the end use.

Molecular breeding to develop advanced lines with high oleic acid and pod yield in peanut

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important crop, and its seeds contain high amounts of protein and oil. The high oleic acid content of peanut oil provides prolonged shelf life and health benefits. Delta-12-desaturase (oleoyl-PC desaturase) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of oleic acid into linoleic acid and is coded by two homologs genes: ahFAD2A and ahFAD2B. It is known that plants with both point mutations (aabb) in these genes fail to produce Δ-12-desaturase enzyme cause to higher oleic acid. In this study, we employed marker-assisted breeding to develop high-oleic and high-pod-yield lines using a population sourced from crosses between a high-yield cultivar, NC-7 and an advanced high-oleic line, HOG. The oleic acid character of the parents was initially confirmed using molecular markers and fatty acid composition analyses. After crossing, two “true hybrids” were selected from the F1 generation with the use of an allele-specific marker. True hybrids were selfed and the fatty acids profiles of selected F2 plants with higher pod yield and seed length were determined. These two F2 populations (NH-2 and NH-3) having high levels of oleic acid were advanced to further generations. Single plants in F3 to F6 were selected and selfed based on seed yield and pod features. Finally, a total of 21 advanced inbred lines with high pod yields and oleic acid content of up to 83.3% were obtained. The ahFAD2B gene of selected high oleic lines were also sequenced and homozygous insertion was confirmed based on the reference genome. The oleic/linoleic ratio was increased to 39.0 with regard to cultivar NC-7, which was only 2.9. The advanced lines reported here showed combine high oleic content with desired agronomic traits and that this can meet the market demand for high-quality vegetable oil.