High Octane Value Research Articles

Tuning the amount of Sn0 around Ru to promote hydrodeoxygenation of furfural

2-methylfuran (2-MF) is a high-performance gasoline additive due to its high-octane value and good explosion resistance. In this study, cerium tin oxide solid solutions were prepared by a co-precipitation method. The selectivity of 2-MF and the conversion of furfural significantly improved after doping CeO2 with SnO2. 95 % yield of 2-MF was obtained on 5 %Ru/Ce0.975Sn0.025O2, compared to only 40 % yield on 5 %Ru/CeO2. The reaction rate of furfural over 5 %Ru/Ce0.975Sn0.025O2 was 4.9 times higher than that with 5 %Ru/CeO2. Characterizations show an increased concentration of SnO2 around Ru, and the ratio of Ruδ+/Ru reaches a maximum on 5 %Ru/Ce0.975Sn0.025O2. The binding energy shift of Ru0, Sn0, O, and Ce3+ indicates that the introduction of Sn plays an important role in regulating the interface between Ru and CeO2. The increase of Ruδ+/Ru ratio benefits the hydrodeoxygenation of furfural and contributes to the high yield of 2-MF. This study provides a highly active catalyst for the hydrodeoxygenation of furfural.

Biodiesel-Derived Waste Glycerol as a Green Template for Creating Mesopores in the ZSM-5 Catalyst for Aromatics Production Applications.

The present study provides a novel sustainable approach for the synthesis of the ZSM-5 catalyst using biodiesel-derived waste glycerol as a green template as well as a mesopore creator, which is here reported for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. The use of bioglycerol in the preparation of ZSM-5 (Zn-Z-G and Zn-Z-T) materials exhibited a typical MFI zeolite structure, indicating glycerol played a similar role to that of a typical (TPA+) template in the formation of the ZSM-5 zeolite structure. The Zn-Z-G material also exhibited a large mesopore in the ZSM-5 pore structure, suggesting that glycerol played both template and mesopore creator roles. Interestingly, Zn-Z-GT prepared by the dual-template route using bioglycerol along with typical TPA+ showed a MFI zeolite structure with special catalytic features such as hierarchical micromesopores and well-balanced acid sites. These results reveal that the use of bioglycerol along with a typical TPA+ template had a promotional effect on creating such special properties in the Zn-Z-GT material. The Zn-Z-GT catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic performance in the naphtha aromatization reaction, resulting in achieving ∼58 wt % of the aromatic product and useful gas byproduct (14 wt %) with a minimum coke content (∼4 wt %) in a 12 h reaction period ascribed to its combined effect of hierarchical micromesopores and well-balanced acidity with optimum Lewis acid sites. The liquid product possessing high alkyl-aromatics with a high octane value (RON ∼ 109) produced in the present study can be used as an octane booster for liquid gasoline. The high alkyl-aromatics (>50 wt %) content of the liquid product also attracts various petrochemical applications. The effective utilization of waste bioglycerol as a green template and mesopore creator for the preparation of Zn-Z-GT can exhibit sustainability in the resultant material.

Optimization of Bioethanol Production from Cassava through Fermentation Stimulant with Addition of Alpha-Amylase Enzyme

Bioethanol, as a substitute for fuel, presents significant advantages such as environmentally friendly exhaust emissions, high octane value, and a reduction in the use of hazardous additives. The utilization of carbohydrate-rich alternatives as bioethanol feedstock is gaining prominence, particularly root vegetables like cassava. The objective of this research is to obtain bioethanol from cassava through a fermentation stimulant process involving cellulase enzyme and Saccharomyces caravisiase. In the long term, the overarching goal is to establish an alternative energy source with bioethanol production technology derived from cassava. This study comprises three treatments, incorporating the addition of alpha-amylase enzyme at 0.5, 0.1, and 0.15 mL, with a fermentation duration of 56 hours. The research findings reveal that the addition of 0.5 mL of alpha-amylase enzyme produces optimal bioethanol with the highest yield. These results not only underscore the potential of cassava as a primary bioethanol feedstock but also make a significant contribution to the development of efficient and sustainable bioethanol production technology.

Efek Penambahan Etanol Pada Bahan Bakar Pertamax Terhadap Performa Motor Satria F 150

A type of renewable energy is ethanol. One of ethanol’s advantages is its very high octane value so that the combustion process in the combustion chamber can burn perfectly and reduce knocking. This study aims to analyze the effect of adding ethanol to Pertamax fuel on the performance of the satria F 150 motorcycle. The research method used is the experimental method, where the fuel tested is EX0 (Ethanol 0%: Pertamax 100%), EX5 (Ethanol 5%: Pertamax 95%), EX10 (Ethanol 10%: Pertamax 90%), EX15 (Ethanol 15%: Pertamax 85%) and EX20 (Ethanol 20%: Pertamax 80%). Based on the research results, the torque and power produced by EX0 fuel are 13.78 Nm and 10.73 kW, EX5 fuel is 13.63 Nm and 11.45 kW, EX10 is 15.18 Nm and 11.79 kW, EX15 is 15.45 Nm and 12.01 kW, and the EX20 is 15.20 Nm and 11.94 kW. The results for EX0, EX5, EX10, EX15, and E20 with the lowest specific fuel consumption were 0.110 kg/kWh for EX0, 0.104 kg/kWh for EX5, 0.081 kg/kWh for EX10, 0.073 kg/kWh for EX15, 0.099 kg/kWh for EX20. For the best performance, EX15 fuel is the best combination.

Modelling Fuel Cut Off Controller on CNG Engines Using Fuzzy Logic: A Prototype

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is an alternative solution to the limited availability of fossil energy. CNG use's advantages include high octane value, applicable to vehicles requiring large power, cost-effectiveness, and lower emissions. However, applying the old CNG kit leaves emission problems and fuel wastage during deceleration. Although numerous studies have been carried out with numerous variables to improve engine performance and emissions, reports regarding deceleration interventions are still limited. Therefore, this study proposes enhanced modeling to optimize the fuel cut-off controller by applying fuzzy logic by controlling the throttle valve position based on the input sensor of the engine. Engine dynamics, fuel characteristics, and intake systems are considered strictly in the development of the control system to obtain more precise results that refer to the complete combustion process. The designed model has advantages over previous studies, which focused on achieving CNG AFR stoichiometry to improve fuel economy by using the fuel cut-off method during deceleration. The results showed that fuel savings could be increased during deceleration by cutting off fuel flow to the engine. This can be seen from the increase in AFR ± 57% and decrease ± 38% - 67% in CNG flow rate during deceleration which is promising to be widely applied. In the future, the proposed model could be used as part of the vehicle component in optimizing the fuel consumption that will support green technology sustainability.

Analisis Kinerja Mikro Turbin Gas Bahan Bakar LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)

The Micro Gas Turbine is a device that functions to convert chemical energy from fuel from the combustion process into mechanical energy, which is then converted back to a generator to become electricity. This study aims to obtain the results of performance testing as well as the results of the comparison analysis of the Gas Turbine Micro from the design and testing of the assembly tool. The fuel used in this Gas Micro Turbine is LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas). The advantages of LPG are it is easy to obtain, has a high octane value so that the power generated is greater, has a high vapor pressure so there is no need to use a pump to drain it. The result of this research is that the addition of a fire source can increase the turbine inlet temperature although it is not significant because the fire does not burn continuously due to the compressor rotation being too forceful. In the first and second actual tool tests, the temperatures were 317.48K and 323.75 K, different from the results of the analysis on the ANSYS software where the temperature was 766 K and 793 K .

Combustion Conduct Of A Single-Cylinder Spark-Ignition Affected By Ethanol Fuel Mixtures of Supplement Hydroxy Gas (HHO)

Ethanol is an alternative fuel to replace fossil fuels. Ethanol's high octane value can substitute for power in spark-ignition engines (SI). Gasoline mixed with ethanol will reduce the calorific value generated and intensify the combustion process in the combustion chamber. Through the engine performance test, we can find out the increase in the performance of the SI engine. Several essential variables can improve engine performance, such as gasoline-ethanol variations, iridium spark plugs, and hydroxy gas generators (HHO). This research uses an experimental method by utilizing gasoline (octane-92)-ethanol variations (35%, 45%, and 55% v/v) with the intake of hydroxy gas during the combustion process. The SI automatic transmission engine has a capacity of 124.8 cubic centimeters (one cylinder-four stroke), a compression ratio of 11/1, fuel injection, and iridium spark plugs. Engine performance test using chassis dyno test with engine speed variations of 4000-9000 rpm. This study resulted in optimal performance on a 55% increase in gasoline-ethanol mixture with an intensify in output-power, pressure, and thermal efficiency at an engine-speed of 8000 rpm. It is contrary to the specific fuel consumption has decreased.

Batch and Continuous-Flow Preparation of Biomass-Derived Furfural Acetals over a TiO2 Nanoparticle-Exfoliated Montmorillonite Composite Catalyst.

Furfural acetals with high octane value, high calorific value and high oxidation resistance are considered promising biofuels or fuel precursors with huge potential demand. However, there are few studies on efficient scalable catalyst systems, including continuous-flow catalyst systems, for their preparation. In this work, TiO2 nanoparticles supported on exfoliated montmorillonite, with strong Lewis acid sites and abundant accessible Brønsted acid sites, is used to catalyze the acetalization reactions of biomass-derived furfural and alcohols. Low dosage of the catalyst made the reaction reach equilibrium in a very short time (TOF=690-1305 min-1 ) at room temperature with the acetal as the only product. In continuous-flow reactions, the catalyst showed a stable product output with conversion close to that for the batch reaction with a short catalyst-reactant contact time of 150 s. Contrast experiments revealed that both Lewis and Brønsted acid sites on the catalyst were indispensable for maximizing the catalytic performance, and simultaneously activating both furfural and alcohol on the adjacent Lewis and Brønsted acid sites was proposed to be responsible for the high catalytic performance.

Brake spesific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiensy, dan emisi gas buang mesin bensin EFI dengan sistem EGR berbahan bakar premium dan butanol

The increase in vehicle volume causes an increase in the use of gasoline fuel and air pollution. Therefore, alternative fuels such as butanol are one of the solutions to overcome this problem. Butanol has a high octane value and oxygen content so that the combustion process is more perfect and reduces exhaust emissions. The use of butanol is expected to improve engine performance and reduce exhaust emissions. The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of butanol on gasoline engines with the EGR system on Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), and exhaust emissions. Testing uses a Toyota Kijang 7K gasoline engine with an EFI fuel system. The percentage of butanol used is 5%, 10%, 15% in the condition without EGR, hot EGR, and cold EGR. The test is carried out at a fixed engine rotation speed of 2500 rpm. Retrieval of engine performance data using a dynamometer while the exhaust emissions using the GA analyzer. The test results showed the addition of butanol increased the BSFC value by 0.9% and BTE by 2%. However, a decrease occurred in CO emissions by 74.2% and HC by 33.6% compared to pure premium. The use of hot EGR decreased BSFC by 19.3% and BTE by 23.9%. The highest CO emissions were 3.23% while the highest HC emissions of 259 ppm occurred in the use of cold EGR. Keywords : butanol, EGR, BSFC, BTE, exhaust gas emissions

Pengaruh penambahan bioetanol dari mahkota nanas terhadap emisi gas buang pada mesin motor 4 langkah

Bioethanol is ethanol derived from plants that contain cellulose such as cassava, corn and sugar cane. The use of bioethanol aims to overcome the scarcity of fuel and reduce the use of fossil oil ingredients in Indonesia. The introduction of alternative energy is optimized by mixing fossil fuels with bioethanol. Therefore, the use of bioethanol as a renewable fuel is very good if because pure bioethanol has a high octane value of 118. Besides, bioethanol is also able to reduce the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, decrease Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) and hydrocarbon emissions compared to ordinary gasoline fuel. In this research, a mixture of Pertamax and Bioethanol with a mixture of variations, among others: pure Pertamax (E0), Pertamax mixture and bioethanol 5% (E5), bioethanol 10% (E10), and bioethanol 15% (E15). The fuel testing was carried out at the Environmental Service Laboratory using a 4-stroke Yamaha motorcycle brand. Mixing bioethanol as a fuel can reduce exhaust emissions from the combustion of motorcycle fuel 4 steps in all tests. The best test results obtained on the composition of the E10 fuel mixture with CO levels of 2.06%, CO2 levels of 6.96% and HC of 75 ppm. Keywords : Bioethanol, Gas Emissions, Hydrocarbons, Carbon Monoxide, Pertamax

THE EFFECT OF GASOLINE VARIATION AND GASKET THICKNESS VARIATION ON CYLINDER HEAD TO TORQUE AND POWER ON HONDA SUPRA X 125 FI MOTORCYCLES IN 2015

The purpose of this study are (1) To identify the effect of variations in gasoline to torque and power on Honda Supra X 125 FI motorbikes in 2015. (2) To identify the effect of cylinder head gasket thickness variations on torque and power on Honda Supra X 125 FI motorcycles 2015. (3) To identify the highest torque and power after making variation on the thickness of the cylinder head gasket by using a variety of gasoline on a Honda Supra X 125 FI motorcycle in 2015. This research used expertiment method. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that: (1) A higher octane value in the type of gasoline fuel affects torque and power on a Honda Supra X 125 FI motorcycle in 2015. (2) The thickness of the cylinder head gasket affects the torque and power on a Honda motorcycle Supra X 125 FI in 2015. Torque and power have decreased in thickness of two cylinders head gaskets (0.6 mm) and thickness of 3 cylinder head gaskets (0.9 mm). (3) A higher octane value in the type of gasoline fuel and the thickness of the cylinder head gasket affects the torque and power of the Honda Supra X 125 FI motorcycle in 2015. (4) By using Pertalite fuel on the thickness of the standard cylinder head gasket (0, 3 mm) can produce optimal torque that is equal to 11.60 Nm at 4730 rpm engine speed and optimal power that is equal to 11.1 HP at 8407 rpm engine speed on a Honda Supra X 125 FI motorcycle in 2015. To produce the optimal torque and power on Honda Supra X 125 FI motorcycle in 2015 it is sugested to use a pertalite fuel with the standard head cylinder gasket thickness

Pengaruh Penambahan Butanol Sebagai Campuran Bahan Bakar Premium Terhadap Torsi dan Daya Mesin Bensin Dengan Sistem EGR

Increased vehicle volume causes a high use of fossil fuels and increased exhaust emissions. Butanol is a renewable fuel that can replace fossil fuels. This is because butanol has better characteristics than gasoline such as high octane value and oxygen content. This results in a more complete combustion process in the combustion chamber so that engine torque and power increase. This study was to observe the effect of using butanol on torque and power in gasoline engines with the EGR system. This test is carried out using a constant engine speed of 2500 rpm. The percentage of butanol in premium fuel is 5%, 10% and 15% of the total fuel volume. The test results show that the addition of 5% butanol to premium fuel can increase torque by 4.88% using a cold EGR system. Engine power experienced the highest increase in the addition of 15% butanol using a cold EGR system of 15.6 kW.

Bioethanol production: insight into past, present and future perspectives

ABSTRACTThe use of ethanol as liquor since ancient times and later in the twentieth century as fuel has sparked a widespread interest in its production, more so since it shows great potential in areas including good biodegradability, and reduction in carbon dioxide (10–100%), carbon monoxide (25–30%) and particulate matter emission, as well as high-octane value (research octane number (RON)/motor octane number (MON), 108.6/88.6). The production of bioethanol from renewable resources and the combustion advantages for greener alternatives have led scientists around the world to develop cutting-edge technologies to achieve higher biomass conversion and, consequently, industrial-level yield and purity. Thus, production of bioethanol can also reduce the consumption of crude oil. Global ethanol production has increased to almost 41,000 million gallons, if recent market reviews are to be believed. Recent advances in technologies such as the use of agricultural wastes containing polysaccharides, or algal polysaccharides, and genetic manipulation to develop crops containing high carbon content, or to contain cellulase in their leaves, have opened a new horizon in bioethanol production. This review highlights the evolution in bioethanol development from first-generation production to the futuristic fourth-generation bioethanol production, the various constraints and challenges involved, and the scope for development.

Hazop Study and Fault Tree Analysis for Calculation Safety Integrity Level on Reactor-C.5-01, Oil Refinery Unit at Balikpapan-Indonesia

plat former reactors are reactors that are in the plat forming unit is designed for developing your specific hydrocarbon molecules that are used in catalytic engine fuel in boiling point range naphtha and fuel mixture to produce components with a higher octane value. Plat former reactor system failure may disrupt operations in the oil processing refinery unit. These circumstances will cause the supply plaformat as products of the plat forming unit valued high octane which is the main raw material of gasoline blending system is reduced. Resulting in decreased production consequency large losses. The failure of the reactor system can also be harmful to the operator, the environment and there is a possibility of reactor unit may explode. To avoid these risks we conducted studies identify hazards that occur in the process rector Hazard and operability (HAZOP) analysis and calculate the value of safety integrity level (SIL). In this study reviewed three nodes Overview consisting of node stage 1, stage 2 and stage 3. Based on the results of identification are thirteen instruments on the third node, which includes equipment; PC-193, FI-005, PC-194 and FI-010. Standards-based Service Oriented systems have Unacceptable risk criteria and the criteria of likelihood 4 Consequences worth three. As for the evaluation of SIL is known that C-5-01 reactor system has two safety Integrity Function (SIS) located in the path of fuel gas and pilot gas lines of the reactor heater. Both SIS has a vote = 1oo3 architecture with similar characteristics, and a review of the SIS has a security level SIL = 2 with a value of PFD = 0.00103.

Current technologies, economics, and perspectives for 2,5-dimethylfuran production from biomass-derived intermediates.

Since the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) published a perspective article that described the potential of the top ten biomass-derived platform chemicals as petroleum replacements for high-value commodity and specialty chemicals, researchers around the world have been motivated to develop technologies for the conversion of biomass and biomass-derived intermediates into chemicals and fuels. Among several biorefinery processes, the conversion of biomass carbohydrates into 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) has received significant attention because of its low oxygen content, high energy content, and high octane value. DMF can further serve as a petroleum-replacement, biorenewable feedstock for the production of p-xylene (pX). In this review, we aim specifically to present a concise and up-to-date analysis of DMF production technologies with a critical discussion on catalytic systems, mechanistic insight, and process economics, which includes sensitivity analysis, so that more effective catalysts can be designed. Special emphasis has been given to bifunctional catalysts that improve DMF yields and selectivity and the synergistic effect of the bifunctional sites. Process economics for the current processes and the scope for further improvement are discussed. It is anticipated that the chemistry detailed in this review will guide researchers to develop more practical catalytic processes to enable the economic production of bio-based DMF. Processes for the upgrade of DMF to pX are also described.

Zinc-assisted hydrodeoxygenation of biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-dimethylfuran.

2,5-Dimethylfuran (DMF), a promising cellulosic biofuel candidate from biomass derived intermediates, has received significant attention because of its low oxygen content, high energy density, and high octane value. A bimetallic catalyst combination containing a Lewis-acidic Zn(II) and Pd/C components is effective for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) to DMF with high conversion (99%) and selectivity (85% DMF). Control experiments for evaluating the roles of zinc and palladium revealed that ZnCl2 alone did not catalyze the reaction, whereas Pd/C produced 60% less DMF than the combination of both metals. The presence of Lewis acidic component (Zn) was also found to be beneficial for HMF HDO with Ru/C catalyst, but the synergistic effect between the two metal components is more pronounced for the Pd/Zn system than the Ru/Zn. A comparative analysis of the Pd/Zn/C catalyst to previously reported catalytic systems show that the Pd/Zn system containing at least four times less precious metal than the reported catalysts gives comparable or better DMF yields. The catalyst shows excellent recyclability up to 4 cycles, followed by a deactivation, which could be due to coke formation on the catalyst surface. The effectiveness of this combined bimetallic catalyst has also been tested for one-pot conversion of fructose to DMF.

Advances in the aqueous-phase hydroformylation of olefins from a refinery naphtha cut: The effect of monoethanolamine in the catalytic activity of the Rh/TPPTS system

In the present work we report the effect of monoethanolamine (MEA) in the biphasic hydroformylation of the olefin content in a real light naphtha cut from “El Palito” refinery in Venezuela using the Rh/TPPTS system. It was found that the MEA increased dramatically the solubility of a 1:1 mixture of H2:CO up to 27% compared with pure water which resulted in a 10 fold increase in the reaction rate. There was spectroscopic evidence of the coordination of the MEA to the rhodium centre. This accelerated reaction allowed for the redesign of a pilot-scale naphtha hydroformylation plant with 55% smaller reactors. The aldehydes obtained were predominantly C7 branched with high octane-value, evidencing that the biphasic reaction is a green technological alternative to the toxic additive currently use in gasoline formulations such as TAME and MTBE.

A Study Of Hospital Based Social WorkersIn The UK: The Importance Of VerbalCommunication In This Community

In a study of hospital based social workers in the UK verbal communication within the community was found to be of high octane value. Nine out of ten social workers sought information on a daily basis from their team managers or other social and healthcare professionals. The use of verbal communication is of paramount importance and defined their particular culture, which is practice and not research based. The study found that the social workers did not think themselves without IT and information searching skills or that they were computer illiterate. The major problem was lack of access to computer facilities and the Internet. These findings were compounded by the fact that the social workers were working in multidisciplinary teams with health professionals who have access to these facilities. Solutions to empower the social workers and reduce the differential in terms of I.T and information provision with healthcare colleagues included: gaining access to on-site library and information services; negotiating Service Level Agreements; and establishing a new role for Information and Library professionals to identify information management, service delivery and training needs.

Process configurations for the production of the 2-methoxy-2,4,4-trimethylpentane—a novel gasoline oxygenate

A comparison of various process configurations was made for the production of 2-methoxy-2,4,4-trimethylpentane, which is a promising gasoline component owing low solubility to water and high octane value. The ether is synthesised by reacting methanol with a mixture of 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene and 2,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentene, which are obtained in large scale from the dimerisation of isobutene. The reaction equilibria were determined experimentally at temperature range 323–383 K in liquid phase using a commercial cation exchange resin Amberlyst 35 as catalyst. A first order kinetic model was developed and utilised in the process simulations. The production of the ether was found to be inefficient in a once through tubular reactor, because the conversion is strongly limited by the reaction equilibrium. Considerably higher conversion and more economical process are obtained by using reactive distillation in the process schema.

Suppression of Secondary Reactions During n-Butene Dimerization to Gasoline Blending Components

There are 72 isomers of the octene molecules and only a small number of them have high value as a blending octane component in gasoline. The amorphous silica alumina catalyst used for selectively dimerizing octenes from linear butenes can itself isomerize the target species. It is demonstrated that this process of equilibration leads to an overall reduction of the blending octane number. This is dependent on the different reactivities of octene isomers over the catalyst under dimerization conditions. The boundary between double bond and skeletal isomerization is explored. The linear octenes have a much higher threshold for isomerization than the branched (high octane value) species. In addition, those higher order oligomers (almost exclusively trimers and tetramers) with a large number of allylic hydrogens are considerably more reactive, but this is partially offset at higher temperatures by cracking back down to dimers. A mixture of selective dimerization and associated oligomer cracking emerges as the most promising route for upgrading a mixed butene monomer feed.