High-octane Gasoline Research Articles

Effect of the Cr2O3 Promoter on Pt/WO3-ZrO2 Catalysts for n-Heptane Isomerization

Isomerate, the product of a light naphtha Isomerization unit, is a clean, high-octane gasoline blending component, which is free of sulfur content, aromatics, and olefins. However, the isomerization of the long-chain alkanes, such as n-heptane, is pretty difficult. As a result, this process has not been commercialized yet. In recent years, much attention has been paid to Pt/WO3/ZrO2 as an n-heptane isomerization catalyst due to its good thermal stability, strong acidity, simplicity of preparation, reusability and good isomerization activity. In this work, the Pt/WO3/ZrO2 catalyst was modified by various loading of metal Cr to improve the catalytic performance. The effects of WO3 content, Cr metal loading and calcination temperature on the catalyst characters and catalytic activity were studied. It is shown that Cr-Pt/WO3/ZrO2 with the loading of 18 wt% WO3 and 1.0–1.4 wt% Cr, prepared at the calcination temperature of 800 °C, has the highest activity. It was found that the octane number increases by 28 units through the isomerization of light naphtha feedstocks. In addition, the study on the stability of Cr-Pt/WO3/ZrO2 indicates that the catalyst is not deactivated after 500 h of the n-heptane isomerization reaction.

Development of high-tech production of high-octane components of motor fuel from renewable vegetable raw materials

In work are studied development of new oxygen-containing high-octane fuel compositions. The short review of comparisons of the main indicators is presented. In this article is shown need of development of production of octane additives. Receiving high-octane gasolines with use of components of the fuels alternative oil, the solution of these questions can become use of alcohols as additives to traditional gasoline, and first of all the ethyl alcohol produced from renewable sources of raw materialsThe goal can be carried out by means of modeling of technological processes. Using a software package of "UnisimDesign" we will make modeling of process of receiving isoamyl alcohol. In a basis of universal system of modeling of "UnisimDesign" the general principles of calculations of material and thermal balances of technological schemes are underlain.On the calculated scheme 1 isoamyl alcohol which is used in the form of additive to motor fuels is emitted one target product. However contained in fusel oils butanol also has broad application. Butanol is applied as solvent to paints, he is a part of brake fluids, industrial detergents. But at allocation of a butanol we face a problem, fusel oils contain water and form azeotrope mixes. For the solution of this problem we suggest to enter into initial raw materials hexane, in the ratio 1:1. It will allow us to allocate besides isoamyl alcohol and butanol. Modeling of process of division of fusel oils I have shown a possibility of allocation of two demanded target products. The technological scheme of installation of division of fusel oils is provided in work. Constructive characteristics of the columned equipment are calculated, material and thermal balances of installation are.

Production of high-octane gasoline via hydrodeoxygenation of sorbitol over palladium-based bimetallic catalysts

A methodology for the synthesis of gasoline-range fuels from carbon neutral resources is introduced. Sorbitol, a sugar-based compound, was employed as a raw material because the compound is readily obtained from cellulose. Gasoline-range hydrocarbons were produced via hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) on zirconium phosphate-supported Pd-bimetallic (Pt−Pd, Ru−Pd, Ni−Pd, Fe−Pd, Co−Pd, W−Pd) catalysts. Among the tested catalysts, the bimetallic W−Pd/ZrP catalyst exhibited the highest yield of gasoline products, peaking at ∼70%. However, with the bimetallic Fe−Pd and Co−Pd catalysts, high-octane gasoline products were made (research octane number (RON) of the products was higher than 100). The Fe−Pd catalyst also showed the highest initial activity for the HDO of sorbitol. This study demonstrates that HDO in the Pd-system is a promising option to produce high-quality gasoline-range hydrocarbons from lignocellulosic biomass.

Analysis of auto-ignition characteristics of low-alcohol/iso-octane blends using combined chemical kinetics mechanisms

Knocking combustion is mainly caused by auto-ignition of the end gas in spark-ignition (SI) engines. It not only leads to severe engine damage, but also can reduce thermal efficiency and constrain engine performance. As high-octane gasoline additives, the auto-ignition characteristics of low-alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol and n-butanol, and their blends with iso-octane fuels are analyzed under the conditions of the end gas. Moreover, the effects of what mechanism that promots and inhibits low-alcohols effects on auto-ignition characteristics of iso-octane is studied based on detailed chemical kinetics mechanisms. First, the low-alcohols mechanisms are validated and selected by comparing the predicted ignition delay times of the end gas with the corresponding experimental data under different target conditions of lower temperature and high pressure. From there, the auto-ignition characteristics of low-alcohol are analyzed to predict the knock tendency of fuels. In addition, the reactivity of low-alcohol/iso-octane blends is analyzed by comparing the CA50 contours of different fuels under various intake temperature and pressure conditions. It is found that the n-butanol and iso-octane have stronger auto-ignition characteristics than methanol and ethanol, revealing that methanol and ethanol have higher anti-knock properties. For further explaining the effect of low-alcohols on the anti-knock performance of low-alcohol/iso-octane fuels, the key reaction pathways for the low-temperature reaction of low-alcohol/iso-octane fuels is studied. Studies show that metastable products, such as aldehydes and ketones, produced by the chain propagation can delay the auto-ignition process and reduce the low temperature reactivity of blended fuels, when methanol and ethanol fuels are added to iso-octane. But the reaction rate of the system is accelerated, and the ignition time of the blended fuel is significantly earlier than that of iso-octane after the addition of n-butanol in iso-octane.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pyrolysis of gasoline surrogates (n-heptane/iso-octane/toluene)

Toluene primary reference fuels (TPRFs), i.e., a ternary mixture of toluene, n-heptane and iso-octane, better match the combustion properties of real gasoline fuels compared to simpler binary n-heptane/iso-octane mixtures. While there has been significant research on combustion of n-heptane/iso-octane mixtures, fundamental data characterizing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) formation in TPRFs combustion is lacking, especially under pyrolysis conditions. In this work, the pyrolysis of two TPRF mixtures (TPRF70 and TPRF97.5), representing low octane (research octane number 70) and high octane (research octane number 97.5) gasolines, respectively, was studied in a jet-stirred reactor coupled with gas chromatography (GC) analysis and a flow reactor coupled with synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization molecular beam mass spectrometry (SVUV-PI-MBMS). The experiments indicate that pyrolysis of TPRF70 produced slightly higher benzene and naphthalene than TPRF97.5. In contrast, TPRF97.5 pyrolysis produced slightly higher phenanthrene and pyrene than TPRF70. The mole fraction profiles of aromatics from benzene to pyrene were used to validate TPRF kinetic models from the literature. Specifically, the KAUST-Aramco PAH Mech 1-GS kinetic model was updated to match and elucidate the experimental observations. The kinetic analysis reveals that propargyl radical is a crucial intermediate forming benzene and naphthalene, while benzyl radical, generated from the dehydrogenation of toluene, plays an important role in formation of larger PAHs.

Assessment of the current state and tendency on diversification of development of the basket of oil products at the oil processing entities of Russia

The current state of oil-processing industry is reflected in this article, the main problems of the entities of the Orenburg region are considered. Foreign experience of functioning of the largest world companies is given as comparison and carrying out the detailed analysis (ExxonMobile, Shell, BP, etc.). It is revealed that the production relation at the leading energy industries world companies to conversion is less «1» that speaks about their orientation on high loading and deep conversion while on domestic enterprises this indicator is more than «1». That is the Russian entities are generally export-oriented. Besides, the oil-processing industry of the Orenburg region is characterized by high wearing of fixed assets, low depth of conversion, a high share of «dark» oil products in the total amount of products and as a result – low «light», that is the share products with a high value added is extremely small. In work are developed for liquidation of this imbalance and certain measures, including, measures of tax incentives of release of high-quality (high-octane) products are proposed for implementation. At the same time, at the oil processing entities of the region positive shifts are already distinctly traced: by the leading scientific institutes of the country (CJSC Neftekhimproekt, PJSC Samaraneftekhimproyekt, PJSC NPP Neftekhim, etc.) based on the accumulated domestic and international experience, it is developed and the development program of industries of this industry is implemented, positive dynamics of growth of amounts of oil refining, gradual improvement of quality of the issued motor fuels due to a construction new and upgrades of the existing objects, refusal of production of ethylated motor gasolines, increase in a share of release of the high octane gasolines and environmentally friendly diesel fuels corresponding to quality of euro-5 is traced. Authors consider that the package of measures given in this article will provide a way to innovative and technology development not only oil-processing industry of the region, but also national economies in general.

Discovery and Evolution of Polyoxopalladates.

Noble metal catalysts, in particular palladium-containing materials, are of prime commercial interest, because of their role as oxidation catalysts in automobile emission-control systems and reforming catalysts for the production of high-octane gasoline. However, despite almost two centuries of research, the precise structure of such materials is still ill-defined on the sub-nanometer scale, which severely limits the understanding of the underlying catalytic mechanisms. As a burgeoning class of structurally well-defined noble metal oxide nanoclusters, polyoxopalladates (POPs) have been highly rated as ideal models to fully decipher the molecular mechanism of noble metal-based catalysis. Being at the frontier of polyoxometalates (POMs), the chemistry of POPs, which are based exclusively on PdII centers as addenda is currently progressing rapidly, owing to their structural and compositional novelty, high solution stability, combined with promising applications especially as noble metal-based catalysts. Controlled hydrolysis-condensation processes of square-planar PdIIO4 units in the presence of external oxyacid heterogroups (e.g., AsO43-, PO43-, and SeO32-) drive the self-assembly of such discrete, polynuclear PdII-oxo nanoclusters in facile one-pot reactions using aqueous solvents. By now, more than 70 POPs have been discovered, encompassing a large structural variety, including cube, star, bowl, dumbbell, wheel, and open-shell archetypes. Moreover, the POP cages can serve as adaptable molecular containers for encapsulation/interaction with a range of metallic elements across the s, p, d, and f blocks of the periodic table, resulting in a library of host-guest assemblies of varying shapes and sizes. Besides a delicate balance of experimental variables, the fine-tuning of POP structure, composition, and properties is possible by systematic replacement of the metal ion guest and/or the capping heterogroups. Besides, nearly all POPs obtained so far could be perfectly rationalized by theoretical calculations, and even prediction of the design and synthesis of new POP structures is possible. The excellent stability of POPs in the solid state and in solution (both aqueous and organic media) and gas phase allows for applications mainly in homo- and heterogeneous catalysis or as molecular precursors for monodisperse nanoparticles via an ingenious bottom-up route for functional nanotechnology. Apart from catalysis, owing to the unique structural features of POPs, other areas of interest exist, for example, in magnetism as molecular spin qubits and in biology as aqueous-phase macromolecular models. Overall, as a distinct subclass of POMs, POPs not only integrate the advantages of tunable shape, size, composition, solution stability, redox activity, and facile synthetic procedures, but drive immense potential for achieving an atom-to-atom fabrication and modulation of nanostructures as well, thereby providing models for unveiling mechanistic insight of noble metal-based catalysis at the molecular level, which will, in turn, guide the programmed assembly of nanomaterials with improved performance in a controllable manner. This Account is directed to cover the main structural types of POPs and to discuss the structure-directing template effects induced by the guest ions on the resultant host-guest assemblies.

Light Cycle Oil Upgrading to High Quality Fuels and Petrochemicals: A Review

The processing of light cycle oil (LCO) for diesel fuel production by the hydrotreating (HDT) process is under general re-evaluation because of current stringent environmental regulations. The low-quality of LCO with high sulfur and nitrogen, and a high percentage of diaromatic hydrocarbons, limits the possible upgrading alternatives. A HDT step, involving hydrodesulfurization, hydrodenitrogenation, and partial hydrodearomatization, is combined with a hydrocracking (HYC) step for producing (1) high-quality fuels (high-octane gasoline and ultralow sulfur diesel) and a (2) benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX) enriched fraction. In this review studies regarding the HDT-HYC process for producing such products from real feedstocks are considered, with the aim to provide the state of the art developments for LCO upgrading.

Influence of UV-Activation of Modified Zeolite Catalysts on Their Physicochemical and Catalytic Properties in Their Process of Getting High-Octane Gasoline Components

The influence of UV-irradiation by an XeCl excimer lamp on the physicochemical and catalytic properties of MFI-type high-silica zeolites modified by cobalt tungsto- and molybdobismuthates in the process of getting high-octane gosoline components is studied. It is show that the concentration of acidic centers can be increased by 76%; the arene yield, by 4-13 wt%; and the octane number of the products, by 2-3 points as compared with starting zeolite if cobalt tungstobismuthate heteropoly compound (1 wt%) is used as the modifier and the material is activated by UV-irradiation for 24 min. It is established that UV-irradiation of modified zeolites increases the concentration of acidic centers and decreases the adsorption capacity and specific surface area.

The catalytic naphtha reforming process: hydrodesulfurization, catalysts and zeoforming

High-octane gasoline production by catalytic naphtha reforming is a major process in the petroleum industry. Sulfur components involved in the reforming process are causing pollutions and catalyst poisoning. Hydrodesulfurization has been developed to remove sulfur species from naphtha. Bimetallic and trimetallic catalysts are used to improve the naphtha reforming. Another solution to produce gasoline is the zeoforming process, which involves zeolites. This article reviews the naphta reforming reaction.

Об особенностях и эффективности применения абсорбционной оптической спектроскопии в контроле технологического процесса производства высокооктановых бензинов

Об особенностях и эффективности применения абсорбционной оптической спектроскопии в контроле технологического процесса производства высокооктановых бензинов

Leveraging the benefits of ethanol in advanced engine-fuel systems

Ethanol is one of the most desirable fuels for spark-ignition engines. It offers high-octane quality and a latent heat of vaporization that is four times greater than gasoline on a stoichiometric basis. Anhydrous ethanol can also readily be blended into oil-based fuels, thereby enabling improved engine efficiency and reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, the use of ethanol is currently constrained by low yield production processes and a reliance on considerable amounts of arable land to cultivate the most widely utilized feedstocks. These challenges could be addressed if ethanol was instead derived synthetically from petroleum-based feedstocks. This paper presents a comparative well-to-wheel assessment for three different engine-fuel systems that leverage the benefits of ethanol which has been derived synthetically and from the fermentation of biomass. In the baseline case, anhydrous ethanol (99.5% by volume) derived from corn is used to produce a high-octane E30 gasoline (RON 101). The alternative case considers synthetic hydrous ethanol (∼90% by volume) which is derived from direct hydration of ethene in a crude oil refinery. Hydrous ethanol is immiscible in gasoline, and is therefore utilized as a high-octane fuel for the Octane-on-Demand concept. The same engine-fuel system operated on anhydrous bioethanol is also considered for comparative purposes. Single cylinder engine tests are first used to characterize the specific fuel consumption and CO2 emissions for the different engine-fuel systems. This data is then used to construct fuel consumption maps to simulate the drive cycle fuel economy of a light-duty vehicle. Finally, the well-to-wheel GHG emissions are computed, with consequent uncertainties assessed using Monte Carlo analysis. The results demonstrate that the well-to-wheel GHG emissions for the three different engine-fuel systems are generally comparable. This is despite the Octane-on-Demand cases offering improved drive cycle fuel economy with respect to the E30 gasoline. These outcomes are shown to be largely insensitive to uncertainties in the upstream fuel production GHG emissions. Overall, this suggests that the use of synthetic ethanol in advanced engine-fuel systems could supplement bioethanol derived from first and second generation feedstocks in the future transport energy mix.

A Novel Study of Upgrading Catalytic Reforming Unit by Improving Catalyst Regeneration Process to Enhance Aromatic Compounds, Hydrogen Production, and Hydrogen Purity

Catalytic reforming is a chemical process utilized in petroleum refineries to convert naphtha, typically having low octane ratings, into high octane liquid products, called reformates, which are components of high octane gasoline. In this study, a mathematical model was developed for simulation of semi-regenerative catalytic reforming unit and the result of the proposed model was compared with the plant data to verify accuracy of the model. Then, an extra fixed bed reactor was added for upgrading the semi-regenerative process to cyclic process. The optimal condition of the cyclic process was calculated mathematically. The results show that the proposed configuration is capable to enhance the octane number, yield of product, hydrogen production rate, and hydrogen purity by 1.5%, 7.14%, 8.1%, and 13.2%, respectively. The modifications improve the performance in comparison with the current facilities. The results indicate that aromatic and hydrogen production and hydrogen purity improve in comparison with the semi-regenerative reformatting process. Due to the additional swing reactor, which is a spare one, each of the reactors must be removed for regeneration process and, then, be replaced with a rebuilt one.

Hydride Transfer versus Deprotonation Kinetics in the Isobutane-Propene Alkylation Reaction: A Computational Study.

The alkylation of isobutane with light alkenes plays an essential role in modern petrochemical processes for the production of high-octane gasoline. In this study we have employed periodic DFT calculations combined with microkinetic simulations to investigate the complex reaction mechanism of isobutane–propene alkylation catalyzed by zeolitic solid acids. Particular emphasis was given to addressing the selectivity of the alkylate formation versus alkene formation, which requires a high rate of hydride transfer in comparison to the competitive oligomerization and deprotonation reactions resulting in catalyst deactivation. Our calculations reveal that hydride transfer from isobutane to a carbenium ion occurs via a concerted C–C bond formation between a tert-butyl fragment and an additional olefin, or via deprotonation of the tert-butyl fragment to generate isobutene. A combination of high isobutane concentration and low propene concentration at the reaction center favor the selective alkylation. The key reaction step that has to be suppressed to increase the catalyst lifetime is the deprotonation of carbenium intermediates that are part of the hydride transfer reaction cycle.

Analysis of the Dynamic Characteristics of the Distillation Column of Plate Type

The relevance of the study related to the necessity to convert to “unmanned” production in a refinery and, as a consequence, we must derive a mathematical model of the high-octane gasoline process. This paper introduces a calculation procedure for modelling and dynamic analysis of a condensate disti

Hydropurification of Catalytically Cracked Gasoline

<p>New polyfunctional catalysts for hydrodesulphurization, hydroisomerization and hydrogenation of catalytically cracked gasoline have been developed. The activity of synthesized catalysts was studied for the above processes in flow conditions on a fixed bed at various temperatures and space velocities of the feed. Activity of studied catalysts depends on the nature of modified additives. Catalyst KT-17 modified by the zeolites HZSM-5, HY and other additives have high hydro-desulfurisation, hydroisomerization and hydrogenation activities compared to catalyst KT-18. The residual sulphur content is less than 0.01% in processed gasoline which corresponds to European standards. Decreasing of concentration of olefin with high octane numbers has small influence on octane number of catalytically cracked gasoline hydro-treated on KT catalysts. It is related with high degree of isomerisation of n-alkanes to isoalkanes. Temperature interval of 320-380°C is found to be suitable for high hydro-desulfurisation activity.with simultanesous decrease of olefin content and increasing isoalkanes concentration. Increasing of space velocity of raw material feed from 2.0 to 6.0 hour<sup>-1</sup> results in decreasing of desulfurisation degree from 97.3 to 91.1% and output of isoalkanes from 43.1 to 37.0%, increasing of olefins content in the reaction products from 11.9 to 33.0%. Catalysts KT-17 and KT-18 have poly-functional properties; reactions of hydro-desulfurisation, hydro-isomerisation and hydrogenation take place simultaneously and allow producing low sulfur, high octane and stable gasoline.</p>

Maximizing the benefits of high octane fuels in spark-ignition engines

Higher octane gasoline will be an important factor in enabling future spark-ignition engines to meet increasingly stringent fuel economy and CO2 emissions requirements. The most effective method to raise the octane ‘floor’ of regular grade gasoline is through the use high octane blend components, such as methanol and ethanol. However, this is often limited by the negative effects associated with energy density, phase separation and cold engine starting. This paper therefore examines the optimal way to leverage the most widely available high octane fuels to improve the performance and environmental impact of light-duty vehicles. A comprehensive set of baseline engine data is first presented for two splash-blended gasolines containing ethanol (E10 and E30). The octane quality of these fuels (RON 93 and 101) has been raised by directly displacing the gasoline blendstock (RON 90) with higher octane ethanol (RON ∼109). The two splash-blended gasolines are compared with the Octane-on-Demand concept, which instead leverages only the necessary amount of high octane fuel when the octane requirement of the engine exceeds the level that can be provided by the oil-derived base fuel. The same gasoline blendstock is used in both cases, thus enabling the leveraging effect of the high octane fuels in the Octane-on-Demand configuration to be directly quantified. The results demonstrate that the Octane-on-Demand concept used in conjunction with either methanol or ethanol provides comparable or lower specific CO2 emissions to the E30 gasoline, with up to a 10% improvement in specific fuel consumption. The use of a non-traditional engine calibration strategy that maximizes the trade-off between thermal efficiency and fuel energy density also enables the amount of high octane fuel required to suppress knock to be reduced by at least 25%, with methanol offering the greatest benefits. This however comes at the expense of marginally higher specific CO2 emissions than could otherwise be achieved. Overall, this work suggests that powertrains designed around the Octane-on-Demand concept may provide greater social and environmental benefits than those designed for high octane splash-blended gasolines with significant methanol or ethanol content.

Development and introduction of a highly efficient catalyst for the butane–butylene fraction oligomerization process for the production of a high-octane automobile gasoline compound

The main stages in developing a technology for the production of high-silica ZSM-5 zeolite-based catalyst for the butane–butylene fraction (BBF) oligomerization process are described. The application of a new zeolite surface modification procedure allows the attainment of higher selectivity and target product yields (compared to familiar analogs) and the synthesis of more branched (and thus more high-octane) oligomers at lower pressures. The introduction of promoting metal Ga raises the target gasoline fraction yield by 0.9%, compared to the unpromoted catalyst. Comparative pilot tests of industrial (BAK-70U) and the developed (Ga-ZSM-5/Al2O3) BBF oligomerization catalysts are performed under the following conditions: pressure, 1.5 MPa; initial working temperature, 300°C; feedstock hourly space velocity (FHSV), 1.5 mL BBF/(mL cat h). It is shown that using modified ZSM-5 based catalyst results in a gasoline fraction yield 7% higher than with BAK-70U. The higher quality of the oligomerizate obtained on Ga-ZSM-5/Al2O3 is observed throughout the period of tests (191 h): MON is 2 points higher, and the concentration of gums is 50% lower. The results from these studies and tests are used for the development and industrial implementation of a technology for the production of the KOB-1 zeolite oligomerization catalyst: 2.5 t of industrial catalyst has been produced by September of 2016 at the industrial facilities of ZAO Redkino Catalyst Plant. The next important stage in the implementation of the Gazprom Netf innovative development strategy in oil refining is a pilot run of the new oligomerization catalyst in the combined industrial MTBE–oligomerizate production plant of Gazprom Neft Moscow Oil Refinery. The introduction of the KOB-1 catalyst at the Gazprom Neft Oil Refinery will be an important step in improving the efficiency of technologies for the production of high-margin products, especially compounds of commercial automobile gasoline.

Exploring structural features of USY zeolite in the catalytic cracking of Jatropha Curcas L. seed oil towards higher gasoline/diesel yield and lower CO2 emission

Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is one of the main processes for gasoline/diesel production in the oil refining industry, it is a challenge to design catalyst towards high gasoline/diesel yield and low coke formation (i.e. lower CO2 emission). Take this into account, a set of ultra-stable Y (USY) zeolites with varied mesopore structures were designed and prepared for the catalytic cracking of a renewable oil source Jatropha Curcas L. seed oil (JCO). Reaction temperature and catalyst-to-oil (C/O) ratio were also investigated. It was found that, the catalyst with larger mesopore volume showed enhanced gasoline/diesel selectivities, higher olefins and lower aromatics yield in gasoline which gave rise to lower octane number. The catalyst with smaller mesopore volume enhanced hydride transfer activity, and gave the lowest coke yield and the highest octane number. To obtain high gasoline/diesel yield, large USY mesopore volume, low reaction temperature and low C/O ratio is required. With the aim of low coking and high octane gasoline, small USY mesopore volume, moderate reaction temperature (such as 480°C) and moderate C/O ratio (such as 6, wt/wt) is good choice for gasoline/diesel production via JCO catalytic cracking. As such, the catalyst prepared from mesoporous USY may find application for obtaining liquid hydrocarbon fuels from JCO.

Quantities of Interest in Jet Stirred Reactor Oxidation of a High-Octane Gasoline

This work examines the oxidation of a well-characterized, high-octane-number FACE (fuel for advanced combustion engines) F gasoline. Oxidation experiments were performed in a jet-stirred reactor (JSR) for FACE F gasoline under the following conditions: pressure, 10 bar; temperature, 530–1250 K; residence time, 0.7s; equivalence ratios, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0. Detailed species profiles were achieved by identification and quantification from gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). Four surrogates, with physical and chemical properties that mimic the real fuel properties, were used for simulations, with a detailed gasoline surrogate kinetic model. Fuel and species profiles were well-captured and -predicted by comparisons between experimental results and surrogate simulations. Further analysis was performed using a quantities of interest (QoI) approach to show the differences between experimental and simulation results and to evaluate the gasoline surro...