High Frequency Of Occurrence Research Articles

On farm inoculation of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improves efficiency in increasing sugarcane productivity in the field

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inoculation of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) multiplied on farm in the productivity and quality of different cultivars of sugarcane (Saccharum ssp.) in field conditions by three ratoons. The experimental design was of randomized blocks, in factorial scheme 6 × 2: six cultivars (CTC 1, CTC 7, CTC 9, CTC 16, SP89-1115 and RB925345), with and without AMF inoculation, in three ratoons. The AMF species mix, used to compose the inoculant, were collected from the experimental area, multiplied in trap culture, and applied to the sugarcane planting line. To assess the effectiveness of establishing mycorrhizal symbiosis, root mycorrhizal colonization (MC), spore density (SD), and AMF diversity were quantified. Sugarcane productivity and quality were also obtained by quantifying of the vegetative and technological characteristics. With the inoculation and the increase of viable AMF propagules in the soil resulted in higher MC and SD. Acaulospora scrobiculata and Glomus sp. were the species with the highest frequency of occurrence. Sugarcane productivity and quality were also significantly higher in inoculated treatments, with average increases in the three ratoons of 20% in sugarcane productivity and 30% in sugar production. The increase in sugarcane productivity and quality after AMF inoculation is a positive indicator of the effectiveness this biotechnology has over the production of this commodity.

The Native Hymenoscyphus albidus and the Invasive Hymenoscyphus fraxineus Are Similar in Their Necrotrophic Growth Phase in Ash Leaves.

The populations of European ash and its harmless fungal associate Hymenoscyphus albidus are in decline owing to ash dieback caused by the invasive Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, a fungus that in its native range in Asia is a harmless leaf endophyte of local ash species. To clarify the behavior of H. albidus and its spatial and temporal niche overlap with the invasive relative, we used light microscopy, fungal species-specific qPCR assays, and PacBio long-read amplicon sequencing of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region to examine fungal growth and species composition in attached leaves of European ash. The plant material was collected from a healthy stand in central Norway, where ash saplings in late autumn showed leaflet vein necrosis like that commonly related to H. fraxineus. For reference, leaflet samples were analyzed from stands with epidemic level of ash dieback in southeastern Norway and Estonia. While H. albidus was predominant in the necrotic veins in the healthy stand, H. fraxineus was predominant in the diseased stands. Otherwise, endophytes with pathogenic potential in the genera Venturia (anamorph Fusicladium), Mycosphaerella (anamorph Ramularia), and Phoma, and basidiomycetous yeasts formed the core leaflet mycobiome both in the healthy and diseased stands. In necrotic leaf areas with high levels of either H. albidus or H. fraxineus DNA, one common feature was the high colonization of sclerenchyma and phloem, a region from which the ascomata of both species arise. Our data suggest that H. albidus can induce necrosis in ash leaves, but that owing to low infection pressure, this first takes place in tissues weakened by autumn senescence, 1–2 months later in the season than what is characteristic of H. fraxineus at an epidemic phase of ash dieback. The most striking difference between these fungi would appear to be the high fecundity of H. fraxineus. The adaptation to a host that is phylogenetically closely related to European ash, a tree species with high occurrence frequency in Europe, and the presence of environmental conditions favorable to H. fraxineus life cycle completion in most years may enable the build-up of high infection pressure and challenge of leaf defense prior to autumn senescence.

A global view on stratospheric ice clouds: assessment of processes related to their occurrence based on satellite observations

Abstract. Ice clouds play an important role in regulating water vapor and influencing the radiative budget in the atmosphere. This study investigates stratospheric ice clouds (SICs) in the latitude range between ±60∘ based on the Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO). As polar stratospheric clouds include other particles, they are not discussed in this work. Tropopause temperature, double tropopauses, clouds in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS), gravity waves, and stratospheric aerosols are analyzed to investigate their relationships with the occurrence of and variability in SICs in the tropics and at midlatitudes. We found that SICs with cloud-top heights of 250 m above the first lapse rate tropopause are mainly detected in the tropics. Monthly time series of SICs from 2007 to 2019 show that high occurrence frequencies of SICs follow the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) over time in the tropics and that SICs vary interannually at different latitudes. Results show that SICs associated with double tropopauses, which are related to poleward isentropic transport, are mostly found at midlatitudes. More than 80 % of the SICs around 30∘ N/S are associated with double tropopauses. Correlation coefficients of SICs and all the other abovementioned processes confirm that the occurrence of and variability in SICs are mainly associated with the tropopause temperature in the tropics and at midlatitudes. UTLS clouds, which are retrieved from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and used as a proxy for deep convection in the tropics and high-altitude ice cloud sources at midlatitudes, have the highest correlations with SICs in the monsoon regions and the central United States. Gravity waves are mostly related to SICs at midlatitudes, especially over Patagonia and the Drake Passage. However, the second-highest correlation coefficients show that the cold tropopause temperature, the occurrence of double tropopauses, high stratospheric aerosol loading, frequent UTLS clouds, and gravity waves are highly correlated with the SICs locally. The long-term anomaly analyses show that interannual anomalies of SICs are correlated with the tropopause temperature and stratospheric aerosols instead of the UTLS clouds and gravity waves. The overlapping and similar correlation coefficients between SICs and all processes mentioned above indicate strong associations between those processes themselves. Due to their high inherent correlations, it is challenging to disentangle and evaluate their contributions to the occurrence of SICs on a global scale. However, the correlation coefficient analyses between SICs and all abovementioned processes (tropopause temperature, double tropopauses, clouds in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS), gravity waves, and stratospheric aerosols) in this study help us better understand the sources of SICs on a global scale.

Treatment and prevention of various forms of laryngitis on the background of acute respiratory infections

Introduction. The relevance of the search for effective methods of treatment of various forms of laryngitis is associated with a high frequency of occurrence, which has a certain seasonality. Optimization of treatment tactics is dictated by the variability of etiopathogenetic mechanisms, with a certain similarity of clinical symptoms, and the reactivity of the mucous membrane to inflammation. The methods of treatment described in the literature are diverse and lead to the search for therapeutic adjustments.Objective. To increase the effectiveness of the treatment of various forms of acute laryngitis using the multicomponent drug Homeovox® in complex therapy.Materials and methods. A randomized simple controlled clinical trial involved 132 patients with acute laryngitis of various etiologies. Efficacy in terms of recovery time and safety were evaluated in two parallel groups: group 1, patients with acute laryngitis on the background of acute respiratory viral infection and group 2, patients with acute laryngitis on the background of a new strain “omicron”, COVID-19. In the course of treatment, both groups were divided into 2 subgroups: 1st – patients who received standard conservative therapy and the 2nd – persons who, in addition to complex therapy, received the drug – Homeovox®. Treatment results were assessed using the VAS scale, quality of life was assessed using the SNOT-22 questionnaire, cognitive functions were evaluated using standard psychological tests.Results and discussion. The use of the multicomponent preparation Homeovox®, which has multidirectional mechanisms of action in the complex therapy of patients with various forms of acute laryngitis, improved clinical symptoms, quality of life and recovery time. Good portability, high efficiency and safety were noted.Conclusions. The use of the preparation Homeovox® in the treatment of various forms of acute laryngitis has demonstrated its ability to quickly stop the symptoms of the disease and significantly improve the quality of life of patients.

FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH ROT IN PLANTAIN AND ITS EFFECTS OF ON NUTRITITIONAL VALUE OF THE FRUIT

The nutrients found in Plantain are necessary for the body's metabolism. However, if the fruits are infected with fungi, they can be tampered with. This can lead to a reduction in the nutrients' quality and quantity. Fruit rot of Plantain is a post-harvest fungi that can affect the quality and quantity of the fruit. The objective of the study was to determine the fungi associated with fruit rot of plantain and its effects on the nutritional value of plantain fruits. Three samples of healthy plantain fruits were taken from Eke-Aka market in Anambra state and were transported to Alpha research laboratory Awka, Anambra state in a sterile polythene bag for isolation. Proximate analysis was carried out on both samples to determine the moisture content, crude fat, crude fibre, crude protein, ash content and carbohydrate content determination. The fungi associated with the spoilage of Plantain fruits in Eke Awka, Anambra state were studied using the standard procedure. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) and Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) were the culture media used. 39g of PDA and 69g of SDA were poured into one litre of water in the conical flask and autoclaved at 121ºC at 15psi for 20 minutes. Fungi identified were: Aspergillus sp, Fusarium sp and Penicillium sp. The result showed that Aspergillus sp (52.50%) had the highest frequency of occurrence from the fungi isolated while Penicillium sp. (20.00%) had the least occurrence. The result of nutritional analysis showed that the healthy plantain pulp had high moisture content (27%) and low fibre (6.50%) while the spoilt plantain pulp have high moisture content (35.20%) and low protein content (1.30%). From the study, the activity of these microorganisms affect the nutritional value of the plantain fruit.

Spatial distribution and benthic risk assessment of cyclic, linear, and modified methylsiloxanes in sediments from Tokyo Bay catchment basin, Japan: Si-based mass profiles in extractable organosilicon

We investigated the spatial distribution, mass profiles, and benthic risk assessment of a wide range of methylsiloxanes (MSs), including 7 cyclic MSs (CMSs; D3–D9; the number refers to the number of SiO bonds), 13 linear MSs (LMSs; L3–L15), and 15 modified and other MSs (MMSs) in sediments from the Tokyo Bay catchment basin, Japan. We observed widespread distribution of MSs (ΣCMS, ΣLMS, and ΣMMS) in the sediment samples, with concentrations of 1.0–6180 ng/g dry weight (dw), 1.8–10,100 ng/g dw, and < 0.31–210 ng/g dw, respectively. Our study is the first to measure various MMSs modified with hydrogen, vinyl, or phenyl groups; however, only methyltris(trimethylsiloxy)silane and phenyltris(trimethylsiloxy)silane were detected with high occurrence frequency. Notably, no elevated concentrations of MSs were observed downstream of silicone manufacturers, whereas the sediment was characterized by a specific D4/D5 ratio. With the Si-based mass profiles in extractable organosilicon (EOSi), the measured CMSs, LMSs, and MMSs accounted for 5.4%, 7.8%, and 0.2%, respectively. Unidentified EOSi (unknown fraction) constituted a major proportion of the EOSi in the sediment, with a mean of 87%, suggesting that the organosilicon environmental emissions were more than the measured MSs. In risk assessment of the adverse effects of D4, D5, and D6 in sediment on benthic organisms, the respective distributions indicated no overlap between the 95th percentile field sediment concentration and the 5th percentile chronic sediment no-effect concentration in organic carbon-normalized concentration. Although the hazard quotient compared with the predicted no-effect concentration for D5 and D6 exceeded the threshold level (hazard quotient ≥1), the results of probabilistic risk assessment for the three CMSs were not high enough to indicate a threat to benthic organisms in the study area.

Interval aeration improves degradation and humification by enhancing microbial interactions in the composting process

Five full-scale food waste composts were conducted under different aeration frequencies (no aeration, aeration at different intervals, and continuous aeration) to reveal the optimal strategy and its microbial mechanisms. The highest degradation rate (77.2%) and humus content (29.3%) were observed in Treatment D with interval aeration (aeration 20 min, pause 10 min). Aeration influenced the degradation and humification rate by regulating microbial interactions. The microbial interactions peaked in Treatment D, with a 1.30-fold increase. In terms of the microbial community, Thermobifida was a key genus for improving positive cohesion, fulfilling three criteria (high abundance, high occurrence frequency, and significant differences between treatments). The aeration strategy employed in Treatment D not only increased relative abundance of Thermobifida (1.2 times higher) but also strengthened interaction between it and functional genera (34 nodes). Overall, interval aeration, featured by 20 min aeration and 10 min pause, could increase microbial interactions and improve composting efficiency.

Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to the treatment of iron deficiency conditions in atletes

Based on the analysis of modern literature data, an algorithm was formed for the diagnosis and correction of iron deficiency states in sports in general and in the dynamics of the real training process of qualified representatives of Olympic sports, in particular, for further evaluation of the effectiveness of the innovative liposomal form of bivalent iron. To achieve the goal, we used the analysis data and synthesis of research results available in the modern scientific literature on the issue under study, as well as conducting research on assessing the safety and effectiveness of the liposomal form of bivalent iron in the dynamics of the training process of athletes. The article presents modern algorithms for the diagnosis of anemias, in particular iron deficiency anemia and latent iron deficiency, presents their laboratory and clinical manifestations, and postulates a negative impact on the effectiveness of the competitive process. The frequency of occurrence of iron deficiency states in the population of Ukrainian athletes has been analyzed and it has been shown that these data correspond to world trends. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 67 athletes, a detailed analysis of the effect of the course use (30 days) of a modern special food supplement “Santeferra” based on ferrous pyrophosphate in liposomal form on indicators of hematological homeostasis and indicators of content, metabolism and transport of iron in representatives of cyclic sports in the dynamics of the training process. Positive shifts in the indicators of the erythrocyte link were found in athletes with a predominantly aerobic mechanism of energy supply, which has a beneficial effect on the oxygen transport function of the blood and, accordingly, on the effectiveness of training and competitive activities of representatives of cyclic sports. Thus, the relatively high frequency of occurrence of iron deficiency states in cyclic sports, especially among female athletes, necessitates serial screening studies and not only therapeutic, but also preventive measures aimed at preventing a decrease in the iron content in the body.

Age and Gender Distribution of Odontogenic Cysts: A Retrospective Study

Odontogenic cysts are considered relatively rare cystic lesions which affect the maxillofacial region. They can be classified based on their origin as inflammatory cysts or developmental cysts. These cysts are characterized by slow growth and a tendency to expand. In spite of presenting with benign biological behaviour, they can reach considerable size if not diagnosed or treated appropriately. There is, however, limited literature regarding the age and gender distribution of odontogenic cysts in the geographical location where the study is undertaken. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the age and gender distribution, along with the frequency and site of occurrence of Odontogenic cysts (OC). It is a university/hospital based study. 33 patients diagnosed with odontogenic cystic lesions were included in the study. The age, gender, type of odontogenic cyst, and site affected were evaluated. The data collected was imported to IBM SPSS Version 20 for analysis. It was observed that radicular cyst was the most frequently occurring cyst (54%) and greater predilection for OCs was seen in males than in females. Higher frequency of occurrence of OCs in the upper arch (53%) was observed with significant association between cyst type and site (p&lt;0.05). Most common age of occurrence was in the 2nd-3rd decade of life. Within the limits of the study, it was observed that a greater prevalence of radicular cysts was seen, in the 2nd-3rd decade of life, with higher frequency in the upper arch and in male population.

Hydrological Drought Analysis using Streamflow Drought Index (SDI) in Ethiopia

Drought is a natural disaster that has impacts on society, the environment, and the ecosystem. Ethiopia faced many horrible severe drought events in the last few decades. Even though there are some drought-related studies in the country, most of the investigations were focused on meteorological drought analysis. This study was focused on hydrological drought analysis in Ethiopia using the streamflow drought index (SDI). The main objective was to identify drought-prone areas and severe drought events years. Streamflow data were collected from 34 stations to analyze SDI in seasonal (3-month) and annual (12-month) timescales. The analysis implies that seasonal time scale (3-month) hydrological drought has a high frequency of occurrence but short duration, whereas annual (12-month) analysis has a low frequency with a large magnitude. The overall result shows that 1984/85, 1986/87, 2002/03, and 2010/11 were the most severe and extreme drought years in all river basins. The 1980s were found severe and extreme drought years in which most hydrological drought events occurred in the country. The spatial analysis shows that Tekeze, Abbay, and Baro river basins have similar characters; Awash and Rift Valley River basins show relatively the same character, and Genale Dawa and Wabishebele river basins have a similar character. But Omo Gibe River basin has a unique character in which the severe drought occurred in a different year of other river basins.

Diurnal evolution of orographic precipitating clouds over the southernmost part of the Western Ghats of India during summer and winter monsoons

AbstractIn the present communication, diurnal evolution of vertical structure of precipitating clouds over the southernmost part (7°–11°N) of the Western Ghats (WG) of Indian region during summer and winter monsoon periods is discussed using 17 years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar measurements. This part of the WG experiences both summer and winter monsoons and provides a unique opportunity to study the orographical processes involved in the formation of precipitating clouds at diurnal scales during two contrasting background environments. During summer monsoon, the lower tropospheric winds are dominated by the presence of strong low‐level westerly jets, which interact with steep slopes of the WG whereas during winter monsoon, winds are very weak easterlies and encounter the WG from eastern side. The composite longitudinal distribution of vertical structure of precipitating clouds in terms of frequency of occurrence of radar reflectivities ≥23 dBZ is constructed at four local time intervals. The results are discussed in terms of bands of high frequency of occurrence of precipitating clouds and their longitudinal position with respect to the WG. A band of high frequency of occurrence of precipitation clouds is observed to be moving eastwards and their potential formation mechanism is attributed to the forced lifting over the upslope regions and to the upstream blocking over the offshore during the summer monsoon. During winter monsoon, a two band structure is observed one over the southern BOB, which is attributed to the persistent low‐pressure system observed over this region and another over the upslope of the WG from eastern side. Thus the present study for the first time brings out the diurnal evolution of the vertical structure of precipitating clouds during summer and winter monsoon over the southernmost part of the WG and discuss the potential physical processes involved in their formation.

Proximate Analysis and Mycological Assessment of Suya Sold in Kabuga, Kano State, Nigeria

Suya is a cherished food delicacy which can serve as a source of infection as it can harbor pathogens of clinicalimportance. However, there is paucity of data on mycological assessment and proximate analysis of suya soldwithin Kabuga area, Kano State, Nigeria. Therefore, this study examined the proximate composition andmycological qualities of suya sold within this area in Kano State. A total of thirty-six samples were randomlycollected from selected suya spots from the study area and microbiologically analyzed. Total fungal counts,identification of fungi and proximate analysis were NH determined using standard microbiological techniques. Atotal of fifty-one (51) fungal isolates were obtained from all the suya samples collected. The highest frequency ofoccurrence was shown by Aspergillus spp (16) while Fusarium spp had the lowest frequency of occurrence (10).Proximate analysis revealed the mean percentage of moisture as 24.00 - 48.00%, crude protein (24.64 - 46.32%), crudefiber (5.25 - 8.75%), fat (8.80 - 17.30%), carbohydrate (0.11 - 14.58%) and ash (1.05 - 2.45%) contents. This studyshowed the presence of Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Rhizopus spp in suya samples examined and hencethe need to improve on good hygiene practice by the suya vendors to control associated health risk.

Nutritional quality of protein flours of fava bean (Vicia faba L.) and in vitro digestibility and bioaccesibility.

Fava bean (Vicia faba L.) is a high-protein crop consumed worldwide and is an exceptional plant-based protein source for human consumption. The present study evaluated in vitro nutritional properties of four different protein flours of fava bean: minimal processed flour (MPF), cooked flour (CF), non-polyphenol protein concentrate (NPP), and polyphenol-protein concentrate (PP). NPP showed the highest protein concentration of 94.39 ± 0.76%. The heat treatment significantly increased the in vitro protein digestibility in CF (94.15 ± 2.45%). NPP and PP showed the highest bioaccessibility, 29.85 ± 1.88 and 33.19 ± 1.65%, respectively, no significant differences. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed bioaccessible low molecular weight peptides (<15 kDa) and legumin and vicilin presence. In silico analysis of bioactive peptides of legumin and vicilin presented high occurrence frequencies of bioactivities, as angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitor and dipeptidyl peptidase III/IV inhibitor peptides. This study supports the use and further investigation of fava bean proteins for human nutrition.

Consumption of Non-Native Bigheaded Carps by Native Blue Catfish in an Impounded Bay of the Upper Mississippi River

Adult bigheaded carps Hypophthalmichthys spp. have never been observed in the diets of native fishes in the Mississippi River Basin. In addition, blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus diet preference and foraging behavior have never been studied in the presence of non-native bigheaded carps in the Mississippi River system. We examined the gut contents of adult blue catfish (567–1020 mm, n = 65), captured from a Mississippi River backwater using trammel nets. All items in diets were separated and enumerated, and all fish-like diet items were genetically identified to confirm species-level ID. Bigheaded carp ages were determined by sectioning hard structures (pectoral spines, post-cleithra, and vertebrae). Adult silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (age 3–5, mean = 3.9 years, SE = 0.2; n = 21) had the highest frequency of occurrence (70%) and constituted the greatest percentage by number (58%) and weight (60%) in/of blue catfish diets. Gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum ranked second by all three measures (34%, 25%, and 26%). Finally, 50% to 100% of probable age-based sizes of silver carp exceeded gape measurements of blue catfish, suggesting scavenging was the dominant means of predation. More intensive sampling efforts are required to determine the system-wide importance of bigheaded carp in blue catfish diets.

GC content strongly influences the role of poly(dA) in the intrinsic nucleosome positioning in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The nucleosome is the basic structural element of genomic DNA packaging and plays a role in transcription, replication, and recombination. Poly(dA) tracts are considered major sequence determinants of nucleosome positioning, although their role is not well understood. Here, we show that the homopolymeric character and the low GC content of poly(dA)s play different roles in nucleosome formation. We found that the inherent low GC content of poly(dA) alone can account for the deep and anisotropic nucleosome depletion at structurally and functionally important regions of promoters and origins of replication. We also show that the level of nucleosome occupancy at poly(dA) is strongly related to the local nucleotide background and its high frequency of occurrence in Saccharomyces cerevisiae does not appear merely to be associated with its intrinsic nucleosome‐excluding properties. In addition, we show that the GC content alone can predict more than 60% of the in vitro nucleosome map, providing further evidence that the intrinsic nucleosome positioning is more greatly determined by GC content than poly(dA) stretches. Our results are consistent with a model in which poly(dA) stretches act at two distinct levels: first, by its low GC content, which intrinsically contributes to hinder nucleosome formation, and second, by its contiguous runs of dA that selectively drive the recruitment of non‐histone proteins with structural and functional roles.

Study on China’s Judicial Review Mechanism of the Administrative Emergency Acts under Critical Situations

In recent years, emergencies have appeared a high frequency of occurrence. And administrative emergency power has performed its powerful functions in minimizing personal injury or death or property losses caused by emergencies. However, the rapid expansion of administrative emergency power has also resulted in many improper or illegal problems during the enforcement process. Therefore, as an interest balance mechanism, when judicial power intervenes in emergency actions, special arrangements should be made on its specific rules to distinguish it from the judicial review of normal administrative acts, and the principle of balance and limit should run through the system construction to innovate and reconstruct the judicial emergency review mechanism, so as to give an effective play to the main function of judicial review mechanism in protecting human rights, supervising administration and coordinating public and private interests.

Possibility of using osteopathic methods of correction in the treatment of myofascial pain syndrome

Recently, there has been a significant improvement in the methods of diagnosis and treatment of myofascial pain syndrome. The continuing high frequency of occurrence of this pathological condition against the background of numerous scientific studies in the field of its diagnosis, treatment and prevention testifies to the significant scientific and practical relevance of this problem at the present time, and the predominant use of pharmacotherapy, which often entails side effects, significant financial costs against the background of its comparatively low effectiveness, actualizes the use of non-drug methods of influence.

Pedagogical Differentiation in Primary Education: Conceptual Determinants and Definitions

The purpose of this paper is, through content analysis of 30 publications in the Greek and international literature in scientific texts, books, journal articles and conferences to analyze the conceptual content of pedagogical differentiation in primary education as it emerges from the descriptions and discussion of authors, researchers and experts. From the analysis, twelve dimensions or characteristics of pedagogical differentiation emerged that presented the highest frequency of occurrence in four broad categories. These are: a. &amp;ldquo;processes&amp;rdquo;, b. &amp;ldquo;context&amp;rdquo;, c. the &amp;ldquo;learning outcomes&amp;rdquo; and d. &amp;ldquo;assessment&amp;rdquo;. The results of the research show that in primary education the dimension with the highest frequency is the modification of the supportive learning context, followed by the order of frequency of meeting the needs of the students and student-centered teaching and learning. Furthermore, the dimensions with the lowest frequency of occurrence include the possibility of learning option/multiple options, the development of procedural knowledge skills, and finally, the lowest is the continuous assessment.

Microbial interaction promote the degradation rate of organic matter in thermophilic period

Composting is an efficient, microbe-driven method for the biodegradation of solid organic substrates. In such a complex engineering ecosystem, microbial interaction is more important to function than relative abundance and alpha diversity. However, microbial interaction and its driving force in the composting process has been rarely reported. Thus, we combined network analysis and positive cohesion to analyze the relationship between cooperation among bacteria taxa and the degradation of organic matter in ten industrial-scale food waste composting piles. The results showed that although the complexity of network and microbial diversity were inhibited by high temperature, microbial cooperation was stimulated in the thermophilic period. The positive cohesion, which reflected the degree of microbial cooperation, tended to be positively correlated with the degradation rate of organic matter, functional genera, and genes associated with organic matter degradation. Thus, microbial cooperation was a key factor in the promotion of the degradation of organic matter. From the insight microbial community, Thermobifida was the genera with high abundance, high occurrence frequency, and high contributions to microbial structure. Additionally, it was not only highly associated with the degree of cooperation but was also highly linked with the functional genera in the composting, implying that it might play an important role in regulating cooperation to promote the functional genera. Our research provides a deep understanding of the interaction among bacteria taxa during the composting process. Focusing on the abundance of Thermobifida might be an efficient way to improve composting quality by enhancing the cooperation of microbes.

Isolation and Characterization of a ssDNA Aptamer against Major Soluble Antigen of Renibacterium salmoninarum.

Bacterial kidney disease (BKD) is a major health problem of salmonids, affecting both wild and cultured salmon. The disease is caused by Renibacterium salmoninarum (Rs), a fastidious, slow-growing and strongly Gram-positive diplobacillus that produces chronic, systemic infection characterized by granulomatous lesions in the kidney and other organs, often resulting in death. Fast detection of the pathogen is important to limit the spread of the disease, particularly in hatcheries or aquaculture facilities. Aptamers are increasingly replacing conventional antibodies as platforms for the development of rapid diagnostic tools. In this work, we describe the first instance of isolating and characterizing a ssDNA aptamer that binds with high affinity to p57 or major soluble antigen (MSA), the principal antigen found on the cell wall surface of Rs. Specifically, in this study a construct of the full-length protein containing a DNA binding domain (MSA-R2c) was utilized as target. Aptamers were isolated from a pool of random sequences using GO-SELEX (graphene oxide-systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) protocol. The selection generated multiple aptamers with conserved motifs in the random region. One aptamer with high frequency of occurrence in different clones was characterized and found to display a strong binding affinity to MSA-R2c with a Kd of 3.0 ± 0.6 nM. The aptamer could be potentially utilized for the future development of a sensor for rapid and onsite detection of Rs in water or in infected salmonids, replacing time-consuming and costly lab analyses.