High Level Of Nutrition Research Articles

Microplastics in the agricultural soils: Pollution behavior and subsequent effects

AbstractMicroplastics (MPs), as a class of organic pollutants, pose numerous threats to soil. Their accumulation in agricultural soils has garnered significant attention due to the unknown impacts and risks they bring to agricultural production processes. This paper analyzes the source and distribution of MPs in farmland, systematically summarizes the accumulation, adsorption, migration, decomposition, and other pollution behaviors of MPs in farmland soil environment, in detail discusses the effects of microplastic (MP) pollution on soil physicochemical properties and soil microbial communities, outlines the main hazards they pose to agricultural crops, animals, and farmland soil enzyme activities, as well as the potential health risks of MPs to humans. The results indicate that MPs have been widely distributed in the agricultural soil environment through physics, chemistry, and carriers' activities, facilitating the transfer of substances between the environment and endangering the health of the ecological environment. MPs can also transfer along the food chain from low to high nutritional levels, posing a potential threat to human food safety. Finally, the future research direction and content of farmland MPs are put forward, providing relevant information and research ideas for understanding the MP pollution in farmland soil and future research directions.

Fatty acid composition of selected fish species farmed in Biofloc system

Bangladesh is well known for the abundant range of fish. Though fish consumption and variety are very high in Bangladesh, the biodiversity has been alarmingly declining in recent years due to a number of factors including the country's rapid population growth, industrial water pollution, natural disasters, sea intrusion, salinity, overexploitation of fisheries, use of harmful gear, and dewatering of waterbodies. Given that 60% of Bangladesh's rural poor are functionally landless, lack of access to land and water for agricultural production, and rely, in part, on shared resources like fish for their livelihoods and food, the loss of fish biodiversity could pose a special challenge for them. Considering all of this, biofloc technology ensures safe food and higher productivity in high-density fish farming in a limited area by being sustainable and ageless. In order to satisfy the demands, more creative and effective techniques for growing and harvesting fish have been created as the fishing business has developed. Present study analyses the fatty acid profile of two commonly consumed fish species Oreochromis niloticus (Tilapia) and Systomus sarana (Shorputi). These fishes were farmed in biofloc system. They were fed commercial feeds and organic feed. Later the the fatty acid profile of both groups were measured. The organic feed group showed higher level of PUFA, omega 3 & 6 fatty acid. Through biofloc technology it is possible to produce fish species with high nutritional level using minimum land and water resources. Sustainable food system can be developed through more research in Bangladesh. Bioresearch Commu. 10(2): 1592-1596, 2024 (July)

Do proportions of rooting ramets in the clone affect the overall growth of the stoloniferous clonal plant Zoysia japonica?

AbstractIt is naturally common that different proportions of ramets in a clone lose rooting conditions due to habitat stress or obstacles, which potentially affects the overall growth of the clonal plant to different extents. However, so far, little attention has been paid to such phenomena and much less to the underlying ecological mechanisms. Taking Zoysia japonica as material, through an experiment with two nutrition levels in the habitats and five rooting ramet proportions in the clones, the impacts of proportions of rooting ramets in the clone on the overall growth were tested and the ecological mechanisms were analyzed. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the total clonal biomasses among the clones with five rooting ramet proportions under high and low nutrition levels, except for that with 0% rooting ramet proportion. Under both high and low nutrition levels, the lower rooting ramet proportions (0% and 25%) in the clones significantly decreased the number of the so‐called A‐ and B‐ramets, root biomass, stolon length per unit biomass, and root–shoot ratio, but significantly increased the stolon biomass of the clones. Stolon elongation was promoted under high nutrient level, and biomass allocations to stolons and roots increased under low nutrition levels. A‐ramet biomasses accounted for about 50% and 30% of the total biomasses of the whole clone under high and low nutrition levels, respectively. These results might be reasonably explained in terms of clonal integration, compensatory growth, division of labor, and bet‐hedging strategy.

DIETARY HABITS AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS OF PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING ANTENATAL CLINICS AT TOWNSHIP HOSPITALS IN NAYPYIDAW TERRITORY, MYANMAR

Pregnancy is a critical period during which good maternal nutrition is an important factor that affects the health of both the mother and the child. The study aims to assess the knowledge, attitudes, dietary habits and nutritional status of pregnant women. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from October 2022 to February 2023 among 400 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics of four selected township hospitals at Naypyidaw Territory. Of 400 pregnant women, only 18% of the pregnant women were undernourished in this study. Few (6%) of the pregnant women had high nutritional knowledge, yet most of the pregnant women (78.5%) had favorable attitudes towards nutrition. More than half (64.8%) had good dietary habits in this study. Educational level, estimated average family income, number of antenatal visits, and nutritional knowledge of the pregnant women were significantly associated with the dietary habits of the respondents according to bivariate analysis. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that the number of antenatal visits and nutritional knowledge of pregnant women were significantly influenced by their dietary habits. The pregnant women who attended more frequent antenatal visits had better dietary habits than those with less frequent antenatal visits [AOR =2.00; 95% CI (1.14,3.5), p-value=0.016)]. Additionally, pregnant women with a high nutritional knowledge level were more likely to have better dietary habits [(AOR=6.96; 95% CI (1.57, 30.98), p-value = 0.011]. Nutrition education programs should be emphasized on frequent antenatal visits to improve the nutritional knowledge and dietary habits of pregnant women.

Sosialisasi Tingkat Pengetahuan Remaja Terkait Kecukupan Gizi Harian Anak Usia Remaja

Indonesia, as a developing country, generally has more people who are active or work primarily as farmers with middle to lower family economic status and low levels of knowledge. In particular, knowledge of the importance of daily nutritional needs is not very good. Increasing knowledge of daily nutritional needs is very necessary in order to make people aware of the importance of adequate nutrition for the development of the next generation. Various nutritional sources that can be used to increase nutritional intake, and have relatively cheap prices and can be reached by all groups. It is common knowledge that livestock products have complete nutritional content and high levels of nutrition. Among the livestock products that have quite high quality at affordable prices are eggs. Eggs can be used as a complementary source of nutrition, because eggs are an animal product that is rich in nutrients and easily digested by the human body. This community service is carried out in high school with the target of students so that they gain knowledge regarding the importance of nutritional needs for their physical and non-physical development. The results of implementing community service at SMK N 7 Southwest Maluku school went well in accordance with the strategy that had been prepared by the service team. The implementation of community service is generally divided into four sessions, namely the pretest session, the session providing service materials, the posttest session, and the awarding session.

Transcriptome analysis provides insights into the high ability to synthesize fatty acids in “yellow oil” mud crab (Scylla paramamosain)

Yellow oil mud crab (YOC) is a new variant of mud crab (Scylla paramamosain), which was attracted much attention in recent years due to its high level of nutrition. However, the nutritive values and the physiological changes in YOC have not been clearly understood. In this study, we aimed to identify the nutrient compositions (including total carotenoid content (TCC), total lipid content (TLC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and fatty acids) and differences in genes related to the biosynthesis of fatty acids using transcriptome analysis in YOC in comparison with those of normal mud crabs. As a result, observations on the morphological characteristics showed that the YOC exhibits a difference in the color of the muscle, gills (orange-yellow), and hemolymph (yellow) compared with the normal female crabs (NFC) (blue or nattier blue). The TCC and TLC (84.96 ± 9.65 μg/g in muscle and 1.39 ± 0.10 μg/mL in hemolymph) or TAC (1.52 ± 0.17 mM in hemolymph) of YOC were higher than that of NFC and normal male crab (NMC). YOC had lower saturated fatty acids, but higher unsaturated fatty acids, as well as the ratio of n-3/n-6 of fatty acids in muscle and hemolymph, compared with those of NFC and NMC. Furthermore, the transcriptome profile revealed that the unigenes in YOC were enriched in the synthesis of n-3 fatty acids. Furthermore, more unigenes related to ‘Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids’ were identified in muscle and hemocytes, while fewer were in the gonads of YOC. Additionally, the positive (in muscle and hemocytes) and a negative correlation (in gonads) between expressions of unigenes and contents of TLC, TCC, and UFA were found, indicating a better synthesis ability of fatty acids in the muscle and hemocytes of YOC. Overall, compared to NFC and NMC, YOC has higher nutrients and is a better food nutrient source for humans.

Attenuation of mercury phytotoxicity with a high nutritional level of nitrate in alfalfa plants grown hydroponically

Mercury (Hg) is one of the most dangerous pollutant heavy metals to the environment, which causes several toxic effects in plants upon accumulation, such as induction of oxidative stress. Nitrate (NO3) is the prevalent form to incorporate nitrogen (N) in higher plants, through its reduction to nitrite (NO2) by the enzyme nitrate reductase (NR). We studied the physiological alterations caused by Hg (0, 6 and 30 µM) in alfalfa plants grown at two different levels of NO3: low, (2 mM; LN), and high (12 mM; HN) for one week using a semi-hydroponic culture system. Several parameters of oxidative stress such as lipid peroxidation, chlorophyll content, biothiol concentration, and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities showed that HN plants were less affected by Hg. Nitrate reductase activity and NO3 concentration were also altered under Hg stress, with lower impact in plants nourished with high NO3. Our results highlight the importance of the NO3 nutritional status to improve tolerance to toxic metals like Hg.

Design, Build and Testing of Hardware to Safely Harvest Microgreens in Microgravity

Abstract In long-duration space missions, crops will supplement the astronaut diet. One proposed crop type is microgreens, the young seedlings of edible plants that are known for their high nutritional levels, intense flavors, colorful appearance, and variety of textures. While these characteristics make microgreens promising for space crop production, their small size presents a unique challenge within the microgravity environment. To address this challenge, a microgreen planting box was developed to improve microgreen harvest techniques both in 1 g and in microgravity without concern for contamination by roots. Using this microgreen planting box, three parabolic flights were conducted where two different bagging methods (attached and manual) and three different microgreen cutting methods (Guillotine, Pepper Grinder, Scissors) were tested. In flight, the microgreens were contained within a glovebox and footage of all microgreen harvests was recorded. Statistical and trade analyses revealed that the combination of Cutting & Bagging method that performed the best was the Pepper Grinder with attached bagging. This was based on the following criteria: (1) average execution time, (2) microgreen debris, (3) biomass yield, (4) root debris, (5) microgreens left on the hardware, (6) number of seedlings growing under the lids, (7) hardware failure, and (8) perceived ease of use. This process allowed us to identify weaknesses and strengths of all hardware types and helped us identify major points of improvement within the hardware design to harvest microgreens in microgravity. Future directions include microgreen harvests in analog environments and further development of microgreen Cutting & Bagging method.

Influence of mineral and organic fertilizers on the properties of serozem-meadow soils, nutritional dynamics and productivity of amaranth

From the agrochemical properties of soils, their nutritional regime is of great importance. Since, plant nutrition is associated with it. In serozem-meadow soils, the nitrogen regime is in the most vulnerable position. Since the content of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen in the soil is at a minimum. The introduction of nitrogen fertilizers improving the nitrogen regime of the soil has a positive effect on the growth, development and accumulation of amaranth grain yield. The most optimal fertilizer nitrogen rate was 250 kg / ha against the background of P150K200 (1-experiment), an increase in the nitrogen fertilizer rate to 300 kg / ha against this background did not significantly increase the yield of amaranth grain. The study of the norms of mineral fertilizers without applying manure and in combination with it showed that mineral fertilizers (NPK) and manure at a dose of 30 t / ha significantly improve the poor nutritional regime of serozem-meadow soils, creating a high level of nutrition for amaranth plants. At the same time, the highest level of the nutrient regime of the soil was observed with the combined application of mineral fertilizers with manure. The highest yield was obtained on the N200P140K100 +30 t / ha option.

Geographic distribution and uses of species of the genus Dioscorea

Species of the genus Dioscorea are widely distributed throughout the world. It is a resource used in different countries because theyproduce tubers that offer numerous benefits for human health due to their diosgenin content, a compound that is used as: anti-inflammatory, androgenic, estrogenic and in the preparation of contraceptive drugs; It is also mentioned that these compounds havecytotoxic, antitumor, antifungal, immunoregulatory, hypoglycemic and cardiovascular properties, they are also used for theprevention and treatment of degenerative diseases. Species such as Dioscorea bulbifera, Dioscorea cayenensis, Dioscorea colletii,Dioscorea deltoidea, Dioscorea futschauensis, Dioscorea nipponica, Dioscorea panthaica, Dioscorea parviflora, Dioscoreapolygonoides, Dioscorea pseudojaponica, Dioscorea spongiosa, Dioscorea villosa, Dioscorea composita, Dioscorea zingiberensis,produce a higher concentration of diosgenin. The tubers and roots of this group are part of the oldest foods consumed by humans,given their high nutritional, ecological and economic level. In many tropical countries, the use of various tubers and roots of thegenus Dioscorea play a very important role as a main source of energy and essential nutrients at low cost, they are also used asfodder for livestock and a source of income. This plant are rich in starch, vitamins, minerals and lipids, and have the potential tofight hunger in third world countries. Currently there is little or no knowledge in Mexico on how to cultivate these species.

AVAILABILITY OF MICRONUTRIENTS IN A TAKEN SOIL SAMPLE FROM SELECTED VILLAGES OF MORBI, GUJARAT INDIA

In order to be healthy, plants often require a constant flow of nutrients. Any nutritional shortfall leads to the development of nutrient deficiency symptoms. Metal can be considered of as a nutrition for plants. When the nutrient supply exceeds the necessary levels, plants may suffer damage, and in rare situations, excessively high levels of nutrition loaded with heavy metals may even result in plant death. The presence of Micronutrients in small quantities is responsible for healthy growth and development of plants. This paper focuses on the analysis of micronutrients through DTPA –CaCl2-TEA method present in the soil collected from Morbi region. Fifteen samples from different villages of Morbi region were collected in which the micronutrients like Zinc, Iron, Copper and Manganese were analyzed. According to the data, Sajjanpur has the highest and lowest concentrations of copper, whereas Jetpur and Ghuntu have the highest and lowest concentrations of zinc, respectively. In a similar manner, significant levels of Fe have been found in Jambudiya, while Mn levels in Dharampur are also somewhat elevated. Jasmathgadh has a lower concentration of Fe and Mn than other villages. The concentration ratio has a direct impact on soil fertility and is related to crop output, crop production, and plant health.

Characterization and shelf stability of sweetened condensed milk formulated with different sucrose substitutes during storage

Sweetened condensed milk (SCM) is a value-added milk product with extended shelf life and high levels of nutrition. The high level of sucrose may lead to health problems. Many studies have focused on the reduction of sucrose but seldomly on different combination of sugar substitutes. This study aims to find an ideal sucrose substitution through physiochemical, microbiological and sensory properties of SCM under different storage times. The results demonstrated that substitution with 20% trehalose, 5% lactulose and 15% erythritol resulted in similar sensory and color as control group. The volatile flavor analysis showed that substitution with 30% trehalose, 5% lactulose and 5% polyols was the most similar and hexanoic acid was the symbolistic flavor. Sucrose replacement increased the antibacterial effect and Staphylococcus, Penicillium, Apiotrichum and Candida were widely present. Substitution with 30% trehalose, 5% lactulose and 5% polyols resulted in the most similar water activity, texture, aroma and microbial diversity.

Analysis and Comparison of Early Childhood Nutritional Outcomes Among Offspring of Chinese Women Under the Chinese 2021 and US 2009 Gestational Weight Gain Guidelines

In 2009, the US National Academy of Medicine (NAM) released revised gestational weight gain (GWG) guidelines, which were established primarily for White North American women and may be unsuitable for Asian women. In 2021, the Chinese Nutrition Society (CNS) released its GWG guidelines, but their applicability requires re-examination. To compare the differences between the CNS and NAM recommendations for GWG in association with health outcomes in the offspring of Chinese women. In this bidirectional cohort study, children in China were recruited at age 3 years from 2017 to 2018, with 2 follow-up visits over the next 2 years (between September 2017 and September 2020). Information during pregnancy was retrieved from medical records. Data analysis was performed from October 2021 to January 2022. GWG was classified as insufficient, appropriate, or excessive according to the CNS and NAM guidelines separately. Children's height, weight, fat mass, fat-free mass, and percentage of body fat were measured at each visit. Body mass index, fat mass index, fat-free mass index, weighted κ score, risk ratio values, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated. A total of 3822 children (1996 boys and 1826 girls; mean [SD] age, 3.79 [0.30] years) were enrolled; after exclusions, 3170 term singleton children were recruited and were followed at 4 and 5 years of age. According to the CNS guidelines, the prevalence rates were 14.1% for insufficient GWG, 48.1% for appropriate GWG, and 37.9% for excessive GWG, whereas the rates according to NAM guidelines were 39.7% for insufficient GWG, 37.2% for appropriate GWG, and 23.1% for excessive GWG. The weighted κ value for the classification agreement between the 2 guidelines was 0.530 (95% CI, 0.510-0.550). For the appropriate GWG group, the rates for low nutritional levels did not differ between the 2 guidelines, but the rates for high nutritional levels were significantly lower under CNS guidelines than under NAM guidelines. When the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV with respect to the mothers who maintained appropriate GWG were used to estimate the nonhigh nutritional status of their offspring, generally higher values based on the CNS guidelines were found compared with those based on the NAM recommendations. These findings suggest that the GWG recommendations promulgated by the NAM are higher than the CNS guidelines, with the latter more suitable for Chinese women.

Halobacterium salinarum NRC-1 Sustains Voltage Production in a Dual-Chambered Closed Microbial Fuel Cell.

Sustained bioenergy production from organisms that thrive in high salinity, low oxygen, and low nutrition levels is useful in monitoring hypersaline polluted environments. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) studies utilizing single species halophiles under salt concentrations higher than 1 M and as a closed microbial system are limited. The current study aimed to establish baseline voltage, current, and power density from a dual-chambered MFC utilizing the halophile Halobacterium salinarum NRC-1. MFC performance was determined with two different electrode sizes (5 cm2 and 10 cm2), under oscillating and nonoscillating conditions, as well as in a stacked series. A closed dual-chamber MFC system of 100 mL capacity was devised with Halobacterium media (4.3 M salt concentration) as both anolyte and catholyte, with H. salinarum NRC-1 being the anodic organism. The MFC measured electrical output over 7, 14, 28, and 42 days. MFC output increased with 5 cm2 sized electrodes under nonoscillating (p < 0.0001) relative to oscillating conditions. However, under oscillating conditions, doubling the electrode size increased MFC output significantly (p = 0.01). The stacked series MFC, with an electrode size of 10 cm2, produced the highest power density (1.2672 mW/m2) over 14 days under oscillation. Our results highlight the potentiality of H. salinarum as a viable anodic organism to produce sustained voltage in a closed-MFC system.

Negative Physical Self-Concept Is Associated to Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Negative Lifestyle and Poor Mental Health in Chilean Schoolchildren.

Background: Evidence suggests that physical self-concept (PSC) is linked to well-being in children and adolescents. Objective: The objective was to investigate the association of PSC with mental health (i.e., depression and body image), physical status (i.e., fitness and weight status) and lifestyle (physical activity (PA) patterns and nutritional level) in Chilean schoolchildren. Methods: A total of 617 schoolchildren (n = 271 girls and n = 346 boys) aged 10–14 years participated in this study. Self-concept, depression and body image dissatisfaction were determined by questionnaires. Physical fitness, PA, screen time (ST), Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence and anthropometric parameters were also included. Results: Poor PSC was linked to bad cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) (<42 VO2max) (OR 1.64; 95%CI 1.12–2.34; p = 0.01), severe body image dissatisfaction (OR 2.51, 95%CI 0.99–6.35; p = 0.05), ST of more than two hours a day (OR 2.1; 95%CI 1.41–3.12; p < 0.001), PA after school of no more than two hours per week (OR 1.52; 95%CI 1.08–2.13; p = 0.015) and depression (OR 1.80; 95%CI 1.1–2.92; p = 0.017). High nutritional level showed an association with general PSC and general self-concept (p < 0.05). Absence of body image dissatisfaction was related to general self-concept (p < 0.01) and physical condition dimensions (p < 0.05). Conclusions: PSC is associated with CRF, PA after school, ST and nutritional level. According to mental health variables, poor PSC is related to depression in Chilean schoolchildren. Therefore, promoting a healthy lifestyle among children should be a target of community- and school-based interventions to promote PSC.

Growth and meat qualities of young Black-and-White breed in different age periods depending on the feeding level

By regulating the nutritional level of young animals in the postembryonic period, it is possible to change the growth rate of animals, the forming of meatiness and the ratio of the most important tissues in the carcass. The aim of the work was to establish the influence of different nutritional levels on the growth, development, meat productivity of Black Pied young cattle of different ages. The scheme of young animals growing was as follows: group 1– increased nutritional level up to 14 months of age; group 1-a – young animals were grown in the same way as young animals of group 1 up to 8 months (increased nutritional level), and from 8 to 14 months they were on average nutrition; group 2 – average nutrition was up to 14 months; group 2-a – average nutrition was up to 8 months, and from 8 to 14 months – an increased nutritional level. During 14 months of growing, it was spent on each head in group 1 – 2114.8; in 2-a – 1888.1; in 1-a – 1919.0; in group 2 – 1692.3 energetic feed units. During 18 months of growing, it was spent respectively: in group 1 – 3673.2; in 2-a – 3345.6; in 1-a – 3197.4 and in group 2 – 3240.0 energetic feed units. Young animals of group 1, which had improved nutrition, on average gained 837 g daily for the entire period, which is more than young animals of groups 2-a, 1-a and 2 by 124, 161 and 170 g (B&gt; 0.999), respectively. With a high nutritional level of young cattle for meat, there is a dramatic increase in meat productivity and an improvement in the quality of meat. Moreover, the cost of feed for the output is reducing and the economic efficiency of livestock breeding is increasing. Nutritional level has a differentiated effect on the development of individual organs and tissues. The growth of the same tissue in different parts of the carcass with insufficient nutrition is delayed to varying degrees.

Photometric method of response to changes in potato varieties to nitrogen stress

Relevance. The use of non-invasive photometric methods for assessing the stress states of plants makes it possible to assess the physiological state and resistance of plants.Material and methods. In small-field and vegetation experiments, we studied the photometric indicators of the physiological response of potato varieties (reflection coefficients in different ranges) to nitrogen stress created by five doses of fertilizers using contact (N-tester) and remote (N-sensor) methods.Results. Potato varieties released for the conditions of the North-Western region of the Russian Federation were studied for their ability to withstand stress provided by low and high levels of nitrogen nutrition of plants and different weights of planting tubers. The resistance of plants of different genotypes to external and internal stressors was studied by the reflection coefficients measured in 4 channels, which characterized the differences in the physiological state of plants. Ensuring the potential genotypic resistance of the organism in the form of a decrease in FIS F1,3 corresponds to the inclusion of various mechanisms of plant adaptation to external or internal influences, depending on the genotype. In the vegetative experiment, of the studied photo-optical reflection coefficients, the most informative were the FIS F1,3 indicators, which showed that the overall viability of such varieties as Peterburgsky, Charodey and Kholmogorsky turned out to be increased. The reaction type of the Kholmogorsky variety is the most promising for growing plants under stress conditions.

The nutritional regime of the soil and the nitrogen status of plants in the grain-fallow and fruitshifting crop rotations

The main agrotechnical significance of crop rotation is that each crop is placed in the best conditions for its growth and development and at the same time prepares good conditions for the next crop in the crop rotation. Under optimal cultivation conditions and a high level of mineral nutrition, the grain yield of modern wheat varieties reaches 18.4 c/ha. In real economic conditions, when high prices for mineral fertilizers limit their use, the yield of spring wheat grain in the Kostanay region is 11.2 c/ha. In the experiment, 2 types of crop rotations were studied — 4-course grain-fallow (fallow— wheat — wheat — wheat) and 4-course fruit-shifting (peas — wheat — oilseed flax — wheat). On each crop rotation variants with different levels of mineral nutrition were laid — without fertilizers (control) and P15. Seeding rate of agricultural crops (million/ha of germinating seeds): spring wheat — 3.0; peas — 1.0; oilseed flax — 6.0. The experiment adopted the technology of tillage — No-till with elements of precision farming. All records and observations were carried out according to standard methods. The analysis of the dynamics of the food regime of the soil indicates that the best conditions for mineral nutrition of plants are created when placing crops in a grain-fallow crop rotation, which includes herbicidal steam with long-term annual application of mineral fertilizers. Thus, in the soil layer of 0–40 cm on the first wheat after fallow, the content of nitrate nitrogen was characterized as average and amounted to 11.9–12.8 mg/kg, the content of mobile phosphorus had increased and amounted to 121 mg/kg of soil. In terms of the effectiveness of the use of options for the purpose of regulating the food regime, it is necessary to distinguish all three wheat fields in the grain-fallow crop rotation. Here, the highest indicator in the earing phase — above the control by 6.1–14.7% — was in variants with the use of fertilizer in rows.

Influence of feeding level on the formation of milk productivity of dry cows

The materials of the publication demonstrate the results of scientific research conducted on Simmental cattle in the farm “Pchany-Denkovych” Stryy district of the Lviv region. The research is based on optimizing the normalized feeding of cows during the start-up period. The diets of experimental animals include low, medium, and high levels of energy nutrition according to detailed standards. The study was conducted on three groups of Simmental cows with eight heads each. The analysis of the obtained results showed that the different levels of energy nutrition of experimental animals did not significantly affect the hematological parameters; their level was within physiological norms for healthy animals. Estimating the intensity of metabolic processes in the body of dry cows was carried out based on the contents of the scar. There was a probable increase in the number of amylo- and cellulolytic bacteria, the number of which prevailed (the second and third groups) in comparison with the control by 1.42–2.32 and 2.32–2.53 million/ml. A similar pattern was observed for the number of proteolytic bacteria. The increase in these populations of microorganisms contributed to their enzymatic activity, which led to a probable increase in the number of LVH, which are precursors of milk fat. According to the indicators of live weight gain during the dry season, animals of the second and third groups had an advantage. Physicochemical parameters of milk were also better in these groups of cows; the higher the level of nutrition, the higher the fat, protein content in milk. A similar analogy is observed for the dynamics of the live weight of calves, which is directly proportional to the level of feeding cows during the dry season. For four months, the calves of the experimental groups had higher growth energy (6.7–10.5 % compared to the control). The control over the level of milk productivity of cows after calving was carried out according to control milk yields, which showed that the hopes for lactation in the experimental groups were 7.2–8.0 % higher than in the control group. This is because the animals of the experimental groups, due to the higher level of feeding according to detailed standards in the dry season, deposited more nutrients in the body and thus provided a higher level of milk productivity. Therefore, the conducted research gives grounds to recommend the farm to use high and medium levels of energy nutrition for cows during the dry season.

Genetic diversity and population structure of the swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) in China seas determined by genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS)

The commonly called swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) is widely distributed within the coastal waters of China and is a commercially important aquatic species due to its high edibility and rich nutrition levels. Previous studies based on P. trituberculatus population genetic diversity and structure were performed using molecular markers, especially microsatellite DNA. These studies only yielded a limited amount of genetic information. In this study, 270 samples from nine P. trituberculatus populations were collected from the coast of China. Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) technology was carried out to elaborate their genetic structures and differences between them. In total, 684.46Gb of clean data were generated, and 203,814 high-quality bi-allelic SNPs were identified following quality control. Based on these SNPs, diversity index analysis showed that all of the populations showed a similar, yet low, level of genetic diversity. The pairwise population differentiation index (Fst) ranged from 0.0016 to 0.0462 with an average of 0.0160, which revealed little genetic differentiation between the populations. Population structure, phylogenetic clustering and principal component analysis clustered all 270 individuals into three major groups and detected genetic connectivity with biological mixing among these samples. Collectively, these results will facilitate resource management and provide valuable SNP markers for germplasm improvement in stocks of P. trituberculatus.