Number Of High Mortality Research Articles

Adverse Crosstalk between Extracellular Matrix Remodeling and Ferroptosis in Basal Breast Cancer.

(1) Background: Breast cancer is a frequent heterogeneous disorder diagnosed in women and causes a high number of mortality among this population due to rapid metastasis and disease recurrence. Ferroptosis can inhibit breast cancer cell growth, improve the sensitivity of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and inhibit distant metastases, potentially impacting the tumor microenvironment. (2) Methods: Through data mining, the ferroptosis/extracellular matrix remodeling literature text-mining results were integrated into the breast cancer transcriptome cohort, taking into account patients with distant relapse-free survival (DRFS) under adjuvant therapy (anthracyclin + taxanes) with validation in an independent METABRIC cohort, along with the MDA-MB-231 and HCC338 transcriptome functional experiments with ferroptosis activations (GSE173905). (3) Results: Ferroptosis/extracellular matrix remodeling text-mining identified 910 associated genes. Univariate Cox analyses focused on breast cancer (GSE25066) selected 252 individual significant genes, of which 170 were found to have an adverse expression. Functional enrichment of these 170 adverse genes predicted basal breast cancer signatures. Through text-mining, some ferroptosis-significant adverse-selected genes shared citations in the domain of ECM remodeling, such as TNF, IL6, SET, CDKN2A, EGFR, HMGB1, KRAS, MET, LCN2, HIF1A, and TLR4. A molecular score based on the expression of the eleven genes was found predictive of the worst prognosis breast cancer at the univariate level: basal subtype, short DRFS, high-grade values 3 and 4, and estrogen and progesterone receptor negative and nodal stages 2 and 3. This eleven-gene signature was validated as regulated by ferroptosis inductors (erastin and RSL3) in the triple-negative breast cancer cellular model MDA-MB-231. (4) Conclusions: The crosstalk between ECM remodeling-ferroptosis functionalities allowed for defining a molecular score, which has been characterized as an independent adverse parameter in the prognosis of breast cancer patients. The gene signature of this molecular score has been validated to be regulated by erastin/RSL3 ferroptosis activators. This molecular score could be promising to evaluate the ECM-related impact of ferroptosis target therapies in breast cancer.

COVID-19 MORTALITY CASES IN KUBANG PASU DISTRICT

COVID-19 has rapidly impacted on mortality worldwide. Early identification of COVID-19 cases in community at high risk of death can enhance patient treatment and resource allocation. The goal of this study is to identify the characteristics of COVID-19 mortality cases in Kubang Pasu districts in 2021. Data on mortality cases in the year 2021 in Kubang Pasu district were collected, extracted and analyzed. There are 210 (1.9%) mortality cases had been recorded in 2021 due to COVID-19 infection form 11019 COVID-19 cases in Kubang Pasu district. The mortality cases consist of 108(51%) female and 102(49%) male. The highest mortality cases involved the age group of more than 70 years old with 73 (34.8%) cases. The highest race was Malay 193(91.9%), followed by non-Malaysian(2.9%), Chinese 4(1.9%), Siamese 4(1.9%) and Indian 3(1.4%) respectively. Most of the mortality cases are unvaccinated 153 (72.9%). The most coomon cause of death is due to COVID-19 pneumonia with 205 (97.5%) cases. Majority of the cases were screen through symptomatic screening and close contact screening 86 (40.9%) cases and 52 (24.8%) respectively. Among the mortality cases, there are 22(10.5%) brought-in-death cases which 19 (86%) cases are Malay. Most of the brought-in-death cases are unvaccinated, 19 (86%) cases, incomplete vaccine 1 (5%) case and 2 (9%) cases completed vaccine. The highest number of mortality cases occur among those with age more than 70. It involved mostly among Malay race and they were unvaccinated. Lung complication is the main cause of death since most of the mortality cases passed away due to pneumonia. This high number of mortality and BID cases might be attributed to poor health-seeking behaviour among the Kubang Pasu population with COVID-19. Promotion activities about COVID-19 and vaccine should be strengthened further to improve the knowledge and actions towards COVID-19 in community.

High-risk Neuroblastoma in Young Adult and Long Term Survival with Multimodal Therapy: A Case Report

Objective: To present a case of high-risk, stage four neuroblastoma in a 20-year-old woman who survived more than 21 months with the multimodal therapy.Methods: A case of high-risk, stage four neuroblastoma in a 20-year-old woman who survived more than 21 months with multimodal therapy is reported. The patient initially received neoadjuvant chemotherapy according to the Turkish Pediatric Oncology Group of Neuroblastoma, along with multiple doses of radiotherapy. After two cycles of induction chemotherapy, she successfully underwent tumor debulking surgery.Results: With the multimodal therapy, patient remains in complete remission state and stable disease of the remaining lesions is observed in this patient.Conclusions: Neuroblastoma is a rare disease in adults and associated with a high number of mortality. Early and accurate diagnosis and multimodality of treatments are important to achieve disease control. Long term follow up is necessary for such patients.

Flood Management Issues in Hilly Regions of Uttarakhand (India) under Changing Climatic Conditions

Uttarakhand, an Indian Himalayan state in India, is famous for its natural environment, health rejuvenation, adventure, and a pilgrimage centre for various religions. It is categorised into two major regions, i.e., the Garhwal and the Kumaon, and geographically, the Bhabar and the Terai. Floods, cloudbursts, glacier lake outbursts, and landslides are the major natural hazards that cause the highest number of mortalities and property damage in this state. After becoming a full 27th state of India in 2000, the developmental activities have increased many folds, which has added to such calamities. This study briefly summarises the major incidents of flood damage, describes the fragile geology of this Himalayan state, and identifies the natural as well as the anthropogenic causes of the flood as a disaster. It also highlights the issue of climate change in the state and its adverse impact in the form of extreme precipitation. Besides these, it reviews the challenges involved in flood management and highlights the effective flood risk management plan that may be adopted to alleviate its adverse impacts.

Mortality analysis of COVID-19 cases during the second wave and its comparison with the first wave: A hospital-based study.

This study was undertaken to determine the characteristics of COVID-19 deaths during the second wave and to compare these characteristics with the mortality during the first wave in a dedicated COVID hospital (DCH). It was a hospital record-based descriptive study. The study was conducted in a tertiary care COVID hospital, using a standard death audit proforma. The data were analyzed to know various demographic characteristics and factors related to mortality during the second wave from March to June 2021. The findings were compared with the mortality data during the first wave from April to July 2020 at the same hospital. A total of 264 deaths occurred at the center during the study period with a mortality rate of 22.8%. Male cases were more in number, the age group was 21-70 years, the highest number of mortality was seen in the mid of the study period, duration of stay was five days on average and common causes of death were pneumonia alone or with acute respiratory distress syndrome with sepsis. In comparison to the first wave, the mortality rate was four times higher, the age group was younger and opportunistic infections viz. mucormycosis and aspergillosis were present during the second wave. The mortality rate was significantly higher and the younger age groups were involved during the second wave, with opportunistic fungal infections due to the use of immunomodulators.

Acanthaster planci Inhibits PCSK9 and Lowers Cholesterol Levels in Rats.

Atherosclerosis is the main cause of cardiovascular diseases which in turn, lead to the highest number of mortalities globally. This pathophysiological condition is developed due to a constant elevated level of plasma cholesterols. Statin is currently the widely used treatment in reducing the level of cholesterols, however, it may cause adverse side effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need to search for new alternative treatment. PCSK9 is an enzyme responsible in directing LDL-receptor (LDL-R)/LDL-cholesterols (LDL-C) complex to lysosomal degradation, preventing the receptor from recycling back to the surface of liver cells. Therefore, PCSK9 offers a potential target to search for small molecule inhibitors which inhibit the function of this enzyme. In this study, a marine invertebrate Acanthaster planci, was used to investigate its potential in inhibiting PCSK9 and lowering the levels of cholesterols. Cytotoxicity activity of A. planci on human liver HepG2 cells was carried out using the MTS assay. It was found that methanolic extract and fractions did not exhibit cytotoxicity effect on HepG2 cell line with IC50 values of more than 30 µg/mL. A compound deoxythymidine also did not exert any cytotoxicity activity with IC50 value of more than 4 µg/mL. Transient transfection and luciferase assay were conducted to determine the effects of A. planci on the transcriptional activity of PCSK9 promoter. Methanolic extract and Fraction 2 (EF2) produced the lowest reduction in PCSK9 promoter activity to 70 and 20% of control at 12.5 and 6.25 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, deoxythymidine also decreased PCSK9 promoter activity to the lowest level of 60% control at 3.13 μM. An in vivo study using Sprague Dawley rats demonstrated that 50 and 100 mg/kg of A. planci methanolic extract reduced the total cholesterols and LDL-C levels to almost similar levels of untreated controls. The level of serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) showed that the administration of the extract did not produce any toxicity effect and cause any damage to rat liver. The results strongly indicate that A. planci produced a significant inhibitory activity on PCSK9 gene expression in HepG2 cells which may be responsible for inducing the uptake of cholesterols by liver, thus, reducing the circulating levels of total cholesterols and LDL-C. Interestingly, A. planci also did show any adverse hepato-cytotoxicity and toxic effects on liver. Thus, this study strongly suggests that A. planci has a vast potential to be further developed as a new class of therapeutic agent in lowering the blood cholesterols and reducing the progression of atherosclerosis.

Predictive value of C-reactive protein/albumin ratio in predicting poor outcome of hospitalized patients with COVID-19

Introduction 
 For more than a year, COVID-19 has caused a high number of mortality and morbidity, and negatively affects life all over the world. Early detection tools that can be used to predict prognosis are particularly important in patients who need critical care. Among the acute phase reactants, CRP can be higher without any other findings. Otherwise, the cytokine storm that occurs in hospitalized COVID-19 cases can cause critical hypoalbuminemia, and low albumin levels can predict the course of the disease independently of other indicators. Our aim in this study is to determine the relationship between CRP / albumin ratio (CAR) and prognosis of COVID-19 patients.
 Material and Method
 In this study, from February 1, 2021 to April 30, 2021, patients who visited to the emergency department, diagnosed with COVID-19 and hospitalized, were selected to examine retrospectively. 
 Results
 The study was completed with total of 273 patients. We divided the patients into two groups as those who require ICU and those who do not. The CAR was found to be more than 2 times higher in the ICU required group than the non-ICU need group (1.43 - 0.61, respectively). The area under the curve (AUC) of CRP, albumin and CAR were 0.708, 0.321 and 0.729 for the prediction of ICU admissions, respectively. In terms of mortality, AUC values were calculated as 0.660, 0.304 and 0.725, in the same order, and the predictive power of CAR was higher than CRP and albumin alone in both outcomes.
 Conclusion
 We found that the patients with high CAR values had further ICU requirements and further mortality rates. CAR is a simple, convenient and inexpensive prognostic marker that can be used in predicting the severity of COVID-19.

Linking air quality, health, and economic effect models for use in air pollution epidemiology studies with uncertain factors

Epidemiological studies have shown that premature mortality, hospital admission, and outpatient visits are closely related to particulate matter (PM) pollution. The modelling of air quality, assessment of human health impact, and estimation of health impact models are useful tools for assessing the impact of air pollution on health. This study proposes a model framework for assessing air pollution damage, including air quality simulation for PM10, assessment of human health impacts, and estimation of health impact models that meet the requirements of actual monitoring data. The novel contribution of this study is a proposal for the application of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)/Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System (CMAQ) model and the epidemiological coefficient β of concentration–response functions (CRFs), which were determined from epidemiological studies and selected in accordance with the study area conditions under limited conditions related to the field measurement data, to calculate the health impacts and economic losses caused by PM10. Calculation results for a typical month in 2017 showed that economic losses were approximately 125.119 million Vietnamese Dong (95% CI: −26.841, 272.633), in which the highest number of mortality and morbidity due to PM10 dust pollution exposure was identified on October 24, 2017. The WRF/CMAQ simulation results were calibrated and validated to improve the efficiency of the estimation. These validated results were mainly based on the measured data, which played a significant role in enhancing the accuracy of the quantification of air pollution effects.

Feasibility of laparoscopic repair of peptic ulcer perforation

Background: Perforation is a common complication of peptic ulcer disease and presents as Perforation peritonitis. It has the highest number of mortality among all complications (≈15%). In spite of modern progress in the management, it is still a life-threatening catastrophe. Emergency surgery for complicated cases required in 7% of hospitalized peptic ulcer disease patients. Factors such as >24 hours of history, concomitant disease, shock, post operated wound infections, all are associated with increase in mortality and morbidity.Methods: A Prospective, observational, single hospital base study done during the period from 2016 to 2020 in the Department of Surgery, Gandhi medical college Bhopal. Sample size was taken 63Results: 52 out 63 cases presented with perforation peritonitis included under study period, 11 cases were excluded due to death and absconding of cases. In rest 52 cases, 15 of them went through laparoscopic repair, 28.85% of the cases were shifted directly to ORG.Conclusions: Laparoscopic repair of peptic ulcer perforation is feasible if patient presents early to the hospital. All perforation peritonitis should give fair chance to repair laparoscopically if patient’s general condition and anesthetic permits. This is a good alternative for conventional open surgery with less post-operative pain, early return to normal activities, less hospital stays and few postoperative wound infections. Thus it can significantly decrease the economic burden.

Numbers of confirmed syphilis cases in pregnant women in Brazil between 2009 and 2013

Syphilis is a bacterial disease transmitted sexually from pregnant women with syphilis to the fetus. The diagnosis of syphilis in pregnant women is confirmed through the VDRL exam. The objective of this work is to show the numbers of confirmed cases of syphilis in pregnant women in Brazil, regarding the year of diagnosis, age group, regions of Brazil, residential area, type of test, classification and evolution between 2009 and 2013. Secondary data taken from from the IT department of SUS – DATASUS (http://datasus.saude.gov.br). The greater number of tests allows better treatment and a reduction in the number of cases. However, the lack of preventive care during sexual intercourse leads to an increase in cases, especially among women of reproductive age. Areas with a larger population have higher numbers of cases. The high variation of partners in these areas drives the increase in contamination. The type of test influences the numbers. Less specific, more general tests, find specific and non-specific antibodies to the bacteria. This can change the actual numbers. Female health care makes the diagnosis early, facilitating treatment. Syphilis is not directly responsible for the highest number of mortality in pregnant women.

Convalescent plasma therapy for coronavirus infection: experience from MERS and application in COVID-19

ABSTRACT The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a very large number of infections and high number of mortality. There is no specific therapeutic options that are approved for clinical use. Administration of convalescent plasma as a possible therapy was used in the case of viral pneumonia including SARS and influenza. There have been multiple studies of COVID-19 patients utilizing convalescent plasma. These studies employed different dosage levels and different regiments, were observational and lacked control arms, and had variable outcomes. Two of these studies used plasma with anti-SARS-CoV-2 titers of >1:640 to >1:1000. A recent randomized controlled clinical trial showed no benefit of convalescent plasma in patients with severe diseases. However, the study was terminated early and thus further clinical trials are needed to show efficacy in patients with COVID-19 infection.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT WITH PNEUMONIA TODDLERS IN WEST JAVA

Background: West Java Province is the region with the highest number of pneumonia toddlers and mortality in toddlers due to third highest number of mortality in Indonesia at 2017. One of the risk factors for pneumonia toddlers was low birth weight (LBW). Purpose: This study has purpose to analyze the correlation between low birth weight with pneumonia toddlers in West Java Province at 2017. Methods: Type of this study was an observational type study with correlation study design. This study used secondary data from publication Health Profile of West Java Province in 2017. The population was all toddlers who suffered pneumonia from 18 districts and 9 cities in West Java Province. The independent variable was the coverage of low birth weight babies, while the dependent variable was the coverage of the discovery of pneumonia in toddlers. The study used data analysis through Durbin Watson test and Pearson correlation test. Results: This study showed there was a significant correlation between low birth weight with pneumonia toddlers with p value= 0,01 (p < 0,05). Strength of correlation showed there were moderate relationship and positive direction (pearson correlation = 0,54). so that it can be interpreted that the higher the events of low birth weight babies, then the higher the events of pneumonia in toddlers, and vice versa. Conclusion: There was a significant correlation between low birth weight with pneumonia toddlers in West Java Province in 2017.

Role of TFEB in autophagic modulation of ischemia reperfusion injury in mice kidney and protection by urolithin A

Kidney ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is an acute kidney injury associated with high number of mortality. We have examined the molecular mechanism and found that oxidative stress and hypoxia leads to induction of autophagy. In IRI induced autophagy, TFEB translocated to nucleus in response to IRI and induced a number of target genes of Coordinated Lysosomal Expression and Regulation (CLEAR) network. Real-time PCR analyses result showed IRI dependent increase in mRNA level to lysosomal hydrolases (Ctsa, Psap), lysosomal membranes (Lamp1), lysosomal acidification (Atp6ap1) non-lysosomal proteins involved in lysosomal biogenesis (M6pr, Nagpa) and autophagy (Becn1, VPS11). Overall, both lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy pathways were induced. Two key players of TFEB dependent proteins in autophagy, LAMP1 and BECN1 were verified by protein analyses. Pretreatment with urolithin A promoted autophagy and attenuated renal injury in kidney IRI and thus inverse relationship existed between TFEB–CLEAR pathway and kidney injury. Urolithin A also attenuated IRI induced pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL1β, MIP1α and MIP2 mRNA and associated kidney injury. Overall, our results explored the understanding of autophagy and CLEAR network to kidney IRI and those insights may help to develop new therapeutic strategies to protect against IRI.

PENGARUH TOPIKAL EKSTRA GEL LIDAH BUAYA aloevera KONSENTRASI 10%, DAN 20% TERHADAP GAMBARAN MAKROSKOPIS LUKA BAKAR GRADE II PADA TIKUS Rattus norvergicus GALUR WISTAR

Kasus luka bakar fase akut merupakan suatu bentuk kasus trauma kritis dengan angka mortalitas tinggi, yang memerlukan perhatian secara khusus. Lidah buaya memiliki kandungan zat aktif saponin yang bersifat antiseptic dan glukomanan sebagai pertumbuhan fibroblast yang dapat membantu proses penyembuhan luka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pemberian ekstrak gel lidah buaya terhadap penyembuhan luka bakar derajat dua.Ekstrak dibuat dengan maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 70%. Penelitian ini menggunakan 20 ekor tikus putih galur wistar jantan (Rattus norvergicus) yang dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok yaitu kelompok aloe vera 10%, aloe vera 20%, kelompok kontrol Silversulfadiazine1% dan NaCl 0,9%. Parameter yang diamati gambaran makroskopis (warna, luas dan ada tidaknya eksudat). Semua data diolah dan dianalisis statistik mengunakan SPSS 23. Hasil analisis statistik uji Paired-Samples T-Test dan uji Independent T-test menunjukan bahwa luas luka antara kelompok aloe vera 10% dan 20%, Silversulfadiazine1% dan NaCl 0,9% tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna (P>0,05). Jadi dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa Aloe vera 10% dan 20% memiliki efek yang sama dengan Silver Sulfadiazine 1% dalam hal penyembuhan luka bakar dan diaplikasikan kepada manusia sebagai alternatif perawatan luka bakar dengan harga yang relatif murah.

28 Total Cholesterol Level Weakly Correlate with Blood Pressure in Jatinangor

Background: Hypertension is related to cardiovascular complication and cause a high number of mortality. The prevalence of hypertension in Jatinangor is higher than national prevalence which is 25.8%. One of the risk factors of hypertension is hypercholesterolemia. Objective: This study aimed to investigate correlation between total cholesterol level and blood pressure in the residents of Jatinangor. Method: Across-sectional analytical study was conducted. The study population was residents of Jatinangor included in ‘Primary and Secondary Prevention of Hypertension in Jatinangor’. This study was conducted in August-November 2016. Spearman's rank test was used to correlate total cholesterol level with both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Result: From the total of 107 subject, 75 were female (70.1%), 32 were male (29.9%) with mean age 59.1 years old. Mean systolic blood pressure was 147.52 mmHg (SD = 29,711) and diastolic blood pressure was 86.63 mmHg (SD = 15,076). Mean cholesterol level was 193.07 mg/dL (SD = 42,062). The correlation was considered as significant in systolic blood pressure (r = 0.297; p = 0.004), while the correlation with diastolic blood pressure was not significant (r = 0.145; p = 0.136). There was significant correlation between total cholesterol level and systolic blood pressure in the sex male and female were 0.19 and 0.381. Conclusion: Statistically significant weak correlation is found between total cholesterol level and systolic blood pressure and the correlation is more significant in female.

A comparative study of individual and familial situation and history of diseases in female and male patients suffering from stroke

Introduction: The prevalence of stroke is increasing among young populations in Iran and among adult populations in other countries. The highest risk factors are related to cardiovascular diseases and blood pressure, and the most prevalent type of stroke is hemorrhagic stroke. The present study was aimed at comparing individual and familial situation and history of diseases in female and male patients suffering from stroke admitted in Alzahra, Feyz, and Kashani Hospitals, Isfahan in 2015-16.Method: The present study is a descriptive quantitative research. The statistical population included all patients with stroke who had referred to Alzahra, Feyz, and Kashani Hospitals in Isfahan. The study sample consisted of 180 records documented in those hospitals. The study instrument was a researcher-designed checklist. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive and analytical methods using SPSS software.Results: The highest number of mortality caused by stroke was related to hemorrhagic stroke to which hypertension is known as the risk factor. It was also concluded that there was no significant difference between female and male patients in terms of age, sex, place of residence, and marital status.Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, all patients suffering from stroke experience various physical problems; therefore, different factors cause stroke, and physical disabilities are predictable in such patients, and new protocols are required to improve life conditions among such patients.

Mortality in Emergency Department of Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital, a tertiary care centre in Kathmandu, Nepal

Introduction: There are limited literatures regarding mortality studies in emergency department of different hospitals of Nepal. The objectives of this study were to review and highlight the demographic patterns of mortality and to determine the frequency and causes of accident and emergency deaths. Methods: This was a retrospective study carried out in emergency department of Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu for a period of 3 years from April 2013 to 14th April 2016. The study variables were analyzed with descriptive statistics using software SPSS 16. Results: A total of 35,734 cases attended the emergency department during this period with mortality rates of 0.19%, 0.21% to 0.35% on consecutive 1st, 2nd, and 3rd year of study. There were 51(56%) males and 40(44%) females. The age of the cases ranged from 1month 23days to 86years old. Highest number of mortality (30.8%) was seen in the age group of more than 70 years old. Medical causes for death was far more common than surgical causes (83.5% versus 16.5%), Cardiac arrest being the commonest (n=19, 20.9%). Maximum number of cases (n=44, 48.4%) died within 1 to 6 hours of arrival to the emergency department. Conclusions: This study on mortality patterns highlights the causes of common mortalities in one of the emergency department of tertiary care centre in Nepal. This study will provide a basic data to develop competent manpower and good infrastructure with latest equipments in order to optimize positive outcome and to strengthen the emergency setting.

Composite of Poly Lactid Co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)-Collagen Coated by Chitosan as Candidate of Hollow Fiber Small Diameter Vascular Graft

Heart failure is a serious major health problem with high number of mortality per year. Bypass is one of the solutions that has often been taken. Nowadays, synthetic materials have been fabricated from polymers to solve the disadvantages which are provided by autograft, allograft and xenograft. The aim of this research is to make a synthetic vascular graft with great physical strength, high biocompatibility, and good affordability. The method of this research was mixing PLGA and collagen by magnetic stirrer. This composite were shaped by spinneret with water as coagulant. Then it was coated by chitosan with 3 variations of weight (1 %wt, 2 %wt, and 3 %wt) to increase hemo and cytocompatibility, proliferation, and cell attachment in order for the vascular graft candidates to be more biocompatible. Mechanical strength for each variation was 5,306 MPa (chitosan 1 %wt), 3,433 MPa (chitosan 2 %wt) and 3,745 MPa (chitosan 3 %wt). All the tensile values were higher than human vascular tensile strength. Toxicity test showed that the living cells in all variations were more than 60% in number, thus the vascular graft is not toxic.Hemolytic assay showed that the lowest coagulation was provided by sample with 3 %wt chitosan.

Human health risks in national capital territory of Delhi due to air pollution

This study evaluates the human health risks in Indian National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT Delhi) in terms of mortality and morbidity due to air pollution. The spreadsheet model, Risk of Mortality/Morbidity due to Air Pollution (Ri–MAP) was used to evaluate the direct health impacts of various criteria air pollutants present in various districts of NCT Delhi during the period 1991 to 2010. By adopting the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline concentrations for the air pollutants SO2, NO2 and total suspended particles (TSP), concentration–response relationships and a population attributable–risk proportion concept were employed. About 11 394, 3 912, 1 697 and 16 253 excess number of cases of total mortality, cardiovascular mortality, respiratory mortality and hospital admission of COPD respectively were observed for entire NCT Delhi in year 2000. However, within a one decade, in year 2010 these figures became 18 229, 6 374, 2 701 and 26 525. District–wise analysis shows that North West district is having the highest number of mortality and morbidity cases continuously after 2002, moreover least excess number of cases was observed for New Delhi district.

Effect of Biomechanism Mine Explosion on Children

The significant bodily violence and harm to children from blast injuries continue to be substantially caused by unexploded ordnance and improved explosive devices. Children have many unique anatomic and pathophysiologic attributes that potentially affect their susceptibility to injury. Consequently, this provides a characteristic profile to mine blast effects and projectile injuries. As a result, children's injuries inflicted on craniofacial tissues, airway compromise, hemorrhage, and brain injuries vary significantly from those inflicted on adults. In children more than adults, it is relevant that the simplest, immediate repair of maxillofacial injury is preferable to a major complex surgical approach that is significantly delayed because of availability.Twenty-one cases of mine blast/shrapnel pediatric maxillofacial injuries were selected to represent categorical varieties of a significant but unknown number of casualties treated successfully. The high number of mortality and morbidity caused by mine blast/projectile necessitates a reappraisal of pediatric craniofacial management training. "Losing a single child's life" is especially unacceptable if that loss was found to be due to the medical preparedness being inadequate or the lack of pediatric knowledge.