High Concentrations Of Nicotine Research Articles

Analyses and evaluation of the main chemical components in different tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) genotypes

The nicotine, reducing sugar and ion contents from the threshing of tobacco can re-used from the industry. The crude oil and fatty oil compositions of tobacco seeds can be considered as an alternative source of raw material for biodiesel. In this study, the nicotine, reducing sugar content, crude oil, fatty acid composition and ion content were determined in 29 genotypes and 1 cultivar of tobacco. The genetic diversity was determined among the tobacco cultivar and genotypes base on examined properties. The nicotine content varied between 0.10-0.87%, reducing sugar ranged from 9.70-21.30%, crude oil varied between 24.33-47.00% and fatty acid compositions was found in the range of 77.94-100%. Linoleic (13.92-75.04%) and butyric (0.33-64.98%) acids were the major components. Overall, the BSR-5 (52.56 mg/g) and ESR-5 (44.58 mg/g) genotypes exhibited the highest potassium contents and ESR-7 (6.54 mg/g) and ESR-8 (1.28 mg/g) genotypes had the lowest chlorine contents. As a result of this study, the highest nicotine content, reducing sugar and crude oil of tobacco were found in ESR-4, ESR-11 and BSR-5 genotypes, respectively. The dendrogram analysis divided the tobacco into two main groups and most of the same origin genotypes fell into the same group. The results indicated that the different tobacco leaves and seeds can be evaluated as an alternative source in the industry as cigarettes, biodiesel and different industrial applications such as cosmetic, oil paints and varnishes based on their chemical properties.

The Time Course of Compensatory Puffing With an Electronic Cigarette: Secondary Analysis of Real-World Puffing Data With High and Low Nicotine Concentration Under Fixed and Adjustable Power Settings.

IntroductionIn a secondary analysis of our published data demonstrating compensatory vaping behavior (increased puff number, puff duration, and device power) with e-cigarettes refilled with low versus high nicotine concentration e-liquid, here we examine 5-day time course over which compensatory behavior occurs under fixed and adjustable power settings.Aims and MethodsNineteen experienced vapers (37.90 ± 10.66 years, eight females) vaped ad libitum for 5 consecutive days under four counterbalanced conditions (ie, 20 days in total): (1) low nicotine (6 mg/mL)/fixed power (4.0 V/10 W); (2) low nicotine/adjustable power; (3) high nicotine (18 mg/mL)/fixed power; (4) high nicotine/adjustable power (at 1.6 Ohm). Puff number, puff duration, and power settings were recorded by the device. For each day, total daily puffing time was calculated by multiplying daily puff number by mean daily puff duration.ResultsA significant day × setting interaction revealed that whilst puffing compensation (daily puffing time) continued to increase over 5 days under fixed power, it remained stable when power settings were adjustable. Separate analysis for puff number and puff duration suggested that the puffing compensatory behavior was largely maintained via longer puff duration.ConclusionsUnder fixed power conditions (4.0 V/10 W), vapers appear to compensate for poor nicotine delivery by taking longer puffs and this compensatory puffing appears to be maintained over time.ImplicationsStudies in smokers suggest that when switching to lower nicotine levels, compensation for poorer nicotine delivery is transient. Our novel findings suggest that vapers show a different pattern of compensation which is influenced by both nicotine strength and device power settings. When power is fixed (4.0 V; 10 W), compensation (via more intensive puffing) appears prolonged, persisting up to 5 days. Under adjustable settings when power is increased, puffing patterns remain stable over time. Implications of such compensatory behaviors for product safety and user satisfaction need further exploration.

Снюс: влияние на состояние органов полости рта и на организм человека в целом

At present, it is possible to talk about an epidemic outbreak of nicotine consumption in the form of sucking products, the main consumers of which according to the Ministry of Health are teenagers and children. According to them, "snus-it is trendy," there is no unpleasant smell, "you can use anywhere and whenever." The high concentration of nicotine in the lollipops causes rapid addiction to the drug and many diseases both from the oral cavity and from the body as a whole. Although snus is considered prohibited in Russia, it is not difficult to purchase it for teenagers. Consumption of snus is steadily increasing every year, despite the harmful composition of its composition. According to the Ministry of Health, today 20% of men and 5% of women use snus in the country, which is 3 times more than the use of a regular cigarette. The Journal of International Medicine claims that when more than one portion of snus is consumed per day, it increases the incidence of diabetes by more than 70%.

Distribution of black shank disease on Temanggung tobacco and environmental factors affecting disease development

Temanggung tobacco recognized for its aromatic character and high-nicotine content is a main component of clove cigarette. Currently, it only fulfils 30% of market requests. A major issue is low productivity caused by land fertility degradation and pathogens invasion such as Phytophthora nicotianae, the causal agent of black shank disease. This research aimed to determine the incidence level and distribution of the disease within tobacco plantation in Temanggung. A survey was conducted on 53 locations determined by a land system method. The incidence of black shank was recorded for each location as well as soil samples were also taken to identify soil nutrient contents. The results revealed that black shank was found at various incidence levels in several sampling points, especially in the paddy land. In dry land, none of black shank was found. In contrast, in paddy land black shank incidence reached up to 44%. It indicated that environmental condition influenced development of black shank. C-organic has a negative correlation with black shank incidence. High black shank incidence took place in low C-organic areas. C-organic has an important effect on the improvement of physical and chemical structure of soil characters as well as the equilibrium of soil microbes.

Chemical Composition of Aerosols of an Electronic Cigarette

A needle trap sampler (NTS) packed with 60–80-mesh divinylbenzene (DVB) adsorbent inside a 22-gauge stainless steel needle was used as a micro sampling device to extract chemical compounds in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) aerosol. The samples were then analyzed using gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectroscopy (MS) to determine the constituents. Based on the experimental results, e-cigarette smokers are exposed to high concentrations of nicotine (146 ± 51 mg m–3) during long sessions. If the e-cigarette liquid leaks though the filter of the cartridge, the user is exposed to even greater quantities (914 mg m–3). However, the secondhand aerosol contains less than 1 mg m–3 of nicotine on average (with 0.43–1.74 mg m–3 being the approximate full range). In addition to nicotine, the airborne emissions from e-cigarettes mainly consist of vegetable glycerin, propylene glycol, and triacetin.

Effect of Pod e-Cigarettes vs Cigarettes on Carcinogen Exposure Among African American and Latinx Smokers

Fourth-generation nicotine salt pod system (NSPS) electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are the leading class of e-cigarettes. They contain high nicotine concentrations, which may facilitate switching among smokers, but could also lead to increased exposure to nicotine and biomarkers of potential harm. African American and Latinx smokers experience significant tobacco-related health disparities. The potential of NSPS e-cigarettes to reduce smoking-related harm among these groups is unknown. To compare the harm reduction potential of NSPS e-cigarette vs combustible cigarettes. This unblinded randomized clinical trial compared 6 weeks of e-cigarette use vs cigarettes as usual from to 2018 to 2019 among smokers in the San Diego, California, and Kansas City, Missouri, areas. Participants included African American and Latinx adult combustible cigarette smokers who smoked at least 5 cigarettes/d on at least 25 of the past 30 days for at least 6 months and were interested in switching to e-cigarettes. Data were analyzed from September 18, 2019, to September 4, 2020. 6 weeks of e-cigarette use in a choice of pod flavors (5% nicotine) along with brief education, training, and action planning to completely switch to e-cigarettes from combustible cigarettes. The control group smoked combustible cigarettes as usual. The primary outcome was reduction in urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) concentration at week 6. Secondary outcomes were change in urinary cotinine, expired carbon monoxide (CO), respiratory symptoms, lung function, blood pressure, past 7-day consumption of combustible cigarettes, and switching rates (e-cigarette group only) at weeks 2 and 6. This study included 186 participants, including 92 African American participants and 94 Latinx participants. The mean (SD) age was 43.3 (12.5) years, and 75 (40.3%) were women. Participants smoked a mean (SD) of 12.1 (7.2) cigarettes/d on 6.8 (0.6) d/wk at baseline. A total of 125 participants were randomized to the e-cigarette group and 61 were randomized to the control group. At baseline, median (interquartile range) NNAL was 124 (45-197) pg/mL in the e-cigarette group and 88 (58-197) pg/mL in the control group. At week 6, the e-cigarette group had significantly greater reductions in NNAL (relative risk [RR], 0.36 [95% CI, 0.23-0.54]; P < .001), CO (RR, 0.53 [95% CI, 0.42-0.68]; P < .001), respiratory symptoms (RR, 0.63 [95% CI, 0.47-0.85]; P = .002), and number of cigarettes smoked in the past 7 days among those still smoking (RR, 0.30 [95% CI, 0.20-0.43]; P < .001) than the control group and maintained their cotinine levels (RR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.58-1.10]; P = .17). Lung function and diastolic and systolic blood pressure remained unchanged and did not differ between groups. For participants randomized to receive e-cigarettes, 32 participants (28.1%) were exclusively using e-cigarettes at week 6, while 66 participants (57.9%) were dual using and 16 participants (14%) resumed exclusively using cigarettes. These findings suggest that e-cigarettes may be an inclusive harm reduction strategy for African American and Latinx smokers. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03511001.

Effects of 3-Month Exposure to E-Cigarette Aerosols on Glutamatergic Receptors and Transporters in Mesolimbic Brain Regions of Female C57BL/6 Mice.

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) use has been dramatically increased recently, especially among youths. Previous studies from our laboratory showed that chronic exposure to e-cigs, containing 24 mg/mL nicotine, was associated with dysregulation of glutamate transporters and neurotransmitter levels in the brain of a mouse model. In this study, we evaluated the effect of three months’ continuous exposure to e-cig vapor (JUUL pods), containing a high nicotine concentration, on the expression of glutamate receptors and transporters in drug reward brain regions such as the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core (NAc-core), NAc shell (NAc-shell) and hippocampus (HIP) in female C57BL/6 mice. Three months’ exposure to mint- or mango-flavored JUUL (containing 5% nicotine, 59 mg/mL) induced upregulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) and postsynaptic density protein 95 (phosphorylated and total PSD95) expression, and downregulation of mGluR5 and glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) in the NAc-shell. In addition, three months’ exposure to JUUL was associated with upregulation of mGluR5 and GLT-1 expression in the HIP. These findings demonstrated that three-month exposure to e-cig vapor containing high nicotine concentrations induced differential effects on the glutamatergic system in the NAc and HIP, suggesting dysregulation of glutamatergic system activity in mesolimbic brain regions.

Assessing the effect of nicotine dose in cigarette smoking on sleep quality.

While several studies assessed the relation between cigarette smoking and sleep, there are still very few studies assessing the effect of nicotine in cigarette smoking on sleep. This study aimed to compare higher vs lower nicotine levels in cigarette smoking on sleep quality. We used data from the recently released dataset for the Randomized Trial of Reduced-Nicotine Standards for Cigarettes. We included three groups in the current study: the least nicotine concentration (i.e., 0.4 mg/g), a moderate nicotine concentration (i.e., 5.2 mg/g), and the highest nicotine concentration (i.e., 15.8 mg/g). For each participant, we included data regarding baseline and the last follow up at 6 weeks, where we compared insomnia, sleep problems, and awakening at night, in addition to different depression and affect scores. A total of 360 patients were included in this study, with a mean age of 42.4 (±13.4) years. For the three nicotine groups (i.e., 0.4 mg/g, 5.2 mg/g, and 15.8 mg/g), we included 119 (33%), 122 (34%), and 119 (33%) participants. Among the high-nicotine-dose group, the number of participants who had worsened sleep was significantly higher than the number of those who had improved sleep (p = 0.01) after 6 weeks of consumption, where 37 (31%) had worsened sleep score after 6 weeks while only 19 (16%) had improved score compared with baseline. While previous studies established a relation either between cigarette smoking and sleep or between nicotine patches and sleep, the present study is the first to establish that higher nicotine doses in cigarettes were associated with more sleep disturbances.

A comparison of product dependence among cigarette only, ENDS only, and dual users: Findings from Wave 3 (2015–2016) of the PATH study

IntroductionLittle is known about differences in tobacco product dependence among people who use two tobacco products versus one. Self-reported product dependence among individuals using cigarettes only, electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) only, and both cigarettes and ENDS (dual users) was compared. MethodPATH Wave 3 data were collected between 2015 and 2016. We used 11 Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives items to assess cigarette and ENDS dependence, averaged to generate Cigarette Dependence (CD) and ENDS Dependence (ED) scores. Linear regression models were used to assess the association between tobacco use groups and the two dependence scores. ResultsOur analytic sample included 5538 (91.5 %) cigarette only, 399 (6.7 %) ENDS only, and 108 (1.8 %) dual users. There was no difference in CD between cigarette only and dual users. ENDS only users’ ED (2.11, SE = 0.05) was higher than dual users’ ED (1.67, SE = 0.04) (p < 0.05). Dual users’ mean ED (1.70, SE = 0.09) was significantly lower than their CD (3.03, SE = 0.11) (p < 0.001), and ENDS only users’ ED (2.34, SE = 0.05) was significantly lower than cigarette only users’ CD (2.94, SE = 0.02) (p < 0.001). ConclusionWhile there was no difference in CD between dual and cigarette only users, dual users’ ED was lower than that for ENDS only users. ENDS appeared to produce less dependence than cigarettes among dual users. Given the high nicotine concentration ENDS products that entered the market after PATH Wave 3 data were collected, future research should examine ED among ENDS only and dual users.

Effect of free-base and protonated nicotine on nicotine yield from electronic cigarettes with varying power and liquid vehicle

Nicotine in electronic cigarette (ECIG) liquids can exist in a free-base or protonated (or “salt”) form. Protonated nicotine is less aversive upon inhalation than free-base nicotine, and many ECIG manufacturers have begun marketing protonated nicotine products, often with high nicotine concentrations. Regulations intended to control ECIG nicotine delivery limit nicotine concentration but do not consider nicotine form. In this study, we systematically examined the effect of nicotine form on nicotine yield for varying powers and liquid vehicles. A Kanger Subox Mini-C tank ECIG (0.5 Ω) was used to generate aerosols at varying powers (5–45 W) from liquid solutions that contained either free-base or protonated nicotine at 15 mg/g concentration, with a liquid vehicle consisting of either propylene glycol (PG) or vegetable glycerin (VG), resulting in four different solutions (free-base/PG, free-base/VG, protonated/PG, and protonated/VG). Nicotine yield was quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Nicotine yields were not influenced by nicotine form under any condition investigated. At each power level, PG-based liquids resulted in approximately double the nicotine yield of VG-based liquids. Nicotine concentrations in the aerosols matched those of the parent liquids for both the PG and VG conditions. Increasing power led to greater nicotine yield across all conditions. The amount of nicotine emitted by an ECIG is independent of whether the nicotine is free-base or protonated, however the liquid vehicle has a strong effect on yield. Regulations intended to limit nicotine emissions must consider not only nicotine concentration, but also liquid vehicle and device power.

������������� ���� Nicotian ��� �������� ��������� ����� �������

N. rustica L. as a technical product is an underestimated crop, due to the rich number of valuable compounds in interest to the pharmaceutical, hydrolysis, microbiological and pulp and paper industries. The task is, to determine the chemical composition of N. rustica L. for the introduction of the best samples in the selection process. The purpose of the study ‒ restore the collection of N. rustica L. by involving introduced varieties to the selection process. The main material for the research was, a collection of domestic local varieties ‒ representatives of different ecotypes with a large set of economically valuable traits, with high adaptability to cultivation in certain conditions of their cultivation. During 2014‒2019, the Transcarpathian State Research Station of NAAS carried out exploratory work on the restoration and creation of the collection N. rustica L. by involving introduced varieties to the selection process. To assess the varieties used methods for assessing shag for distinctiveness, homogeneity and stability. The selection of varieties of the Ukrainian group N. rustica L. and combining them into groups was based on economically valuable traits (length of the growing season, yield, type of raw materials and requirements for agronomic growing conditions) and morphological traits. Varieties such as Khmelovka, Kurchava, Vysokorosla zelena, Malopasynkova, Zhovta, Bakun are grown in the Transcarpathian State Agricultural Research Station in order to preserve valuable varieties, improve their growing conditions in the Transcarpathian region and restore valuable aromatic and medicinal culture. As a result of observations it was established, that the duration of summer ‒ autumn development of N. rustica L. in the studied varieties averaged 135 days, and depending on the variety 100‒149 days. Chemical plants research of the genus Nicotiana involves the accurate study of the composition on different types of tobacco raw materials and the development methods for objective assessment of product quality. These studies allow to determine the degree of improvement on certain technological tobacco processing means, to develop methods of changing the tobacco raw materials composition in the right direction, and makes it possible to obtain valuable substances (nicotinic acid) in the maximum amount for a particular plant. The nicotine content in the varieties of the Ukrainian group was studied and were selected the samples with the highest nicotine content and the best varietal qualities of vegetative mass productivity and vegetation duration. The nicotine content depends on many factors. Nicotine content depends on the color of the leaf blade of N. rustica L. A higher nicotine content was recorded in the leaves of intense green color compared to light-colored. The absorption spectra of distillates samples of N. rustica L. shag samples are identical to those obtained for the standard nicotine solution, except for samples of shag varieties on local shag and Bakun black. As a result, chemical analysis of shag samples and the nicotine content in the varieties of the Ukrainian group was determined and samples with the highest nicotine content and the best varietal qualities (vegetative mass productivity and vegetation duration) were identified. Almost all samples have a high nicotine content, but only two cultivars should be distinguished ‒ Koriotes dark, in which the nicotine content exceeded 2%, and Khmelivka cultivar, reacted very positively to the growing conditions, and the nicotine content in the cultivars of this cultivar (Kharkiv, Ukrainka and Voronezh) was also quite high and exceeded 1%. The result of available material processing is developed classification of varietal variety of shag, studied morphological characteristics and biological features of the Ukrainian cultivars group, established varietal characteristics of the main phenological phases of shag development, identified varieties with early growing season and early tying boxes in selections work, to accelerate the harvest and value to breeders as source forms. Nicotiana rustica cultivars belonging to the cultivars of the Ukrainian group have a fairly fast season growing and a short flowering period, which is not desirable in the growing process, but at the same time the cultivars of this group form sufficient amount of vegetative mass for industrial cultivation and have a high nicotine content.

Is nicotine damaging to oral tissues?

Data sources The review included 42 pre-clinical in-vitro studies, published between 1995 and 2017. Study selection The study selected in-vitro studies which had assessed the effect of nicotine on human gingival and periodontal fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Typically, diluted pure nicotine was added to a cell culture medium in a variety of doses for a variety of time periods and the cells were then compared against a no-nicotine control. Outcomes assessed were: Cell viability, cell attachment or adhesion, cell proliferation or inflammatory mediator production. Studies were restricted to English language and full-text only.Data extraction and synthesis Two members of the review team screened abstracts and reviewed the full-texts independently. Disagreements regarding inclusion were resolved by discussion and consultation with the third author. Data were also extracted independently using a specifically designed data extraction form which included a quality assessment specifically designed for in-vitro studies. A narrative synthesis of the results was carried out.Results The included studies were heterogeneous in their designs, with a wide variety of cell types, concentrations of nicotine (1 nM to 100 mM), exposure times (30 minutes to four weeks), and assays used. All studies were assessed at being at high risk of bias due to lack of randomisation, allocation concealment, and blinding. No effect on cell viability was observed when the nicotine concentrations used were within the ranges observed in-vivo in smokers, nicotine replacement therapy users (NRT) and e-cigarette users. Cell viability was adversely affected only when concentrations of nicotine reached those observed in the saliva of smokeless tobacco users (>5 mM). However, periodontal ligament cells are not usually exposed to saliva in-vivo. Effects on cell attachment, cell proliferation and production of inflammatory mediators were reported at a wide range of concentrations, but the effects were contradictory. The authors make several recommendations for future research in this area, to improve the quality of the primary studies. Conclusions At the concentrations found in smokers and users of NRT including e-cigarettes, nicotine is unlikely to be toxic to human gingival and periodontal ligament cells in in-vitro. Higher concentrations of nicotine, of the levels observed in the saliva of smokeless tobacco users, have been shown to be cytotoxic in vitro.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE NICOTINE EXTRACTION PROCESS FROM NICOTIANA TABACUM L. IN SUPERCRITICAL CONDITIONS UNDER VARIOUS EXTRACTANT FLOWS

In this paper, we present a comparative analysis of various methods and conditions for extractionfrom the plant Nicotiana tabacum L., harvested in the Almaty region of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2019.Extraction was carried out at various temperatures at during the extraction process while maintaining pressure in thesystem 120 bar and a flow of 100 ml/min and 4000 ml/min with the subsequent development of the technology forproducing nicotinic acid by oxidation in an aqueous medium.The supercritical extraction method was carried out on a CO2 extraction unit under the following conditions: thetemperature range in the reactor 40-80 °C, the pressure 120 bar, a gas flow of 100 ml / min. Extraction was alsocarried out on the installation which was developed jointly with LLC «Superhydrophobic Coatings» (Nizhny Tagil,Russia) at similar temperatures and pressure but with a 40-fold increase in flow (4000 ml/min).The obtained extracts were studied on a gas chromatograph with a mass selective detector Agilent Technologies7890N / 5973N GС / MS. Data processing included determining retention times, peak areas and processing ofspectral information obtained by using a mass spectrometric detector. The libraries Wiley 7th edition and NIST’02were used for evaluation of mass spectra.As a result, an almost two-fold increase in the efficiency of the extraction process was achieved whilemaintaining the previous parameters.In addition, the maximum selectivity of the process is achieved at 120 bar and a temperature 70 oC. The nicotinecontent in the final extract increased significantly with reducing the quantitative and qualitative content of impuritieswhich are represented in most higher hydrocarbons and alcohols, which do not have special biological activity and,as a consequence, do not affect the quality of the final product.Our comparative analysis with previously published data shows that a temperature change significantlyincreases the selectivity of the extraction process, while the highest nicotine content was noted in the extract obtainedat 70 oС. Also under these conditions the smallest impurity content was noted. In addition, only 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (11.31%) and Tetratetracontane (4.70%) were identified in the extract with nicotine.Natural nicotine is in demand in the production of alternative methods of tobacco consumption, such as ecigarette. Nicotine can also be potentially used in medicine as an anesthetic and in the treatment of Alzheimer'sdisease. In addition, nicotine is used as an insecticide to protect plants. For these purposes, nicotine was used in theform of a pure substance, its sulfate, tobacco dust, and the pure substance was the most active.

“I’m using cigarettes to quit JUUL”: An analysis of Twitter posts about JUUL cessation

IntroductionJUUL, a small pod-based vaping device that aerosolizes nicotine salts, is popular among adolescents and young adults. Because of JUUL’s high nicotine content, JUUL users can become nicotine dependent very quickly and have difficulty quitting. Nicotine-dependent JUUL users might turn to Twitter to seek advice, share their cessation struggles, or report their success rather than confiding in friends or family. MethodThis study analyzed Twitter tweets (N = 3192) posted in 2018–2019 to identify common themes about quitting JUUL. Tweets containing the keywords “JUUL” and “quit” or “quitting” were analyzed qualitatively and grouped into themes. ResultsThe most common themes were Methods to quit (25.4%), Have quit (17.8%), Want to quit (16.1%), Reasons to quit (9.6%), Difficulty quitting (7.9%), Barriers to quitting (2.9%), and Curious about quitting (2.1%). Methods to quit included evidence-based tobacco cessation methods such as nicotine replacement therapy and enrolling in a text-to-quit program, but they also included non-evidence-based strategies such as buying lower-nicotine pods online or switching to other tobacco products including cigarettes. Former JUUL users who had quit successfully generally expressed pride but also acknowledged that quitting was very difficult. Reasons for quitting included adverse health effects such as breathing problems and the financial cost of a JUUL habit. Posters mentioned their extreme difficulty quitting JUUL, numerous failed quit attempts, and numerous barriers to quitting including intense physical and emotional withdrawal symptoms. Some posters joked about switching to cigarettes or other drugs to quit JUUL. ConclusionResults indicate that JUUL cessation is difficult and that some JUUL users want to quit. Health communication messages are needed to direct JUUL users to effective cessation strategies.

The Role of the School Nurse in Creating a Vape-Free School

Electronic, or "e"-cigarette use has been adopted by an alarming number of teens in recent years. E-cigarettes are neither legal for youth nor considered safe for use by youth. E-cigarette companies have targeted youth in their marketing strategies and developed appealing flavors with high nicotine content to ensure dependence on their products. Schools lack adequate resources and capacity to address e-cigarette use, relying mostly on punitive sanctions for what is essentially a health issue. School nurses can help their districts and schools by navigating appropriate consequences for vaping, providing accurate information and education, providing cessation resources, advocating for student support, and informing stakeholders on population health strategies to prevent initiation and reduce youth e-cigarette use.

Abuse liability of electronic cigarettes in men who are experienced electronic cigarette users.

Most electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) aerosolize a nicotine-containing liquid that users inhale. Few experimental studies have examined e-cig abuse liability (the extent to which use of these products may lead to persistent and/or problematic use). In this study, 24 experienced male e-cig users completed 4 sessions that differed byproduct used: own e-cig (OWN), an eGo e-cig filled with participants' own brand/flavor liquid in 0 mg/mL nicotine (e-cig0), an eGo e-cig filled with the highest nicotine concentration available in participants' own brand/flavor (e-cighighest), and a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved nicotine inhaler (IN). Outcome measures included crossover point on the multiple-choice procedure, plasma nicotine delivery, and subjective effect profile. After 10 puffs, a significantly higher mean crossover point was observed for OWN at $1.35 (SD = 0.90) compared to e-cighighest at $0.88 (SD = 0.89), e-cig0 at $0.83 (SD = 0.79), and IN at $0.72 (SD = 0.84). Significant increases in mean plasma nicotine concentration were observed for OWN at 7.94 ng/mL (SD = 6.19) and e-cighighest at 7.51 ng/mL (SD = 5.39). Significant reductions in abstinence symptom suppression and higher ratings of satisfaction were observed for OWN and e-cighighest, with significantly less suppression and lower ratings of satisfaction for e-cig0 and IN. These findings suggest that human laboratory methods can be used to assess e-cig abuse liability and that nicotine-containing e-cigs have greater abuse liability than nicotine-free e-cigs and the IN. Potential regulations intended to limit e-cig abuse liability should be tested using these or similar procedures. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Trendy e-cigarettes enter Europe: chemical characterization of JUUL pods and its aerosols

The popularity and the high nicotine content of the American pod e-cigarette JUUL have raised many concerns. To comply with European law, the nicotine concentration in the liquids of the European version, which has been recently released on the market, is limited to below 20 mg/mL. This limit can possibly be circumvented by technological adjustments that increase vaporization and consequently, elevate nicotine delivery. In this study, we compare vapor generation and nicotine delivery of the initial European version, a modified European version, and the original American high-nicotine variant using a machine vaping set-up. Additionally, benzoic acid and carbonyl compounds are quantified in the aerosol. Further, concentrations of nicotine, benzoic acid, propylene glycol, and glycerol, along with the density and pH value of JUUL e-liquids have been assessed. Whereas the initial European version did not compensate for the low nicotine content in the liquid, we provide evidence for an increased vaporization by the modified European version. As a consequence, nicotine delivery per puff approximates the American original. Notably, this is not associated with an increased generation of carbonyl compounds. Our data suggest a similar addictiveness of the enhanced European version and the original American product.

Is nicotine damaging to oral tissues?

Data sources The review included 42 pre-clinical in-vitro studies, published between 1995 and 2017. Study selection The study selected in-vitro studies which had assessed the effect of nicotine on human gingival and periodontal fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Typically, diluted pure nicotine was added to a cell culture medium in a variety of doses for a variety of time periods and the cells were then compared against a no-nicotine control. Outcomes assessed were: Cell viability, cell attachment or adhesion, cell proliferation or inflammatory mediator production. Studies were restricted to English language and full-text only.Data extraction and synthesis Two members of the review team screened abstracts and reviewed the full-texts independently. Disagreements regarding inclusion were resolved by discussion and consultation with the third author. Data were also extracted independently using a specifically designed data extraction form which included a quality assessment specifically designed for in-vitro studies. A narrative synthesis of the results was carried out.Results The included studies were heterogeneous in their designs, with a wide variety of cell types, concentrations of nicotine (1 nM to 100 mM), exposure times (30 minutes to four weeks), and assays used. All studies were assessed at being at high risk of bias due to lack of randomisation, allocation concealment, and blinding. No effect on cell viability was observed when the nicotine concentrations used were within the ranges observed in-vivo in smokers, nicotine replacement therapy users (NRT) and e-cigarette users. Cell viability was adversely affected only when concentrations of nicotine reached those observed in the saliva of smokeless tobacco users (>5 mM). However, periodontal ligament cells are not usually exposed to saliva in-vivo. Effects on cell attachment, cell proliferation and production of inflammatory mediators were reported at a wide range of concentrations, but the effects were contradictory. The authors make several recommendations for future research in this area, to improve the quality of the primary studies. Conclusions At the concentrations found in smokers and users of NRT including e-cigarettes, nicotine is unlikely to be toxic to human gingival and periodontal ligament cells in in-vitro. Higher concentrations of nicotine, of the levels observed in the saliva of smokeless tobacco users, have been shown to be cytotoxic in vitro.

First seizure in adolescent immediately following E‐cigarette use: Two patient cases

AbstractThe health risks of e‐cigarettes have been increasingly called into question due to their high nicotine concentration, rapid nicotine delivery mechanism, and large user population. Details concerning potential health risks, patterns of use, and risk factors surrounding e‐cigarette use are still being fully elucidated. We describe two adolescent patients who both presented with a first‐time, generalized tonic‐clonic seizure immediately after vaping a high‐concentration nicotine e‐cigarette. Neither had any epilepsy risk factors, and their medical histories, neurological examinations, brain magnetic resonance images, and electroencephalograms were normal. The findings presented in this report strengthen the isolated link between e‐cigarette use and seizure risk.

#Vape: Measuring E-Cigarette Influence on Instagram With Deep Learning and Text Analysis.

E-cigarette use is increasing dramatically among adolescents as social media marketing portrays “vaping” products as healthier alternatives to conventional cigarettes. In September 2018, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) launched an anti-vaping campaign, in U.S. high schools, on social media and other platforms, emphasizing “The Real Cost” of e-cigarettes. Using a novel deep learning approach, we assessed changes in vaping-related content on Instagram from 2017 to 2019 and drew an inference about the initial impact of the FDA’s Real Cost campaign on Instagram. We collected 245,894 Instagram posts that used vaping-related hashtags (e.g., #vape, #ejuice) in four samples from 2017 to 2019. We compared the “like” count from these posts before and after the FDA campaign. We used deep learning image classification to analyze 49,655 Instagram image posts, separating images of men, women, and vaping devices. We also conducted text analysis and topic modeling to detect the common words and themes in the posted captions. Since September 2018, the FDA-sponsored hashtag #TheRealCost has been used about 50 times per month on Instagram, whereas vaping-related hashtags we tracked were used up to 10,000 times more often. Comparing the pre-intervention (2017, 2018) and post-intervention (2019) samples of vaping-related Instagram posts, we found a three-fold increase in the median “like” count (10 vs. 28) and a 6-fold increase in the proportion of posts with more than 100 likes (2 vs. 15%). Over 70% of Instagram vaping images featured e-juices and devices, with a growing number of images depicting a “pod,” the type of discrete vaping device that delivers high concentration of nicotine and is favored by novice e-cigarette users. In addition, the Instagram analytics data shared by the vaping influencers we interviewed showed underage Instagram users among their followers.