Higher MVPA Research Articles

Sufficient sleep and physical activity can relieve the effects of long-term exposure to particulate matter on depressive symptoms among 0.31 million children and adolescents from 103 counties in China.

Although long-term exposures to air pollutants have been linked to mental disorders, existing studies remain limited and inconsistent. We investigated the relationship between exposure to particulate matter (PM) and depressive symptoms, as well as the potential role of sleep duration and physical activity. Using the surveillance data (2019 to 2022) of common diseases and risk factors among 312,390 students aged 10-25years, logistic regression, generalized liner model (GLM) and restricted cubic spline (RCS) were employed to investigate the relationship between long-term exposure to PM and depressive symptoms. Significant associations were found between PM1 (OR=1.21, 95% CI: 1.12-1.32), PM2.5 (OR=1.24, 95% CI: 1.19-1.38), and PM10 (OR=1.87, 95% CI: 1.69-2.07) and increased risks of depressive symptoms. Sleep duration and physical activity relieved these associations. The odds ratios (ORs) of PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 on depressive symptoms were lower in group with sufficient sleep (1.02 vs. 1.49, 1.20 vs. 1.80, 2.15 vs. 2.23), lower in group with high level MVPA (1.13 vs. 1.48, 1.14 vs. 1.58, 1.85 vs. 2.38), and lower in group with high level outdoor activity (1.19 vs. 1.55, 1.23 vs. 1.63, 1.83 vs. 2.72). Conclusions about causality remain speculative because of the cross-sectional design. Sufficient sleep duration and outdoor activity may mitigate the decline in mental health among adults in developing countries caused by long-term exposure to PM. This contribution enhanced our understanding of the mechanisms linking air pollution to mental health.

Effects of a games-based physical education lesson on cognitive function in adolescents.

Despite the importance of physical education (PE) lessons for physical activity in adolescents, the acute cognitive responses to PE lessons have not been explored; a gap in the literature that this study addresses. Following familiarisation, 76 (39 female) adolescents (12.2 ± 0.4 y) completed two trials (60 min games-based PE lesson and 60 min academic lesson) separated by 7-d in a counterbalanced, crossover design. Attention, executive function, working memory, and perception were assessed 30 min before, immediately post, and 45 min post-lesson in both trials. Participants were split into high-and low-fit groups based on a gender-specific median split of distance run on the multi-stage fitness test. Furthermore, participants were split into high and low MVPA groups based on a gender-specific median split of MVPA time (time spent >64% HR max) during the PE lesson. Overall, a 60 min games-based PE lesson had no effect on perception, working memory, attention, or executive function in adolescents (all p > 0.05) unless MVPA time is high. The physical activity-cognition relationship was moderated by MVPA, as working memory improved post-PE lesson in adolescents who completed more MVPA during their PE lesson (time*trial*MVPA interaction, p < 0.05, partial η2 = 0.119). Furthermore, high-fit adolescents displayed superior cognitive function than their low-fit counterparts, across all domains of cognitive function (main effect of fitness, all p < 0.05, partial η2 0.014-0.121). This study provides novel evidence that MVPA time moderates the cognitive response to a games-based PE lesson; and emphasises that higher levels of fitness are beneficial for cognitive function in adolescents.

Association between external training loads and injury incidence during 44 weeks of military training.

Military training is physically arduous and associated with high injury incidence. Unlike in high-performance sport, the interaction between training load and injury has not been extensively researched in military personnel. Sixty-three (43 men, 20 women; age 24 ± 2 years; stature 1.76 ± 0.09 m; body mass 79.1 ± 10.8kg) British Army Officer Cadets undergoing 44 weeks of training at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst volunteered to participate. Weekly training load (cumulative 7-day moderate-vigorous physical activity [MVPA], vigorous PA [VPA], and the ratio between MVPA and sedentary-light PA [SLPA; MVPA:SLPA]) was monitored using a wrist-worn accelerometer (GENEActiv, UK). Self-report injury data were collected and combined with musculoskeletal injuries recorded at the Academy medical center. Training loads were divided into quartiles with the lowest load group used as the reference to enable comparisons using odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Overall injury incidence was 60% with the most common injury sites being the ankle (22%) and knee (18%). High (load; OR; 95% CI [>2327 mins; 3.44; 1.80-6.56]) weekly cumulative MVPA exposure significantly increased odds of injury. Similarly, likelihood of injury significantly increased when exposed to low-moderate (0.42-0.47; 2.45 [1.19-5.04]), high-moderate (0.48-0.51; 2.48 [1.21-5.10]), and high MVPA:SLPA loads (>0.51; 3.60 [1.80-7.21]). High MVPA and high-moderate MVPA:SLPA increased odds of injury by ~2.0 to 3.5 fold, suggesting that the ratio of workload to recovery is important for mitigating injury occurrence.

Associations between Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity and Fecal Microbiota in Adults with Overweight and Obesity.

We aimed to assess whether total daily physical activity (PA), PA intensities, sedentary time (ST), and prolonged ST are associated with differences in the gut microbiota composition or short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profile of adults with overweight or obesity. Cross-sectional associations between total daily PA (counts per minute), PA intensities (light and moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA)), ST, prolonged ST, and fecal microbiota composition were assessed in adults ( n = 124) between 25 and 45 yr of age with body mass index ≥25 kg·m -2 . Fecal microbiota composition was assessed with 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Daily PA and ST were measured with a hip-worn ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometer. Daily PA volume and intensity were positively associated with relative abundance of Faecalibacterium ( P = 0.04) and negatively associated with the abundances of Alistipes , Parabacteroides , and Gemmiger ( P = 0.003-0.04) as well as the concentrations of acetate, butyrate, and total SCFA (all P = 0.04). Conversely, ST was negatively associated with abundance of Faecalibacterium but positively associated with the abundances of taxa, including Ruminococcaceae, Parabacteroides , Alistipes , and Gemmiger . Clustering of participants based on whether they met PA recommendations suggested that SCFA profiles differed between individuals who did and did not meet PA recommendations. K-means clustering based on percent of time spent in MVPA and ST also identified differences in fecal microbiota composition between cluster 1 (lower MVPA, higher ST) and cluster 2 (higher MVPA, lower ST), including a higher abundance of Alistipes in cluster 1. The current analysis suggests a beneficial association of daily PA on the fecal microbiota and a negative association of ST, particularly with respect to the associations of these variables with the genera Faecalibacterium , a butyrate-producing taxon.

Association of device-measured physical activity and sedentary behaviour with cardiovascular risk factors, health-related quality-of-life and exercise capacity over 12-months in cardiac rehabilitation attendees with coronary heart disease

BackgroundFew studies have considered the relationship between risk factors, physical activity and sedentary behaviour in people with heart disease. Here we examine the independent relationship of device-measured physical activity and sedentary behaviour on risk factors, quality-of-life and exercise capacity over 12-months in cardiac rehabilitation attendees.MethodsHospital-based phase II cardiac rehabilitation participants with coronary heart disease were assessed at the start and end of cardiac rehabilitation (6-weeks), 6 and 12-months. Physical activity (moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA), light-intensity (LIPA); min/day) and sedentary behaviour (min/day, bouts, breaks) were measured using an ActiGraph accelerometer. Risk factors included waist circumference, body mass index, systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting blood lipid and glucose levels, anxiety and depression. Quality-of-life and exercise capacity were also collected. Associations were assessed with Generalized Estimating Equation modeling.ResultsSixty-seven participants were included (mean age = 64 (SD 9) years; 81% male). An association was found between higher MVPA and lower high density lipoprotein (p ≤ 0.001). No significant (p ≤ 0.001) associations were found between sedentary behaviour variables and other outcomes. At p < 0.05 several associations were significant. Increased MVPA and LIPA were associated with decreased total cholesterol. Higher MVPA was associated with decreased SBP, whereas higher LIPA was associated with decreased waist circumference and body mass index. Higher sedentary behaviour bouts and breaks were associated with increased total cholesterol, anxiety and depression, and decreased SBP over time.ConclusionsAny intensity of physical activity was associated with decreased total cholesterol. Increased LIPA was associated with improved measures of adiposity, while breaking up sedentary behaviour and increasing MVPA may decrease SBP over time. Further investigation of MVPA, LIPA and the distribution of sedentary behaviour is indicated in cardiac rehabilitation attendees to explore their relationship with risk factors.Trial registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR): ACTRN12615000995572, http://www.ANZCTR.org.au/ACTRN12615000995572.aspx. Registered 22 September 2015.

Physical activity alleviates negative effects of bedroom light pollution on blood pressure and hypertension in Chinese young adults

Excessive exposure to light at night (LAN) has become a serious public health concern. However, little is known about the impact of indoor LAN exposure on blood pressure, particularly among young adults. We aimed to investigate the effects of bedroom individual-level LAN exposure in real-world environment on blood pressure and hypertension among vulnerable young adults, and to evaluate the possible buffering effect of physical activity. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 400 healthy young adults aged 16–22 years were included. Bedroom LAN exposure was recorded at 1-min intervals for two consecutive nights using a TES-1339 R illuminance meter. Blood pressure was measured three times (8–11 a.m. in the physical examination day) in the seated position using an Omron HEM-7121 digital sphygmomanometer. A wrist-worn triaxial accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X-BT) was used to assess physical activity for seven consecutive days. Each 1 lx increase of bedroom LAN intensity was associated with 0.55 mmHg-increase in SBP (95% CI: 0.15, 0.95), 0.30 mmHg-increase in DBP (95% CI: 0.06, 0.54), and 0.38 mmHg-increase in MAP (95% CI: 0.12, 0.65). Higher levels of LAN exposure were associated with increased risk of hypertension (LAN ≥ 3lx vs. LAN < 3lx: OR = 3.30, 95%CI = 1.19–9.19; LAN ≥ 5lx vs. LAN < 5lx: OR = 3.87, 95%CI = 1.37–10.98). However, these detrimental effects of bedroom LAN exposure on blood pressure and hypertension were not observed among young adults with high MVPA (≥2 h/day) level. MVPA can alleviate negative effects of bedroom LAN exposure on blood pressure and hypertension. Maintaining bedroom settings darkness at night may be an important strategy for reducing the risk of hypertension. Furthermore, for individuals living with high levels of indoor LAN exposure, regular physical activity may be a good option for preventing cardiovascular disease and hypertension.

Genome-wide association analyses of physical activity and sedentary behavior provide insights into underlying mechanisms and roles in disease prevention

Although physical activity and sedentary behavior are moderately heritable, little is known about the mechanisms that influence these traits. Combining data for up to 703,901 individuals from 51 studies in a multi-ancestry meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies yields 99 loci that associate with self-reported moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity during leisure time (MVPA), leisure screen time (LST) and/or sedentary behavior at work. Loci associated with LST are enriched for genes whose expression in skeletal muscle is altered by resistance training. A missense variant in ACTN3 makes the alpha-actinin-3 filaments more flexible, resulting in lower maximal force in isolated type IIA muscle fibers, and possibly protection from exercise-induced muscle damage. Finally, Mendelian randomization analyses show that beneficial effects of lower LST and higher MVPA on several risk factors and diseases are mediated or confounded by body mass index (BMI). Our results provide insights into physical activity mechanisms and its role in disease prevention.

Relationship Between Adiponectin And Metabolic Markers In Obese Elderly With Different Physical Activity

PURPOSE: This study aimed to explore whether daily physical activity play role in the correlation between serum adiponectin, RMR and glucose and lipid metabolism in overweight and obese elderly. METHODS: 73 obese old women (age = 64.1 ± 6.1 years; body fat percentage = 39.1 ± 4.8%) and 37 obese old men (age = 66.3 ± 5.6 years; body fat percentage = 29.7 ± 4.7%) were recruited as subjects. Indirect calorimetry (Cortex Metamax 3B-R2, Germany) was used to measure RMR, and DXA (GE Lunar Prodigy, USA) was used to measure the body composidtion. The levels of serum adiponectin and metabolic makers were determined by radioimmunoassay. A three-axis accelerometer (Actigraph GT3X-BT, USA) was used to collect 7-day physical activity data of subjects. Based on the mean of the minutes spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity (180 min/week), subjects were divided into low MVPA group (n = 54, body fat percentage = 37.1 ± 7.0%) and high MVPA group (n = 56, body fat percentage = 34.5 ± 6.1%). RESULTS: Women’s body fat percentage and high-density cholesterol levels were higher than men’s (39.1 ± 4.8% VS 29.7 ± 4.7%; 1.3 ± 0.2 mmol/L VS 1.1 ± 0.2 mmol/L; both p < 0.01), while men’s RMR higher than women (1423.3 ± 264.1Kcal/day VS 1368.4 ± 287.5Kcal/day, p < 0.01). The adiponectin, insulin, HOMA-IR and body fat in the low MVPA group were higher than those in the high MVPA group (20.76 ± 14.2 μg/mL VS 15.7 ± 12.1 μg/mL, 8.6 ± 4.2μU/mL VS 7.1 ± 3.1μU/mL, 2.2 ± 1.4 VS 1.7 ± 0.9, 37.1 ± 7.0% VS 34.2 ± 6.4%; all p < 0.05). In the low MVPA group, the serum adiponectin level was negatively correlated with insulin (r = -0.284, p = 0.045), and positively correlated with low-density cholesterol (r = 0.331, p = 0.019). In the high MVPA group, serum adiponectin levels were found to be negatively correlated with triglycerides and RMR/kg (r = -0.310, p = 0.021; r = -0.275, p = 0.040). CONCLUSIONS: Serum adiponectin may be involved in energy metabolism and glucose and lipid metabolism in overweight and obese elderly. The relationship between serum adiponectin and energy metabolism and insulin resistance can be moderated by physical activity. However, further research is thus required to find the relationship between physical activity, serum adiponectin and related metabolic factors. Supported by Beijing Municipal Education Commission (No.SM202110051003)

A Comprehensive School Health Approach to Student Physical Activity: A Multilevel Analysis Examining the Association between School-Level Factors and Student Physical Activity Behaviors.

The comprehensive school health (CSH) framework has four components: social and physical environment; partnerships and services; teaching and learning; and policy. This study examines associations between CSH and student physical activity (PA). Using 2015/2016 COMPASS study survey data of 37,397 students (grades 9-12) from 80 secondary schools in Ontario and Alberta, Canada, associations between school-level factors within CSH and student PA outcomes (weekly moderate-to-vigorous PA [MVPA] minutes and achieving the national PA recommendations of ≥60 min of MVPA daily, vigorous PA ≥3 days/week, strengthening activities ≥3 days/week) were analyzed using multilevel regression models stratified by gender and grade. Factors within all four CSH components were associated with student PA. Four student subgroups were more likely to achieve the recommendations if their school had youth organization partnerships (Range of AORs:1.15-1.33, p <.05) and female students were less likely if their school had low prioritization of PA (AOR=0.77, 95% CI: [0.65-0.92]). Grade 9 students had higher MVPA when provided non-competitive PA opportunities (β=100.4, 95%CI: [30.0-170.9]). All student subgroups had better PA outcomes when schools provided access to equipment during non-instructional time. There is opportunity to improve student PA through CSH-guided interventions, but different strategies may be more effective for each gender/grade.

Dose-response association between moderate to vigorous physical activity and incident morbidity and mortality for individuals with a different cardiovascular health status: A cohort study among 142,493 adults from the Netherlands.

BackgroundModerate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is strongly associated with risk reductions of noncommunicable diseases and mortality. Cardiovascular health status may influence the benefits of MVPA. We compare the association between MVPA and incident major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and mortality between healthy individuals, individuals with elevated levels of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF), and cardiovascular disease (CVD).Methods and findingsA cohort study was performed in the 3 northern provinces of the Netherlands, in which data were collected between 2006 and 2018, with a median follow-up of 6.8 years (Q25 5.7; Q75 7.9). A total of 142,493 participants of the Lifelines Cohort Study were stratified at baseline as (1) healthy; (2) CVRF; or (3) CVD. Individuals were categorized into “inactive” and 4 quartiles of least (Q1) to most (Q4) active based on self-reported MVPA volumes. Primary outcome was a composite of incident MACE and all-cause mortality during follow-up. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and P values. The main analyses were stratified on baseline health status and adjusted for age, sex, income, education, alcohol consumption, smoking, protein, fat and carbohydrate intake, kidney function, arrhythmias, hypothyroid, lung disease, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. The event rates were 2.2% in healthy individuals (n = 2,485 of n = 112,018), 7.9% in those with CVRF (n = 2,214 of n = 27,982) and 40.9% in those with CVD (n = 1,019 of n = 2,493). No linear association between MVPA and all-cause mortality or MACE was found for healthy individuals (P = 0.36) and individuals with CVRF (P = 0.86), but a linear association was demonstrated for individuals with CVD (P = 0.04). Adjusted HRs in healthy individuals were 0.81 (95% CI 0.64 to 1.02, P = 0.07), 0.71 (95% CI 0.56 to 0.89, P = 0.004), 0.72 (95% CI 0.57 to 0.91, P = 0.006), and 0.76 (95% CI 0.60 to 0.96, P = 0.02) for MVPA Q1 to Q4, respectively, compared to inactive individuals. In individuals with CVRF, HRs were 0.69 (95% CI 0.57 to 0.82, P < 0.001), 0.66 (95% CI 0.55 to 0.80, P < 0.001), 0.64 (95% CI 0.53 to 0.77, P < 0.001), and 0.69 (95% CI 0.57 to 0.84, P < 0.001) for MVPA Q1 to Q4, respectively, compared to inactive individuals. Finally, HRs for MVPA Q1 to Q4 compared to inactive individuals were 0.80 (95% CI 0.62 to 1.03, P = 0.09), 0.82 (95% CI 0.63 to 1.06, P = 0.13), 0.74 (95% CI 0.57 to 0.95, P = 0.02), and 0.70 (95% CI 0.53 to 0.93, P = 0.01) in CVD patients. Leisure MVPA was associated with the most health benefits, nonleisure MVPA with little health benefits, and occupational MVPA with no health benefits. Study limitations include its observational nature, self-report data about MVPA, and potentially residual confounding despite extensive adjustment for lifestyle risk factors and health-related factors.ConclusionsMVPA is beneficial for reducing adverse outcomes, but the shape of the association depends on cardiovascular health status. A curvilinear association was found in healthy and CVRF individuals with a steep risk reduction at low to moderate MVPA volumes and benefits plateauing at high(er) MVPA volumes. CVD patients demonstrated a linear association, suggesting a constant reduction of risk with higher volumes of MVPA. Therefore, individuals with CVDs should be encouraged that “more is better” regarding MVPA. These findings may help to optimize exercise prescription to gain maximal benefits of a physically active lifestyle.

Difference in sarcopenia characteristics associated with physical activity and disability incidences in older adults.

BackgroundDeteriorated skeletal muscle condition, including sarcopenia, is a risk factor for disability in older adults. Promoting physical activity is a useful treatment for sarcopenia. However, optimal intensity of physical activity according to sarcopenia characteristics is unclear.MethodsThis longitudinal cohort study enrolled 2149 community‐dwelling older adults (women 55.7%, mean age: 75.5 ± 4.0 years). Five‐year disability incidence defined by Japanese long‐term care insurance certification and accelerometer‐measured physical activities (light‐intensity physical activity [LPA] and moderate‐to‐vigorous intensity physical activity [MVPA]), which were adjusted for potential confounders, was analysed using cox‐proportional hazard model stratified by sarcopenia characteristics based on the diagnostic algorithm by the Asian working group for sarcopenia (robust, low physical function, low muscle mass, and sarcopenia). The sarcopenia group was defined as low muscle mass and low physical function (weakness and/or slowness). The low muscle mass and low physical function groups were each defined by these characteristics alone. Muscle mass was analysed via bioelectrical impedance analysis. Each intensity of physical activity times was divided by median values.ResultsThe disability incidence rate was 15.4%, excluding those who could not be followed up. Mean LPA times were 43.8 ± 18.0, 45.6 ± 17.5, 45.4 ± 16.6, 40.8 ± 18.6, and 41.4 ± 18.5 min/day and MVPA times were 24.6 ± 17.6, 26.3 ± 18.3, 27.2 ± 17.3, 21.6 ± 16.3, and 21.5 ± 16.4 min/day in all participants, the robust, low muscle mass, low physical function, and sarcopenia groups, respectively. For all participants, higher MVPA was associated with disability incidence [hazard ratios (HR), 0.63; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.49–0.81; P < 0.001], whereas higher LPA showed no association (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.68–1.10; P = 0.22). Higher LPA was associated in the sarcopenia group (HR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.15–0.85; P = 0.019), and MVPA was associated in the robust (HR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.39–0.87; P = 0.008) and low physical function (HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.45–0.98; P = 0.040) groups. Both LPA and MVPA showed no association in the low muscle mass group. The P values for interactions between sarcopenia characteristics and physical activity were 0.017 for LPA and 0.014 for MVPA.ConclusionsThe LPA was associated with a lower risk of disability in older adults with sarcopenia, whereas MVPA was associated in subjects with robust and low physical function. Our findings indicate a need for individualized approaches to prevent disability based on muscle condition.

The Role Of Family Support In Physical Activity And Motor Development In Adolescents

[Abstract]OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between family background and parental support and physical activity and motor competence in adolescents, and to provide a theoretical basis for the health promotion of children and adolescents in China. METHODS: Select a junior high school in Shanxi Province 12 ~ 14 years old, 140 junior high school students (male 70, female 70) as the research object, the ActiGraph GT3X + model of accelerometer are used to records research object for 7d physical activity, and questionnaire to collect the basic information of the subjects' parents, adopting The Activity Support Scale for Chinese (ACTS - CN) to evaluate the behavior of parents to the child activity support and attitude, The Canadian Agility And Movement Skill Assessment CAMSA was used to evaluate the motor competence development of adolescents. RESULTS: Male students participated in MVPA for 40.57 min every day, while female students participated in MVPA for 31.65 min every day. Male students had higher MVPA than female students. In the motor skill test, the average skill score of male students is 10.8, and the completion time is 17.7 s, while the average skill score of female students is 10.1, and the completion time is 19.1 s. There is no significant difference between the score and completion time of male and female students. Under different family backgrounds, children's sports behaviors are different. Supportive parents are positively correlated with their children's physical activity and motor competence. CONCLUSION: Family environment plays an important role in promoting physical activity and developing motor competence of adolescents, the company of parents and support can significantly affect a child's behavior from several aspects, intervention strategies for adolescent health promotion can include promoting parental activities, through the parents' role models for activity behaviors among adolescents internalizing positive attitude and behavior.[Key words] Family support; Physical activity; Motor competence; Teenagers Supported by Beijing education science programming project(BEAA19045)

A comparison of children's diet and movement behaviour patterns derived from three unsupervised multivariate methods.

BackgroundBehavioural patterns are typically derived using unsupervised multivariate methods such as principal component analysis (PCA), latent profile analysis (LPA) and cluster analysis (CA). Comparability and congruence between the patterns derived from these methods has not been previously investigated, thus it’s unclear whether patterns from studies using different methods are directly comparable. This study aimed to compare behavioural patterns derived across diet, physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep domains, using PCA, LPA and CA in a single dataset.MethodsParent-report and accelerometry data from the second wave (2011/12; child age 6-8y, n = 432) of the HAPPY cohort study (Melbourne, Australia) were used to derive behavioural patterns using PCA, LPA and CA. Standardized variables assessing diet (intake of fruit, vegetable, sweet, and savoury discretionary items), physical activity (moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity [MVPA] from accelerometry, organised sport duration and outdoor playtime from parent report), sedentary behaviour (sedentary time from accelerometry, screen time, videogames and quiet playtime from parent report) and sleep (daily sleep duration) were included in the analyses. For each method, commonly used criteria for pattern retention were applied.ResultsPCA produced four patterns whereas LPA and CA each generated three patterns. Despite the number and characterisation of the behavioural patterns derived being non-identical, each method identified a healthy, unhealthy and a mixed pattern. Three common underlying themes emerged across the methods for each type of pattern: (i) High fruit and vegetable intake and high outdoor play (“healthy”); (ii) poor diet (either low fruit and vegetable intake or high discretionary food intake) and high sedentary behaviour (“unhealthy”); and (iii) high MVPA, poor diet (as defined above) and low sedentary time (“mixed”).ConclusionWithin this sample, despite differences in the number of patterns derived by each method, a good degree of concordance across pattern characteristics was seen between the methods. Differences between patterns could be attributable to the underpinning statistical technique of each method. Therefore, acknowledging the differences between the methods and ensuring thorough documentation of the pattern derivation analyses is essential to inform comparison of patterns derived through a range of approaches across studies.

Sleep duration, physical activity, and caloric intake are related to weight status in Mexican American children: a longitudinal analysis

BackgroundObesity is a serious issue, spanning all ages, and, in the U.S., disproportionately affects Latinos and African Americans. Understanding sleep, physical activity and dietary behaviors that may predict childhood obesity can help identify behavioral intervention targets.MethodsData were drawn from a U.S. cohort study of 323 Mexican American 8–10-year-old children and their mothers, who participated in a longitudinal study over a 2-year period. Measures were collected at baseline (BL; child mean age = 8.87, SD = 0.83), year 1 (FU1) and year 2 (FU2). Mothers reported on household income and acculturation at BL. Child height and weight were collected and BMI z-scores (BMIz) were calculated for weight status at BL, FU1, and FU2. Accelerometer-estimated sleep duration (hours) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA; minutes) were collected across 3 days at BL, FU1, and FU2. Two 24-h dietary recalls were performed at each time point; from these, average energy intake (EI, kcals/day) was estimated. Cross-lagged panel analysis was used to examine behavioral predictors on BMIz at each time point and across time.ResultsAt BL and FU1, longer sleep duration (β = − 0.22, p < 0.001; β = − 0.17, p < 0.05, respectively) and greater MVPA (β = − 0.13, p < 0.05; β = − 0.20, p < 0.01, respectively) were concurrently related to lower BMIz. At FU2, longer sleep duration (β = − 0.18, p < 0.01) was concurrently related to lower BMIz, whereas greater EI (β = 0.16, p < 0.01) was related to higher BMIz. Longer sleep duration at BL predicted lower BMIz at FU1 (β = − 0.05, p < 0.01).ConclusionsLonger sleep duration was concurrently related to lower weight status at each time point from ages 8–10 to 10–12. Higher MVPA was concurrently related to lower weight status in earlier childhood (ages 8–10 and 9–11) and higher EI was concurrently related to higher weight status toward the end of childhood (ages 10–12 years). Furthermore, longer sleep in earlier childhood was protective of children’s lower weight status 1 year later. These findings suggest that sleep duration plays a consistent and protective role against childhood obesity; in addition, MVPA and healthy EI remain important independent factors for obtaining a healthy weight.

Joint associations of physical activity and body mass index with the risk of established excess body fatness-related cancers among postmenopausal women.

Excess body fatness and physical activity independently influence the risk of several types of cancer. However, few studies have examined whether physical activity mitigates the excess risk associated with higher body mass index (BMI). We examined the individual and joint associations between BMI (kg/m2) and leisure-time moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA, MET-hours/week) with the risk of three established excess body fatness-related cancers (breast, colon, and endometrial) among 43,795 postmenopausal women in the Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS-II) Nutrition Cohort (1992/1993-2015). Further exclusions for women without an intact uterus resulted in 31,805 women for endometrial cancer analyses. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) with interaction terms to assess multiplicative interaction. The relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) was calculated to assess additive interaction. BMI and MVPA were individually associated with breast and endometrial cancer risk, but only BMI was associated with colon cancer risk. In joint analyses, increasing levels of MVPA did not lower the risk of these cancers among obese women. For example, compared to the common referent (BMI 18.5- < 25kg/m2, MVPA > 0- < 7.5 MET-hours/week), BMI ≥ 30kg/m2 was associated with a higher risk of breast cancer among women with low MVPA (> 0-< 7.5 MET-hours/week: HR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.22 - 1.67) and high MVPA (≥ 15 MET-hours/week: HR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.25 - 1.87; RERI = 0.20, 95% CI: -0.14, 0.54, multiplicative Pinteraction = 0.64). Our results do not support the hypothesis that leisure-time physical activity mitigates the excess risk associated with higher BMI for risk of breast, endometrial, or colon cancer among postmenopausal women.

Fundamental Motor Skill Physical Education Lessons Increase Health-enhancing Physical Activity in Elementary School-age Children

Objective: Research demonstrates mastery motivational climates are effective in increasing children’s physical activity (PA) and fundamental movement skills (FMS). In this study, we evaluated the effects of different types of mastery climate physical education (PE) lessons on PA and FMS. Methods: Participants in this 10-week randomized trial (N = 45, mean age = 9.0±0.5years, 48.9% boys) were randomly assigned to one of 3 mastery climate PE lessons: (1) FMS, (2) PA, or (3) FMS + PA. We conducted one-way ANCOVAs to determine differences between lessons on percentage of time spent in PA levels and changes in FMS scores. Results: There was a statistically significant effect of lesson type on moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA; F(2,40) = 7.730, p <.001), vigorous PA (VPA; F(2,40) = 4.372, p <.019), locomotion score (F2, 38 = 3.431, p =.043) and total FMS score (F2, 38 = 4.993, p =.027). Post hoc analyses revealed children receiving the FMS lesson had significantly higher MVPA levels compared to other lessons and higher VPA levels compared to the PA lesson (all ps <.05). Conclusions: Mastery climate FMS PE lessons are effective in increasing MVPA and VPA in elementary students. Continuing to incorporate FMS into the PE curriculum may be a valuable way to increase PA.

Joint associations of device-measured physical activity and sleep duration with cardiometabolic health in the 1970 British Cohort Study

ObjectivesMultiple unhealthy lifestyle behaviors could synergistically exaggerate unfavorable health outcomes. The present study aimed to investigate the joint associations of device-measured sleep duration and physical activity with cardiometabolic health markers. DesignA cross-sectional analysis embedded in the 46–48 years wave of the 1970 British Cohort Study. Methods4756 participants wore an activPAL3 micro accelerometer to measure physical activity and sleep duration. Outcomes included body mass index (BMI), glycated hemoglobin, triglycerides, c-reactive protein, systolic blood pressure, and total-to-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio, hypertension, and diabetes. We examined the joint associations of sleep (<7h, short; 7–9h, medium; >9h, long) and physical activity (median cut of step counts, 4740 steps/d; or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, MVPA, 085h/d) with outcomes by generalized linear models or logistic regression. ResultsLow physical activity combined with either short or long sleep was associated with higher BMI (e.g., 2.32 [1.42, 3.23] (kg/m2) for short sleep) compared to the referent medium sleep and high physical activity combination. Low physical activity combined with long sleep was associated with a higher total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio (e.g., 0.31 [0.12, 0.49] for low step counts). Short sleep combined with low step counts showed higher odds for hypertension and diabetes (1.34 [1.06, 1.69] and 1.98 [1.07, 3.68], respectively), while short sleep combined with either low or high MVPA had higher odds for diabetes (2.04 [1.09, 3.82] and 2.07 [1.04, 4.15], respectively). ConclusionsLow physical activity may exaggerate the detrimental associations between inadequate sleep with BMI, blood lipids, hypertension, and diabetes.

Association Of Leptin And RMR In Obese Elderly Adults With Different Levels Of Physical Activity

PURPOSE: The aims of this study were1) to examine potential sex-related differences in leptin, resting metabolic rate (RMR) and metabolic markers2) to assess differences in leptin, RMR and metabolic markers between low MVPA group and high MVPA group3) to assess whether being physically active may play a role in the associations between leptin, RMR and physical activity. METHODS: The subjects were 73 women (age=64.1±6.1years,percent body fat=39.1±4.8%) and 37 men (age=66.3±5.6years,percent body fat=29.7±4.7%). RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry (Metamax 3B-R2 Metabolic Measurement system, German) and body composition by the DXA (GE Lunar Prodigy, USA). Serum leptin and lipid and glucose metabolism makers’ levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. Waist-mounted triaxial accelerometer Actigraph GT3X-BT was used to make objective 7-day recordings of physical activity. Based on the mean of the minutes spent in MVPA (180 min/week), subjects were divided into low MVPA group (n=50, percent body fat=37.1±7.0%) and high MVPA group (n=56, percent body fat=34.5±6.1%). RESULTS: Leptin and HDL cholesterol levels were higher in women than men (both p<0.01), while men presented higher fat free mass and RMR (both p<0.01) than women. Leptin, insulin, HOMA-IR, percent body fat were higher in low MVPA than high MVPA group (all p<0.05), RMR and metabolic markers, however, were not found significant differences (all p>0.05). Leptin levels was associated with RMR negatively and PBF positively (r=-0.36, p=0.013;r=0.645,p=0.0001)in low MVPA group, leptin levels was associated with RMR negatively and PBF positively (r=-0.511, p=0.0001;r=0.631,p=0.0001)in high MVPA group. The negative association of RMR with proportion of sedentary (r=-0.304, p=0.027) and the negative association of leptin with proportion of MVPA (r=-0.303, p=0.023)were only found in high MVPA group. CONCLUSIONS: Leptin may play a role in energy metabolism in overweight and obese elderly adults. Obesity is associated with energy metabolism and metabolic markers both in women and men. The relationship of leptin with energy metabolism and insulin resistance might be moderated by levels of physical activity. Acknowledgements: This work was supported by Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (Grants No.2013FY114700).

Baseline preoperative physical activity for surgical patients varies from healthy population controls

BackgroundPreoperative physical activity (PA) is an important reference point to evaluate recovery, yet is not attainable for emergent surgical admissions. We investigated the validity of PA of healthy children recruited from within the same community as surgical patients and a nationally representative sample as alternative baseline PA for pediatric surgical patients. MethodsPatients undergoing an elective operation were matched to community-recruited healthy controls (CRHC) on sex, age, and weight, and their PA was assessed using an Actigraph accelerometer. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) Actigraph PA data were used as a nationally representative match for baseline PA. Surgical patients wore the accelerometer for 2 days preoperatively, CRHC for 2 days, and NHANES participants for 7 days. PA was categorized as light (LPA) or moderate vigorous (MVPA). Means were compared between the 3 groups. ResultsThirty patients were matched with 80 CRHC and 3147 NHANES participants. LPA was similar between surgical patients and CRHC. However, CRHC averaged 19 min/day more MVPA than surgery patients (p = 0.04), and both groups averaged 58 min and 67 min/day higher MVPA than the matched NHANES sample, respectively (p < 0.01). ConclusionsCRHC LPA was similar to preoperative LPA in surgical patients and may be an alternative. Level of EvidenceLevel II.

Physical Function and Strength in Relation to Inflammation in Older Adults with Obesity and Increased Cardiometabolic Risk.

Inflammation is implicated in functional decline and the development of disability in aging. This study aimed to investigate the association of inflammation with physical function and muscle strength in older adults with obesity and increased cardiometabolic risk. In baseline assessments from the CROSSROADS randomized controlled trial, serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were assayed in 163 older adults (37% males, 24% African American, BMI 34±3, age 70±5yrs) with hypertension, dyslipidemia and/or diabetes. Physical function was assessed by six-minute walk test (6MWT), chair sit-and-reach (CSR), hand-grip and knee-extension strength; specific-strength as muscle strength/mass ratio. Analyses included ANCOVA and multiple linear regression adjusted for thigh skeletal muscle (MRI), arm lean mass (DXA) and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA; accelerometry). Higher hs-CRP (p<0.01) and IL-6 (p=0.07) were associated with lower 6MWT and CSR, respectively. A composite inflammation score combining all 3 inflammatory markers showed the strongest inverse association with 6MWT (p<0.01). MVPA moderated associations such that amongst participants who engaged in low MVPA, 6MWT distances and CSR scores were significantly lower in those with high IL-6 and TNFα (p<0.05), respectively. In participants with high MVPA, higher hs-CRP (p<0.05) and TNFα (p=0.07) were associated with poorer upper-extremity specific-strength. Chronic inflammation was associated with poorer physical function and specific strength in older adults with obesity and increased cardiometabolic risk. This association was strongest in participants with multiple elevated inflammatory markers. Physical activity levels below current recommendations mitigated the deleterious effects of inflammation on lower body mobility, underscoring the benefits of exercise for preserving physical function with age.