High Monounsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Amaranth seeds (Amaranthus palmeri L.) as novel feedstock for biodiesel production by oleaginous yeast.

The potential of lipid accumulation by oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus vishniaccii grown on amaranth seed aqueous extract (AAE) media was assessed. Maximum cell biomass productivity of 104mg/L/h, lipid productivity of 54mg/L/h, and lipid content of 52.31% were recorded on AAE when carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio increased from 134 to 147 after removal of ammonia nitrogen. The lipid droplet (LD) size (2.32±0.38μm) was visualized by fluorescence microscopy using Nile red stain indicating maximum accumulated triacylglycerol (TAG) at C:N 147. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile obtained after transesterification of extracted lipid revealed the presence of palmitic acid (16:0), palmitoleic acid (16:1), stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1), and linoleic acid (18:2). Data showed the presence of high monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content (68.17%) depicting improved winter operating conditions of biodiesel. Various quality parameters of biodiesel were evaluated and compared to the American and European biodiesel standards specifications. Based on the lipid productivity, distribution of fatty acids, and evaluated properties obtained; the lipid accumulation by C. vishniaccii utilizing amaranth seeds as substrate could serve as a feasible feedstock for biodiesel production.

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Asian Indians:Relationship With Insulin Resistance, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk

Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) varies in India; up to one-third of the urban population is affected by the disease. In Asian Indians, presence of NAFLD is driven by multiple factors – presence of excess abdominal fat (abdominal subcutaneous and intra-abdominal fat) and lifestyle factors (imbalanced diets and physical inactivity), and it is correlated closely with insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome and dysglycaemia in the background of genetic predisposition (investigated genes in Asian Indians: APOC3, PNPLA-3, PPARγ, SREBP-2, adiponectin, SAMM50, PARVB and PZP). Recent studies also show that presence of NAFLD independently correlates with subclinical inflammation and surrogate markers of atherosclerosis (carotid intima-media thickness, impaired flow-mediated vasodilatation) in Asian Indians. A prediction equation (Indian Fatty Liver Index) which includes simple measures has been developed for Asian Indians. On the other hand, increased (more than 15.6 cm) liver span (surrogate marker of fatty liver), in a preliminary study, predicted diabetes in non-obese Asian Indians. Dietary factors are important for the development of NAFLD, and some evidence indicates that regular use of high monounsaturated fatty acid rich oils, and low amount of saturated fat intake are beneficial.

Influence of outdoor rearing and oleic acid supplementation on lipid characteristics of muscle and adipose tissues from obese Alentejano pigs.

Data evaluating the effect of oleic-acid-enriched diets and outdoor rearing (with access to pasture) on the quality of Alentejano (AL) pork and fat are limited. The aim of this work was to study the effects of feeding low (LO) or high oleic acid (HO) diets to AL pigs reared in individual pens (IND) or outdoors (OUT) with access to pasture. Biceps femoris and dorsal subcutaneous fat (DSF) samples were collected to analyse chemical composition and lipids fatty acid (FA) profile. The expression of seven genes involved in lipogenesis, lipolysis and FA transport, as well as two transcription factors were also evaluated in the muscle. B.femoris and DSF presented lower lipid content in OUT-reared than in IND-reared pigs. Two genes involved in lipogenesis, ACACA and FASN, were under-expressed in B.femoris from OUT-reared pigs, while two involved in lipolysis, LPL and HSL were over-expressed. HO diet also significantly reduced FASN expression. Both rearing system and diet affected the FA profile of tissues, particularly DSF. Overall, OUT-reared pigs presented lower n6 to n3 FA ratios in all tissues, and lower monounsaturated (MUFA) and higher polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content in DSF. When compared to LO-fed ones, HO-fed pigs presented higher oleic acid proportions in all tissues, and lower SFA, higher MUFA and PUFA levels, as well as lower saturation, atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes in DSF. This study shows that rearing system and oleic acid supplementation have complementary effects and influence the nutritional quality of pork and DSF.

Effects of feeding chevon modified by dietary supplementation of <i>Andrographis paniculata</i> in rats as bioindicators

This study examined the effects of chevon-based pellets prepared from Longissimus thoracis muscle of Boer goats fed diet supplemented with Andrographis paniculata leaves (APL), Andrographis paniculata whole parts (APWP) and control (AP0) on serum lipid profile in rats. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats (4-5 months old) were randomly assigned to pellets containing either APWP chevon, APL chevon, AP0 chevon or rat chow powder and fed for 12 weeks. Serum lipid profile was assessed at 0, 6 and 12 weeks. Chevon-based pellets contained higher monounsaturated fatty acids than the rat chow powder. Plasma total cholesterol was higher ( P < 0.05) in rats fed AP0 chevon compared with those fed other diets at week 6. At weeks6 and 12, the APWP and APL rats had lower ( P < 0.05) total plasma cholesterol compared with AP0 and chow powder rats. At week 6, the level of HLD-cholesterol in rats fed APWP chevon was higher ( P < 0.05) than those fed other dietary treatments. At week 12, the APL and APWP rats had higher ( P < 0.05) plasma HDL-cholesterol than the chow powder and AP0 rats. At week 12, plasma LDL-cholesterol in rats fed AP0 meat was higher ( P < 0.05) than those fed other dietary treatments. At week 6, the APL and APWP rats had lower ( P <0.05) triglycerides than the chow powder and AP0 rats. At week 12, the plasma triglycerides in rats fed chow powder was higher ( P < 0.05) than those of rats fed other dietary treatments. Dietary APL and APWP chevon can modulate serum lipid profile in rats. Keywords: Andrographis paniculata , Chevon, Serum, Cholesterol, Fatty acid, Rats

Quality evaluation of low fat bologna-type meat product with a nutritional profile designed for the elderly

The objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of a bologna-type meat product designed for the elderly. Treatments were: control, without addition of cranberries (C), prunes (P), pecan nuts (N) or flaxseed (F); NP, with 5% N+5% P; FC, with 5% F+5% C; NC, with 5% N+5% C; FP, with 5% F+5% P. These formulations resulted in a product with high protein, low SFA and high antioxidant activity. Treatments with pecan nuts had higher MUFA while those with flaxseed had higher polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Treatments with pecan nuts and flaxseed had higher PUFA/SFA ratios, but only those with flaxseed had very low n6/n3 ratios when compared to the control. Although treatments showed acceptable scores (>5.4), they were lower than the control. A combination of these non-traditional ingredients could be used to develop a meat product for older adults to provide a better nutritional profile with acceptable sensory properties.

Fatty acid composition in the white muscle of Cottoidei fishes of Lake Baikal reflects their habitat depth

Lake Baikal is a unique freshwater environment with maximum depths over 1600 m. The high water pressure at the lakebed strengthens the solidifying effect of low water temperature on animal tissue lipids, and thus the effective temperatures in the depths of the lake equal subzero temperatures in shallow waters. Cottoidei species has colonized the different water layers of the lake, and developed different ecology and physiology reflected in their tissue biochemistry. We studied by gas chromatography the composition of fatty acids (FAs), largely responsible for tissue lipid physical properties, in the white muscle tissue of 13 species of the Cottoidei fish; five benthic abyssal, six benthic eurybathic and two benthopelagic species. The FA profiles reflected habitat depth. The muscles of the deepest living species contained little polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) and were instead rich in monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs), which may be due to occasional weak food web links to the PUFA-rich primary producers of the photic water layer, high MUFA supply from their benthic diet, and conversion of saturated FAs (SFAs) to MUFAs in the tissues of the fish. Despite the MUFA percentage among the abyssal species reached even 50% (by weight) of total FAs, the PUFA percentage still remained above 20% in every species. The muscle MUFA/SFA ratio correlated negatively with the PUFA content of the fish muscle, suggesting viscosity control integrating the fluidity contributions from the dietary PUFAs and potentially endogenous MUFAs.

The effects of various diets on glycemic outcomes during pregnancy: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.

AimsEvidence to support dietary modifications to improve glycemia during pregnancy is limited, and the benefits of diet beyond limiting gestational weight gain is unclear. Therefore, a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials was conducted to compare the effects of various common diets, stratified by the addition of gestational weight gain advice, on fasting glucose and insulin, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in pregnant women.MethodsMEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane database, and reference lists of published studies were searched through April 2017. Randomized trials directly comparing two or more diets for ≥2-weeks were eligible. Bayesian network meta-analysis was performed for fasting glucose. Owing to a lack of similar dietary comparisons, a standard pairwise meta-analysis for the other glycemic outcomes was performed. The certainty of the pooled effect estimates was assessed using the GRADE tool.ResultsTwenty-one trials (1,865 participants) were included. In general, when given alongside gestational weight gain advice, fasting glucose improved in most diets compared to diets that gave gestational weight gain advice only. However, fasting glucose increased in high unsaturated or monounsaturated fatty acids diets. In the absence of gestational weight gain advice, fasting glucose improved in DASH-style diets compared to standard of care. Although most were non-significant, similar trends were observed for these same diets for the other glycemic outcomes. Dietary comparisons ranged from moderate to very low in quality of evidence.Conclusion/InterpretationAlongside with gestational weight gain advice, most diets, with the exception of a high unsaturated or a high monounsaturated fatty acid diet, demonstrated a fasting glucose improvement compared with gestational weight gain advice only. When gestational weight gain advice was not given, the DASH-style diet appeared optimal on fasting glucose. However, a small number of trials were identified and most dietary comparisons were underpowered to detect differences in glycemic outcomes. Further studies that are high in quality and adequately powered are needed to confirm these findings.RegistrationPROSPERO CRD42015026008

The effect of lipid metabolism-related genes on intramuscular fat content and fatty acid composition in multiple muscles

Intramuscular fat content (IMF) and fatty acid composition are two important factors that have a significant effect on meat quality. Previous studies about lipid deposition mainly focussed on breed effects, but the regulation mechanism of lipid metabolism among multiple muscles is not clear. Here, we hypothesised that there are correlations between lipid metabolism-related genes and muscle fibre types composition and lipid deposition in multiple muscles. We analysed the relationship between the expression of 18 lipid metabolism-related genes and muscle fibre types composition, and their relation with IMF and fatty acid composition in 14 different muscles. The IMF content and fatty acid composition were significantly different among the muscle tissues (P &lt; 0.01). IMF was significantly higher in the trapezius and semitendinosus muscles compared with the others (P &lt; 0.05); the content was about four times higher than that of the peroneal longus. Moreover, the trapezius and masseter had a higher monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) : saturated fatty acid (SFA) (&gt;1.48) (P &lt; 0.05) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) : SFA (&gt;0.45) (P &lt; 0.05), which are more conducive to human health. Second, the expression levels of seven genes, AdPLA (r = 0.605, P &lt; 0.05), DGAT2 (r = 0.553, P &lt; 0.05), FABP4 (r = 0.637, P &lt; 0.05), ELOVL6 (r = 0.57, P &lt; 0.05), FASN (r = 0.556, P &lt; 0.05), PPARγ (r = –0.51, P &lt; 0.05) and SCD (r = 0.579, P &lt; 0.05) were associated with IMF. In addition, the expression of FASN was positively correlated with MUFA (r = 0.556, P &lt; 0.05) and total fatty acids (r = 0.547, P &lt; 0.05). Finally, the MyHC IIa content (IIa) was positively correlated with MUFA (r = 0.56, P &lt; 0.05) but negatively correlated with SFA (r = –0.553, P &lt; 0.05) in different muscles. Besides, MUFA : SFA was positively correlated with IIa (r = 0.609, P &lt; 0.05), although negatively correlated with MyHC IIx content (IIx) (r = –0.566, P &lt; 0.05). These results added beneficial information to improve meat quality, and our understanding of the mechanism of fat deposition and fatty acid composition regulation. They also provide potential genetic markers for the study of muscular fatty acid composition.

Ten-Year Trends (1999-2010) of Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet among the Balearic Islands' Adult Population.

The aim of this work was to assess ten-year trends (1999–2010) of adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern (MDP) among the Balearic Islands’ adult population. Two independent cross-sectional dietary surveys (1999–2000, n = 1200 and 2009–2010 n = 1388, including participants aged 16–65 years) were carried out in the Balearic Islands, Spain. Dietary habits were assessed by means of two 24 h diet recalls and a validated semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire that covers 145 food items. Adherence to the MDP was defined according to a score constructed considering the consumption of nine MDP characteristic components: high monounsaturated fatty acids:saturated fatty acids (MUFA:SFA) ratio, moderate ethanol consumption, high legumes, cereals and roots, fruits, vegetables, and fish consumption, and low consumption of meat and milk. Socio-economic status, education level, lifestyle factors and health status were also assessed. Adherence to the MDP was 43.1% (SD 5.8) in 1999–2000 and 44.6% (SD 8.3) in 2009–2010. Higher age was directly associated with higher adherence to the MDP, and this association was stronger in males than in females. Young generations and smokers showed the lowest adherence to MDP, whereas people with higher educational and socio-economic level, and who were physically active showed the highest adherence. According to the place of birth, the increase in the percentage of the adherence to the MDP was observed to be smaller among the Balearic Island’s natives than among people born abroad. In 2009–2010, individuals in the MDP’s fourth quartile were more likely to be older (aged 46–65 years), and were less likely to have a low occupational level, to have a light physical activity level and to be smoker than in 1999–2000. The adherence to the MDP has been stabilized and slightly recovered among the Balearic Islands’ adult population in the last decade.

An assessment of sire-breed effects on carcass and meat quality traits of lambs at the ages of 40 and 100 days from Comisana ewes crossed with Suffolk or Bergamasca rams

The aim was to compare lambs at two different ages at slaughter (40 vs 100 days) and three breeds or crossbreeds including an Italian dairy breed (Comisana (Com)) and its crosses with the two meat breeds of Bergamasca (Ber × Com) and Suffolk (Suf × Com) with 20 male lambs per age per breed group. At both slaughter ages, crossbreeds were more productive, with higher liveweight (P = 0.02), carcass weight (P = 0.03) and dressing percentage (P = 0.04) than the Com group. Meat from the younger lambs showed lower C10:0, C14:0 and C22:0 (P &lt; 0.05) and higher C18:1 (P &lt; 0.01) concentrations, resulting in higher monounsaturated fatty acid (P &lt; 0.01) and lower saturated fatty acid (P &lt; 0.01) content. Moreover, their meat has lower redness (a*), yellowness (b*) and chroma (C*) values (P &lt; 0.01). Crossbreeding dairy breed ewes with sires of high meat production breeds improves liveweight and carcass weight. Meat from younger lambs had lower intramuscular fat content and higher concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acid.

Fatty Acid Profiles, Meat Quality, and Sensory Palatability of Grain-fed and Grass-fed Beef from Hanwoo, American, and Australian Crossbred Cattle.

Fatty acid profiles in relation to meat quality traits and sensory palatability of grain-fed and grass-fed beef from Hanwoo, American, and Australian crossbred cattle were examined in this study. There were significant (p<0.001) differences in fat content and fatty acid compositions between grain-fed and grass-fed beef. Grain-fed Hanwoo had significantly (p<0.001) lower saturated fatty acid (SFA) proportion but higher monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) proportion compared to grass-fed cattle. The proportion of oleic acid in grain-fed Hanwoo was significantly (p<0.001) higher than that in grass-fed Hanwoo, Australian crossbred, or American crossbred cattle. Grain-fed Hanwoo had significantly (p<0.001) lower percentages of drip loss and cooking loss compared to other cattle. Overall palatability panel scores of grain-fed cattle were significantly (p<0.001) higher than those of grass-fed cattle. Consequently, sensory overall palatability was negatively correlated with proportions of SFA and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), but positively correlated with the proportion of MUFA. In particular, the proportion of oleic acid was strongly and positively correlated with fat content (r=0.91, p<0.001) and overall palatability (r=0.92, p<0.001). These results implied that high-concentrate grain-fed could increase intramuscular fat (IMF) content and the proportion of oleic acid, thus increasing the sensory palatability of Hanwoo beef.

Secretory phospholipase-A2 and fatty acid composition in oral reactive lesions: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundOral reactive lesions are the most common lesions of oral cavity. Phospholipases and fatty acids play key roles in the creation of inflammation by change in metabolic activities and production of lipid mediators. The aim of this study was to investigate the amount of secretory phospholipase-A2 (sPLA2) and difference of fatty acid pattern in oral reactive hyperplasia and adjacent normal appearing tissues in patients with oral reactive lesions.MethodsPaired samples of oral hyperplastic (OH) and adjacent normal-appearing tissue of 45 patients were investigated in this study. The collected samples were analyzed with enzymatic spectrophotometric method in terms of the amount of sPLA2 and composition of fatty acids by gas–liquid chromatography method.ResultsThe amount of sPLA2 (1.8-fold, p < 0.001), stearic acid (1.2-fold, p < 0.001), oleic acid (1.1-fold, p = 0.01), arachidonic acid (1.5-fold, p < 0.001) and docosahexaenoic acid (1.3-fold, p = 0.02) were increased, while the amount of palmitoleic acid (−45%, p < 0.001) and linoleic acid (−19%, p < 0.001) were reduced in the OH tissue samples. Furthermore, the results demonstrated significant associations between the type and location of tissue samples with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Tissue samples from patients with inflammatory fibroepithelial hyperplasia showed relatively higher MUFAs and lower n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids than other type of lesions.ConclusionsLocalized changes in the sPLA2 activity and composition of fatty acid are associated with oral reactive hyperplasia and the type of pathological response. We suggest that sPLA2 activity and multiple type of fatty acids might be used as potential therapeutic target for oral reactive hyperplasia.

Saturated or Monounsaturated Fatty Acids Have Different Effect on Body Weight and Feed Intake

INTRODUCTIONVarious epidemiologic studies showed that high intake fat, with a rapid and extensive growth of the processed food industry in the last three decades, is considered to be the major risk factors for weight control and obesity. Currently, not only consumption of high quantities of fat but also type of fatty acids is recognized as a vital factor in the development of obesity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the variations in body weight and food intake of male C57Bl/6 mice after high fat diet either with different fatty acid contents.METHODSMale C57Bl/6 mice (8 weeks of age) were individually housed and fed ad libitum with a control chow diet (CD, 3.5 kcal/g diet, 10% calories from fat), high monounsaturated fatty acid consisting diet (MUFA, 5 kcal/g diet, 40% calories from fat), or high saturated fatty acid consisting diet (SFA, 5 kcal/g diet, 40% calories from fat) for 15 weeks after a two‐weeks of wash out period. Food intake was measured daily and body weight were measured at least two times in a week. Body weight change was calculated from the terminal and initial body weights. Analysis were carried out by Kruskal‐Wallis test using SPSS software version 23.RESULTSThe mean feed intake was highest in MUFA diet group (4.2±0.21g) significantly compared to the control CD (3.9±0.14g) and SFA (3.6±0.13g) groups (p&lt;0.05). Despite the food intake, the mean body weight change was different between dietary groups (CD: 5.5±0.49g; SFA: 9.5±0.66g; MUFA: 8.4±0.62g) (p&lt;0.05) after 15 weeks with the highest change in high saturated fat diet (p&lt;0.05).CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, a high monounsaturated fatty acid diet might stimulate the food intake but high saturated fatty acid diet adversely affected the body weight. Although feed consumption was higher in MUFA intake compared to the SFA intake, the body weight change was higher with SFA intake revealing a lipogenic potential of the saturated fatty acids.

41 - Chronic GVHD Could Ameliorate the Impact of Adverse Somatic Mutations in Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Our aim was to assess the use of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) as an in vivo cellular model to evaluate diet-induced changes in the oxidative stress status by analyzing the gene expression pattern of NADPH-oxidase subunits and antioxidant genes. A randomized, controlled trial assigned metabolic syndrome patients to 4 diets for 12 weeks each: (i) high-saturated fatty acid (HSFA), (ii) high-monounsaturated fatty acid, and (iii), (iv) two low-fat, high-complex carbohydrate diets supplemented with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids or placebo. A fat challenge reflecting the fatty acid composition as the original diets was conducted post-intervention. The mRNA levels of gp91phox (P < 0.001), p22phox (P = 0.005), p47phox (P = 0.001) and p40phox (P < 0.001) increased at 2 h after the intake of the HSFA meal. The expression of SOD1, SOD2, GSR, GPx1, GPX4, TXN, TXNRD1 and Nrf2 increased after the HSFA meal (p < 0.05). In contrast, the expression of these genes remained unaltered in response to the other dietary interventions. Our results suggest that the increased expression of antioxidant genes in PBMC seems to be due to the response to the postprandial oxidative stress generated mainly in adipose tissue after the consumption of an HSFA diet.

Dietary fat quantity and quality modifies advanced glycation end products metabolism in patients with metabolic syndrome.

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) increase in dysmetabolic conditions. Lifestyle, including diet, has shown be effective in preventing the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). We investigated whether AGE metabolism is affected by diets with different fat quantity and quality in MetS patients. A randomized, controlled trial assigned 75 MetS patients to one of four diets: high SFA (HSFA), high MUFA (HMUFA), and two low-fat, high-complex carbohydrate diets (LFHCC) supplemented with long-chain n-3 PUFA or placebo for 12-weeks each. Dietary and serum AGE [methylglyoxal (MG: lysine-MG-H1) and N-carboxymethyllysine] levels and gene expression related to AGE metabolism in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (AGER1, RAGE, GloxI, and Sirt1 mRNA) were determined. HMUFA diet reduced serum AGE (sAGE) and RAGE mRNA, increased AGER1 and GloxI mRNA levels compared to the other diets. LFHCC n-3 diet reduced sAGE levels and increased AGER1 mRNA levels compared to LFHCC and HSFA diets. Multiple regression analyses showed that sMG and AGER1 mRNA appeared as significant predictors of oxidative stress/inflammation-related parameters. Low AGE content in HMUFA diet reduces sAGEs and modulates the gene expression related to AGE metabolism in MetS patients, which may be used as a therapeutic approach to reduce the incidence of MetS and related chronic diseases.

Comparison of the physicochemical profiles of buriti from the Brazilian Cerrado and the Amazon region

Demand for native fruits has been expanding, due to the increasing interest in foods with possible health benefits. The buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L. f.) is a native Brazilian fruit, appreciated by local populations, and its products are already on the market. This study investigated the physical characteristics and nutritional composition of buriti pulp, obtained from typical Cerrado and Amazon regions in Brazil. These regions influenced physical parameters and chemical composition. The fruits originating in the Cerrado were bigger and heavier than the ones from the Amazon. Nevertheless, protein, fatty acid and carbohydrate contents were higher in fruits from the Amazon region. The analyzed buriti fruits presented high monounsaturated fatty acid concentration (73.03 to 79.43 g/100 g), with the predominance of oleic acid (72.21 to 78.57 g/100 g). Buriti fruits may be a promising source of good nutritional quality vegetable oil and dietary fiber.

Randomized Controlled Trial of a MUFA or Fiber-Rich Diet on Hepatic Fat in Prediabetes.

Increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and prediabetes worldwide is attributed in part to an unhealthy diet. To evaluate whether 12 weeks of high monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) or fiber-rich weight-maintenance diet lowers hepatic fat and improves glucose tolerance in people with prediabetes. Subjects underwent a [6, 6-2H2]-labeled 75-g oral glucose tolerance test to estimate hepatic insulin sensitivity and liver fat fraction (LFF) using magnetic resonance spectroscopy before and after intervention. Mayo Clinic Clinical Research Trials Unit. 43 subjects with prediabetes. Subjects were randomized into three isocaloric weight-maintaining diets containing MUFA (olive oil), extra fiber, and standard US food (control-habitual diet). LFF, glucose tolerance, and indices of insulin action and secretion. Body weight was maintained constant in all groups during the intervention. Glucose and hormonal concentrations were similar in all groups before, and unchanged after, 12 weeks of intervention. LFF was significantly lower after intervention in the MUFA group (P < 0.0003) but remained unchanged in the fiber (P = 0.25) and control groups (P = 0.45). After 12 weeks, LFF was significantly lower in the MUFA than in the control group (P = 0.01), but fiber and control groups did not differ (P = 0.41). Indices of insulin action and secretion were not significantly different between the MUFA and control groups after intervention (P ≥ 0.11), but within-group comparison showed higher hepatic (P = 0.01) and total insulin sensitivity (P < 0.04) with MUFA. Twelve weeks of a MUFA diet decreases hepatic fat and improves both hepatic and total insulin sensitivity.

34. Relationship Between Adolescent Metabolites and Psychosis Risk and Academic Performance in Adolescence: Results From a Finnish Birth Cohort

Abstract Background: Psychotic experiences in adolescence index risk for later psychotic disorders and adolescents with psychotic experiences in the population show evidence of some of the cognitive deficits observed in those with clinical psychotic disorders. Metabolomics approaches have been fruitful in predicting psychotic disorders in young adults and the development of cognitive deficits in older adults. Erthyrocyte lipid abnormalities (in omega-3 and omega-9) have been associated with cognitive deficits in young people at risk for psychosis. However, metabolomics approaches have not been applied to examine predictors of psychotic experiences or cognitive deficits in population samples of young adults. In this study, we aimed to use metabolomics approaches to clarify whether serum metabolites were associated with adolescent psychotic experiences in the population and with adolescent academic difficulties, and whether observed associations with academic difficulties differed by psychotic experience status. Methods: Using data from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC 1986; n = 6985 at 16 years, 74% follow-up), we used logistic regression to measure the association between 77 metabolic measures and positive and negative psychotic experiences (measured using the PROD-screen) and academic performance, controlling for sex, maternal education and body mass index at 16 years. Analyses were adjusted for multiple testing. Observed associations with academic performance were tested for interaction with positive psychotic experiences using chi-squared test for interaction. Results: No metabolites were associated with positive psychotic experiences or negative psychotic experiences at the corrected P value of <.0026. However, nineteen metabolites were associated with academic performance. A number of these associations interacted with positive psychotic experiences. Specifically, higher ratios of omega-3 to total fatty acids was significantly more protective in terms of academic performance among those with psychotic experiences (OR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.62–0.83) than those without (OR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.77–0.91; P = .036 for difference). There was also a trend towards a more protective effect among those with psychotic experiences in association with higher ratios of polyunsaturated fatty acids to total fatty acids (P = .063), and towards higher risk associated with higher levels of total fatty acids (P = .058) and higher monounsaturated fatty acid levels (P = .055). Conclusion: Observed associations with academic performance were strong across the population, though the protective association with higher omega-3 ratios were particularly strong among those with positive psychotic experiences. This may suggest that higher ratios of omega-3 in this group are particularly important in preventing adverse cognitive outcomes.

Monounsaturated fatty acids might be key factors in the Mediterranean diet that suppress rheumatoid arthritis disease activity: The TOMORROW study

The Mediterranean diet is reportedly effective in suppressing disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but the key elements responsible for this effect remain unknown. The presented study therefore aimed to identify such elements. This study included 208 consecutive patients with RA (RA group) and 205 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers (controls) from the prospective "TOMORROW" cohort studythat has been ongoing since 2010 were included in this study. Food and nutrient intake was assessed using the brief self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ), Mediterranean diet scores were calculated based on intake by controls and disease activity was determined from disease activity scores in 28 joints anderythrocyte sedimentation rates (DAS28-ESR). Intake of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was significantly lower in the RA, than in the control group (P=0.003) and the ratio of consumed monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid (MUFA/SFA) significantly differed within the RA group after being sub-classified according to DAS28-ESR. Moreover, DAS28-ESR significantly correlated with MUFA/SFA intake after age adjustment (R=-0.228, P<0.01). Logistic regression analysis selected high MUFA intake as an independent predictor of remission in the RA group with borderline boundary significance (odds ratio, 1.97; 95% CI, 0.98-3.98; P=0.057). Changes in DAS28-ESR between 2010 and 2011 significantly correlated with MUFA/SFA intake after age adjustment (R=0.180, P=0.01). Daily MUFA intake, a component of the Mediterranean diet score, might suppress disease activity in RA patients.

Açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) dietary intake affects plasma lipids, apolipoproteins, cholesteryl ester transfer to high-density lipoprotein and redox metabolism: A prospective study in women

The açai fruit (Euterpe oleracea Martius), which is native to the Brazilian Amazon region, was shown to have high polyphenols and MUFA contents. In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of açai consumption on plasma lipids, apolipoproteins, the transfer of lipids to HDL (which is a relevant HDL function), and some biomarkers of redox metabolism. Forty healthy volunteer women aged 24±3 years consumed 200g of açai pulp/day for 4 weeks; their clinical variables and blood sample were obtained before and after this period. Açai pulp consumption did not alter anthropometric parameters, systemic arterial pressure, glucose, insulin and total, LDL and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and apolipoprotein (apo) B, but it did increase the concentration of apo A-I. Açai consumption decreased the ROS, ox-LDL and malondialdehyde while increasing the activity of antioxidative paraoxonase 1. Overall, the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was increased. Regarding the transfer of plasma lipids to HDL, açai consumption increased the transfer of cholesteryl esters (p=0.0043) to HDL. Unesterified cholesterol, phospholipids and triglyceride transfers were unaffected. The increase in apo A-I and the cholesteryl ester transfer to HDL after the açai intake period suggests that an improvement in the metabolism of this lipoprotein occurred, and it is well known that HDL is protective against atherosclerosis. Another important finding was the general improvement of the anti-oxidant defences elicited by açai consumption. Our data indicate that açai has favourable actions on plasma HDL metabolism and anti-oxidant defence; therefore açai could have a beneficial overall role against atherosclerosis, and it is a consistently good candidate to consider as a functional food.