High Monounsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Circulating fatty acids, genetic susceptibility and hypertension: a prospective cohort study.

Combining genetic risk factors and plasma fatty acids (FAs) can be used as an effective method of precision medicine to prevent hypertension risk. A total of 195,250 participants in the UK Biobank cohort were included in this study from 2006-2010. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) were calculated for hypertension using single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Concentrations of plasma FAs, including polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and saturated fatty acids (SFAs), were tested by nuclear magnetic resonance. The Cox model was used to test for the main effects of PRS, different plasma FAs and their joint effects on hypertension. Relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) and the attributable proportion due to interaction (AP) were used to test the additive interaction. Plasma PUFAs, n-3 PUFAs, MUFAs and SFAs were related to the risk of hypertension (PUFAs: HR, 0.878; 95% CI, 0.868-0.888; MUFAs: HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.123-1.150; SFAs: HR, 1.086; 95% CI, 1.074-1.098; n-3 PUFAs: HR, 0.984; 95% CI, 0.973-0.995). Moreover, an additive interaction was found between PRS and plasma FAs, which could contribute to an approximately 10-18% risk of hypertension, and the associations between high plasma MUFAs and a high PRS of hypertension were the strongest positive [RERI: 0.178 (95% CI: 0.062, 0.294), AP: 0.079 (95% CI: 0.027, 0.130)]. Increased plasma MUFAs or SFAs and decreased plasma PUFAs or n-3 PUFAs were associated with hypertension risk, especially among people at high genetic risk.

Fatty acid composition, lipid profile and oxidative stability of meat of broiler chickens fed diet containing bird eye pepper of varying inclusion level and sieve size.

Nutritional modifications to improve meat quality is targeted by farmers. Bird eye pepper (BEP) contains bio-compounds of physiological significance. The potency of BEP of varying inclusion level and sieve size on meat quality [fatty acid (FA), lipid profile and oxidative stability] of broiler chickens was investigated. A total of 246 birds fed diet-containing BEP [inclusion level (0, 0.15 and 0.3%), sieve size (0.05 and 0.1mm)] were randomized to six treatments replicated 4 times in a 2 by 3 factorial layout. After feeding (31 days), forty-eight birds (two per replicate) were slaughtered and breast muscles harvested. Meat lipid profile and 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARs) were determined on day (d) 0, while TBARs was further assessed on d 3 and 5, but FA on d 10 of refrigeration storage. BEP diet (0.15%) increased (p < 0.05) total monounsaturated FA (MUFA), unsaturated FA (UFA) and n-3 FA, while 0.05mm BEP lowered (p < 0.05) meat index of thrombogenicity (TI) but increased meat hypocholesteromic: hypercholesteromic (HH) value. Dietary 0.15% (0.05mm) BEP yielded low (p < 0.05) SFA but high MUFA: SFA, UFA: SFA and NVI, while 0.15% (0.1mm) BEP diet resulted in high total MUFA and higher (p < 0.05) UFA, n-3 and n-3: n-6 FA. Control, 0.15% and 0.05mm BEP diets reduced (p < 0.05) meat cholesterol value. This study has shown that 0.15% (0.05mm) BEP diet had no deleterious effect on the growth of broiler chickens but improved the NVI, IA, TI, HH, TBARs and cholesterol of the meat - a significance to health-conscious consumers.

Comparison of fattening performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and leg bone traits among three goose genotypes reared under intensive conditions.

This study aimed to evaluate fattening performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and leg bone traits in geese reared under an intensive production system, depending on genotypes. In the study, a total of 210 goslings (70 goslings for each genotype such as Linda, Toulouse, and Mast) were obtained from 168-week-old breeders. The geese were fed ad libitum with the same feeds during 12 weeks. Then, 5 males and 5 females from each goose genotype (30 birds in total) were slaughtered to determine the carcass, meat, and bone properties. The fattening performance, carcass properties, relative organ weights, and proximate analyses of breast and thigh meats did not differ among the genotype groups. The relative abdominal fat percentage weight was the highest in the Mast geese among the examined genotypes. Dry matter and crude protein values in meat were affected by genotype. The liver compositions, such as dry matter, crude fat, and crude protein, was significantly different from breast and thigh meat. It was found that the meat of Toulouse and Linda genotypes had lower SFA, n6/n3, and TI values, but higher MUFA, UFA, and crude protein values, making them superior to the meat of the Mast genotype. In the thigh meat, it was determined that lower SFA, AI, and TI values, and higher MUFA and UFA values, made it superior to the breast meat. In goose liver, DFA, NF and TI values were higher than the other tissues. Interactions were observed in the chemical composition and some fatty acids (P < 0.05). The femur and metatarsus bones of the Linda genotype were more durable than those of the Mast genotype due to their lower Robusticity indexes of femur and metatarsus bones. These results show that Linda and Toulouse geese are superior to the Mast genotype in terms of valuable fatty acids under intensive fattening. Additionally, the superior bone strength of Linda geese indicates that bone-related problems will be less common when this genotype is raised under intensive conditions.

Abstract PR-06: Dietary fats dictate pancreatic cancer fate via phospholipid saturation

Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the third leading cause of cancer death in the US and is anticipated to become the second within the next decade. Epidemiologic studies support a strong link between high fat diet (HFD) consumption and increased PDAC risk, however, the translational relevance of diet research has been limited by inconsistencies in fat source and consumption across human populations and mouse studies. Therefore, whether and how specific dietary fatty acids drive cancer development is poorly understood. To address this gap in knowledge, we performed a diet screen, comprised of 12 isocaloric HFDs differing solely in fat source and representing the diversity of modern human fat consumption, in an oncogenic Kras-driven mouse model (KC: Kras LSL-G12D /+;Pdx1-Cre) that closely mimics the genetic and histologic features of human PDAC progression. Unexpectedly, we discovered that diets rich in oleic acid – a monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) typically associated with good health – enhanced pancreatic tumorigenesis. Furthermore, we observed a strong positive correlation between increased tumor burden and diets exhibiting a high ratio of MUFAs to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), concordant with high MUFA to PUFA levels in the plasma and in pancreatic phospholipids. Membrane phospholipid incorporation of MUFAs (relative to PUFAs) suppresses lipid peroxidation and cell death via ferroptosis. Consistent with this, pancreata from mice fed a MUFA-rich diet showed decreased expression of genes involved in lipid peroxidation and reduced histologic evidence of lipid peroxidation end products compared to a PUFA-rich diets. Furthermore, primary acinar cells from mice fed high MUFA diets were resistant to cell death upon treatment with ferroptosis inhibitors. Conversely, diets rich in PUFAs increased PUFA incorporation into pancreatic phospholipids, activated transcriptional programs of lipid peroxidation, and intercepted Kras-driven tumor progression in vivo. Collectively, these data support a role for dietary fatty acids in molding the pancreatic phospholipid landscape, altering lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis sensitivity to dictate tumor fate. Citation Format: Christian F Ruiz, Xiangyu Ge, Rylee McDonnell, Daniel McQuaid, Jennifer Kaplan, Guangtao Li, Michael C Rudolph, Fred F Gorelick, John Wysolmerski, Daniel Canals, John D Haley, Matthew Rodeheffer, Mandar D Muzumdar. Dietary fats dictate pancreatic cancer fate via phospholipid saturation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference in Cancer Research: Advances in Pancreatic Cancer Research; 2024 Sep 15-18; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(17 Suppl_2):Abstract nr PR-06.

Changes in the Fatty Acid Composition of Vegetable Oils Affect the Feeding Behavior, Feed Preference, and Thermoregulatory Responses of Sheep

This research evaluated the effects of energy supplementation on sheep’s feeding behavior, feed preference, and thermoregulatory responses using technical cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) and different vegetable oils with different unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) compositions. The experiment was completely randomized with five treatments: a mixture of CNSL (0.5%) + vegetable oils [canola (high in monounsaturated fatty acids—MUFA), and corn, soybean, sunflower, or cottonseed oil (high in polyunsaturated fatty acids-PUFA) at 1.5%] based on total diet dry matter, with eight replications. Forty uncastrated male sheep, with an average initial BW of 24.44 ± 1.5 kg, were evaluated for 70 days. The CNSL + vegetable oil blend did not affect DM and neutral detergent fiber (aNDF) intake (p &gt; 0.05). However, diets with canola oil resulted in higher SFA intake (p &lt; 0.05) than other oils. The canola oil + CNSL blend led to a higher intake of UFA and MUFA and lower PUFA intake than other oil blends (p &lt; 0.05). Sheep fed canola oil ruminated fewer boli per day than those fed soybean and sunflower oils. Using three sieves (pef1.18) reflected in higher sheep aNDF intake. Respiratory frequency and surface temperature of sheep were lower before feeding than 3 h after, without effects of the type of oil. Higher serum creatinine and cholesterol levels were observed in sheep fed CNSL with corn and canola oils compared to other oils. Serum calcium was lower in sheep fed CNSL with soybean and canola compared to sunflower and corn. Including CNSL with vegetable oils with different FA compositions did not affect physiological and thermographic variables. However, sheep showed better diet selectivity and lower bolus rumination with higher MUFA (canola oil) content. Including CNSL with canola oil in sheep diets is recommended, as it increases dietary energy content, enhances diet selectivity, reduces PUFA intake, and does not impact animal health.

Therapeutic effects of high monounsaturated fatty acid and low carbohydrate formula on blood glucose levels and diarrhea in critically ill neurological patients

To investigate the effects of using a high monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and low carbohydrate formula on blood glucose levels and diarrhea treatment effects in critically ill neurological patients. A self-controlled before-and-after study design was employed, with 13 patients admitted to the neurology intensive care unit (ICU) of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from November to December 2023, who were treated with a high MUFA and low carbohydrate formula [Glucerna enteral nutrition (EN) preparation]. Changes in blood glucose parameters within 7 days before and after the use of Glucerna EN preparation were analyzed, including standard deviation (SD) of blood glucose, mean blood glucose (MG), median blood glucose, mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE), largest amplitude of glycemic excursions (LAGE), coefficient of variation (CV) of blood glucose, the incidence of hyperglycemia (> 7.8 mmol/L) and severe hyperglycemia (> 13.9 mmol/L), and daily insulin dose. Changes in total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), hemoglobin (Hb), C-reactive protein (CRP), and white blood cell count (WBC) were observed before and after intervention. Improvement in diarrhea symptoms, Hart diarrhea score, Bristol Stool classification score, and incontinence dermatitis classification were also analyzed before and after the use of Glucerna EN preparation. A total of 13 critically ill neurological patients were enrolled, among whom 9 patients had a history of hyperglycemia and 8 patients had diarrhea symptoms. After intervention with Glucerna, the patients' SD of blood glucose, MG, median blood glucose, MAGE, LAGE, CV of blood glucose, incidence of hyperglycemia, incidence of severe hyperglycemia, and daily insulin dose were all lower than those before the intervention [SD of blood glucose (mmol/L): 1.83±1.11 vs. 2.10±1.13, MG (mmol/L): 8.87±2.03 vs. 9.75±1.37, median blood glucose (mmol/L): 9.12±1.67 vs. 10.17±0.48, MAGE (mmol/L): 0.66±0.31 vs. 0.78±0.32, LAGE (mmol/L): 4.95±3.64 vs. 5.58±3.10, CV of blood glucose: 16.00% (11.00%, 28.50%) vs. 18.00% (12.50%, 27.50%), hyperglycemia incidence: 47.31% vs. 74.66%, severe hyperglycemia incidence: 6.08% vs. 6.71%, daily insulin dose (U): 5.25 (0.00, 32.59) vs. 20.76 (0.00, 66.88)], with a significant decrease in daily insulin dose after the intervention (P < 0.05); TP, ALB, Hb, CRP and WBC showed no significant changes before and after the intervention with Glucerna EN preparation. The improvement time of diarrhea symptoms after intervention was (3.50±1.41) days, and the Hart diarrhea score on the seventh day after intervention (4.88±3.48 vs. 10.00±3.38) and the Bristol Stool classification score on the third and seventh days after intervention (5.87±0.35, 5.50±0.53 vs. 6.50±0.53) were significantly lower than before the intervention (all P < 0.05). Before the intervention with Glucerna EN preparation, the classification of incontinence dermatitis was mainly classified as Grade 2 severity (71.43%); after the intervention, it significantly improved by the seventh day, with Grade 1 being the main classification (57.14%). The high MUFA and low carbohydrate formula has a positive effect on blood glucose control and diarrhea treatment in critically ill neurological patients.

Polyculture of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) and Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) using an artificial common pellet – Implications on feed to fish nutrient transfers in recirculating aquaculture system (RAS)

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of monoculture and polyculture on the utilization of an artificial common pellet to produce nutritious products, specifically pikeperch and Russian sturgeon, in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for 84 days. The experiment was conducted under controlled conditions, with specific parameters for: water temperature (21.8±0.4 °C), initial weight of the fish (pikeperch: 18.17±2.65 g; sturgeon: 18.23±3.62 g), volume of the containers (working volume of 272 litres) and feeding rate (1.5 %). Five experimental groups were tested in triplicates, including monoculture groups (pikeperch: 63.46±18.49 g; sturgeon: 93.52±50.40 g) and three polyculture combinations [P90: 90 % pikeperch (68.63±13.79 g) + 10 % sturgeon (86.10±33.38 g); P80: 80 % pikeperch (76.88±18.06 g) + 20 % sturgeon (103.53±44.60 g); P70: 70 % pikeperch (81.51±19.24 g) + 30 % Russian sturgeon (94.48±33.25 g)]. The results indicated that the addition of Russian sturgeon to pikeperch tanks could lead to efficient transfer of feed lipid to fish biomass through sturgeons, but not pikeperch. Polycultures showed better lipid absorption (P70 lipid-ADC 96.06±1.96 %) from the common pellet than monocultures (pikeperch: lipid-ADC 91.93±6.37 %; sturgeon: lipid-ADC 97.08±2.07 %). Fillet lipid content of pikeperch remained unaltered across RAS monocultures and polycultures but changed positively in Russian sturgeon in polyculture (P70 2.64±0.71 % > P0 1.75±0.75 %). In both species, polyculture fillets accumulated 5–7 % higher MUFA (oleic acid, C18:1n-9) than monoculture fillets. The major conclusions drawn from this research are that polyculture group P90 had both fish species flesh with highest muscle reserves of glycine and proline. In polyculture, critically indispensable muscle lysine reserves depleted in pikeperch, but Russian sturgeon muscle amino acid profile was stable. Given the global constraints on land availability, the study proposes RAS polyculture as a potentially productive and nutritious aquaculture system of the future. The research also suggests that resilient species for RAS polyculture need to be identified, proposing Russian sturgeon as a possible candidate.

Fasting and postprandial plasma metabolite responses to a 12-wk dietary intervention in tissue-specific insulin resistance: a secondary analysis of the PERSonalized glucose Optimization through Nutritional intervention (PERSON) randomized trial

BackgroundWe previously showed that dietary intervention effects on cardiometabolic health were driven by tissue-specific insulin resistance (IR) phenotype: individuals with predominant muscle IR (MIR) benefited more from a low-fat, high-protein, and high-fiber (LFHP) diet, whereas individuals with predominant liver insulin resistance (LIR) benefited more from a high-monounsaturated fatty acid (HMUFA) diet. ObjectivesTo further characterize the effects of LFHP and HMUFA diets and their interaction with tissue-specific IR, we investigated dietary intervention effects on fasting and postprandial plasma metabolite profile. MethodsAdults with MIR or LIR (40–75 y, BMI 25–40 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to a 12-wk HMUFA or LFHP diet (n = 242). After the exclusion of statin use, 214 participants were included in this prespecified secondary analysis. Plasma samples were collected before (T = 0) and after (T = 30, 60, 120, and 240 min) a high-fat mixed meal for quantification of 247 metabolite measures using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. ResultsA larger reduction in fasting VLDL-triacylglycerol (TAG) and VLDL particle size was observed in individuals with MIR following the LFHP diet and those with LIR following the HMUFA diet, although no longer statistically significant after false discovery rate (FDR) adjustment. No IR phenotype-by-diet interactions were found for postprandial plasma metabolites assessed as total area under the curve (tAUC). Irrespective of IR phenotype, the LFHP diet induced greater reductions in postprandial plasma tAUC of the larger VLDL particles and small HDL particles, and TAG content in most VLDL subclasses and the smaller LDL and HDL subclasses (for example, VLDL-TAG tAUC standardized mean change [95% CI] LFHP = −0.29 [−0.43, −0.16] compared with HMUFA = −0.04 [−0.16, 0.09]; FDR-adjusted P for diet × time = 0.041). ConclusionsDiet effects on plasma metabolite profiles were more pronounced than phenotype-by-diet interactions. An LFHP diet may be more effective than an HMUFA diet for reducing cardiometabolic risk in individuals with tissue-specific IR, irrespective of IR phenotype. Am J Clin Nutr 20xx;x:xx.This trial was registered at the clinicaltrials.gov registration (https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03708419?term=NCT03708419&rank=1) as NCT03708419 and CCMO registration (https://www.toetsingonline.nl/to/ccmo_search.nsf/fABRpop?readform&unids=3969AABCD9BA27FEC12587F1001BCC65) as NL63768.068.17.

A Mediterranean diet improves glycation markers in healthy people and in those with chronic diseases: a systematic review of clinical trials.

Consumption of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) has beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health and aging. This systematic review aimed to critically investigate the effect of the MedDiet on glycation markers in healthy or overweight individuals with type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched, using the terms "Mediterranean diet" AND "glycation end products, advanced". Three randomized and 3 nonrandomized clinical trials, containing data on 2935 adult and elderly individuals with normal weight or overweight, were included. All extracted data were compiled, compared, and critically analyzed. The authors of most of the studies demonstrated a reduction in serum concentrations of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), such as εN-carboxymethyllysine and methylglyoxal, and in skin autofluorescence levels after at least 4 weeks of adherence to the MedDiet. The MedDiet also led to positive effects on gene expression of receptors for AGEs, as RAGE and AGER1, and an enzyme involved in detoxification (glyoxalase I). There is no evidence that short-term adherence affects glycation markers. Glycation markers improved in response to the MedDiet. The possible mechanisms involved may be related to the low AGE and refined sugars content of the diet, as well as its high monounsaturated fatty acid, phenolic compound, and dietary fiber contents. PROSPERO registration no. CRD42021284006.

Normal fat intake with high MUFA content and an appropriate SFA/MUFA/PUFA ratio improved the health of rats

AbstractThe quantity and quality of dietary fats have a significant impact on human health. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different cooking oils (olive oil (OO), soybean oil (SO), and blended oil (BO)) on growth, glucolipid metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress of rats fed normal and high‐fat diets. The results showed that the OO‐fed group had lower concentrations of serum triglyceride (TG), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized LDL‐C (ox‐LDL‐C), and serum total cholesterol (TC) than the normal‐fat SO‐fed group, and rats in the BO‐fed group had lower values of serum interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF‐α), and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) than the normal‐fat SO‐fed groups. However, higher serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activity was observed in the OO‐fed group, while those fed with BO had higher serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and GSH‐Px activities. Generally, most health‐beneficial fatty acid profiles have a high content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), an appropriate saturated fatty acid (SFA)/MUFA/poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio, and a low n‐6/n‐3 PUFA ratio, while diets contained a high content of fat is detrimental to health.

Artificial neural networks optimize the establishment of a Brazilian germplasm core collection of winter squash (Cucurbita moschata D.)

With widespread cultivation, Cucurbita moschata stands out for the carotenoid content of its fruits such as β and α-carotene, components with pronounced provitamin A function and antioxidant activity. C. moschata seed oil has a high monounsaturated fatty acid content and vitamin E, constituting a lipid source of high chemical–nutritional quality. The present study evaluates the agronomic and chemical–nutritional aspects of 91 accessions of C. moschata kept at the BGH-UFV and propose the establishment of a core collection based on multivariate approaches and on the implementation of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). ANNs was more efficient in identifying similarity patterns and in organizing the distance between the genotypes in the groups. The averages and variances of traits in the CC formed using a 15% sampling of accessions, were closer to those of the complete collection, particularly for accumulated degree days for flowering, the mass of seeds per fruit, and seed and oil productivity. Establishing the 15% CC, based on the broad characterization of this germplasm, will be crucial to optimize the evaluation and use of promising accessions from this collection in C. moschata breeding programs, especially for traits of high chemical–nutritional importance such as the carotenoid content and the fatty acid profile.

Analyzing the Antioxidant Activity and Fatty Acid Composition of Monofloral Mullein (Verbascum sp.) Pollen Oil obtained via Various Extraction Techniques.

This study focused on characterizing fatty acids and evaluating the antioxidant properties in oils extracted from mullein (Verbascum sp.) bee-collected pollen, utilizing soxhlet and ultrasound-assisted methods with acetone and hexane solvents. Soxhlet extraction demonstrated high efficiency in mullein bee pollen oil extraction. The highest levels of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), DPPH⋅, and ABTS⋅+ activities (41.07±1.43 mg GAE/g extract; 1.86±0.01 mg QE/g extract; 16.23±0.68 mg TE/g extract; 56.88±0.43 mg TE/g extract, respectively) were observed in oil extracted using the soxhlet method with acetone solvent. Conversely, ultrasound-assisted extraction with hexane yielded oils rich in saturated fatty acids, while acetone extraction contained higher monounsaturated fatty acids. Palmitic, linoleic, and oleic acids were predominant in the extracted oils. This study introduces, for the first time, the identification of fatty acids found in mullein bee pollen oil, along with an examination of their antioxidant properties. The choice of solvent was found to significantly influence compound extraction compared to the extraction method.

Effects of sex on meat quality traits, amino acid and fatty acid compositions, and plasma metabolome profiles in White King squabs

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of sex on meat quality and the composition of amino and fatty acids in the breast muscles of White King pigeon squabs. Untargeted metabolomics was also conducted to distinguish the metabolic composition of plasma in different sexes. Compared with male squabs, female squabs had greater intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition and lower myofiber diameter and hydroxyproline content, leading to a lower shear force. Female squabs also had higher monounsaturated fatty acid and lower n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid proportions in the breast muscle, and had greater lipogenesis capacity via upregulation of PPARγ, FAS and LPL gene expression. Moreover, female squabs had lower inosine 5'-monophosphate, essential, free and sweet-tasting amino acid contents. Furthermore, Spearman's correlations between the differential plasma metabolites and key meat parameters were assessed, and putrescine, N-acetylglutamic acid, phophatidylcholine (18:0/P-16:0) and trimethylamine N-oxide were found to contribute to meat quality. In summary, the breast meat of male squabs may have better nutritional value than that of females, but it may inferior in terms of sensory properties, which can be attributed to the lower IMF content and higher shear force value. Our findings enhance our understanding of sex variation in squab meat quality, providing a basis for future research on pigeon breeding.

Liver and Plasma Fatty Acid Characterization in Cultured Brown Trout at Distinct Reproductive Stages.

Fatty acids are energy sources, and their profiles are used as biomarkers of metabolic status and physiological changes in fish. Within this context, the main aim of this study was to identify the fatty acids that best discriminate the reproductive status of male and female farmed brown trout. The fatty acid composition in liver and plasma samples from the adults of both sexes was monitored along four distinct reproductive stages, namely the spawning capable (December), regressing (March), regenerating (July), and developing (November) stages. Irrespective of the sex and stage, the most representative fatty acids were palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1 n-9), arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3). There were no significant sex differences in fatty acid classes in the liver and plasma. Despite this, there were several changes in individual fatty acid levels between the sexes. In the liver, both males and females showed high monounsaturated fatty acid and low polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels during the regressing and regenerating stages. At spawning capable and developing stages, a reverse profile was noted. The plasma profiles were mainly influenced by changes in saturated fatty acids and PUFAs in males and by PUFA in females. Based on the most representative fatty acids, four patterns were established for female plasma samples, one for each reproductive stage. This scenario suggests that female plasma samples are promising for the discrimination of gonadal reproductive status, and this potential can be further explored in aquaculture and environmental monitoring studies.

Effect of black jelly mushroom (Auricularia polytricha) and olive oil as fat replacers on the physicochemical and microstructural properties of chicken meat emulsion

Black jelly mushroom (BJM) is particularly low in fat, high in fibre, and packed with many antioxidants, antimicrobials and minerals while having unique soaking characteristics and a gel-like texture, while olive oil (OO) contains high monounsaturated fatty acids where both have the potential to be used as fat replacers in meat products. This study evaluated the effect of the replacement of chicken skin (CS) at various percentages (0%, 25%, 50% and 100%) of black jelly mushroom and olive oil on the physicochemical and microstructural properties of chicken meat emulsion. Emulsions with 100% CS (Control), 50% CS + 50% OO, 50% CS + 50% BJM, 50% CS + 25% OO + 25% BJM, 100% OO and 100% BJM were developed. The pH value, cooking loss, protein content, carbohydrate content, textural properties and shear force of all fat-replaced samples were comparable to the control. The most positive results were demonstrated in the emulsion with 100% BJM, which had lower fat content (1.31±0.84%) and better emulsion stability (%TEF:7.97±4.16%, %EFAT:12.97±6.53%), water-holding capacity (86.67±3.06%), and moisture content (76.69±2.13%). The colour profiles of the BJM-incorporated samples had higher redness and the OO-incorporated sample had higher lightness and yellowness. The micrographs revealed a harmonious distribution of fat droplets and mushroom particles in all samples' protein matrices. In conclusion, the black jelly mushroom is capable to be used as a fat replacer in producing low-fat meat emulsion, and its incorporation at 100% level has the highest potential.

Assessment of the Accuracy of Nutrition Label and Chemical Composition of Plant-Based Milks Available on the Italian Market.

Growing health, environmental, and ethical concerns have encouraged interest in plant-based milks (PBMs), but it remains questionable whether the nutrition labeling of these products is adequately reliable for consumers, and whether nutritional standards can be defined for a given PBM type. On this basis, cereal, pseudocereal, nut, and legume PBMs available on the Italian market were analyzed in order to check the accuracy of nutritional labels on packages and generate new or updated compositional data. Most labels provided inaccurate information, especially with respect to the declared energy, fat, and saturated fat. Cereal- and pseudocereal-based PBMs were generally characterized by high MUFA (34.04-59.35%) and PUFA (21.61-52.27%). Almond, soy, rice, and hazelnut beverages displayed the highest levels of total tocopherols (11.29-13.68 mg/L), while buckwheat and spelt PBMs had the highest total polyphenol content (34.25-52.27 mg GAE/100 mL). Major and trace elements greatly varied among samples, being more abundant in buckwheat and coconut-based drinks. A PCA confirmed that nutritional standards cannot be unequivocally established for a given PBM, and indicated that, among the investigated variables, inorganic elements had more weight in the sample differentiation. Overall, to reliably guide consumers in their dietary choices, there is a need for greater accuracy in the development of nutrition labels for PBMs, as well as greater effort in assessing the nutritional quality of the ever-increasing variety of products available on the market.

Policy interventions, market, and trade considerations with special reference to rapeseed and mustard

Rapeseed and mustard oil is one of the most consumed edible oils in India due to pungency and colour. India needs nearly 15-20 million tonnes of rapeseed and mustard seed to meet its growing demand as against current production of 9-10 million tonnes of seeds. As per WHO standards, mustard oil with low saturated fatty acid content and high mono unsaturated fatty acid content is a healthy oil and therefore needs special importance in domestic edible oil basket. Currently (2022-23), Government of India (GOI) is implementing National Food Security Mission (NFSM) - (Oilseeds &amp; Oil palm) for increasing oilseeds production and area expansion under oil palm. The NFSM (OS&amp;OP) will be dropped and two new Scheme National Mission on Edible oils (NMEO)-Oilseeds and NMEO-Oil Palm will be implemented with the aim to enhance the edible oilseeds production and oils availabilityin the countrybyharnessing oilseeds and palmoil productivityand to reduce import burden on edible oils. Besides, NMEO-OS the private participation in technology demonstration, input supply, procurement of produce, value addition, infrastructure development and honey production are very much essential to increase edible oils production.

One factor at a time and two-factor optimization of transesterification parameters through central composite design (CCD) for the conversion of used peanut oil (UPNO) to biodiesel

This present investigation has optimized the acid and base catalysed transesterification process parameters to enhance the conversion of used peanut oil (UPNO) into biodiesel through a central composite design. Of the different acid and alkali catalysts tested, KOH and H2SO4 were found to be efficient catalysts, which yielded 94.2% UPNO biodiesel. For one factor at a time approach, four reaction parameters such as catalyst dose, reaction time, methanol volume, reaction temperature, and speed of mixing were chosen and a catalyst dose of 1 g and reaction time of 60 min was found to be an independent influential factor to enhance UPNO yield. Therefore, KOH/ H2SO4 catalyst concentration and reaction time were selected to ascertain their synergistic effect on the UPNO biodiesel production through central composite design (CCD). Two factorial CCD design unveils that 1.5 g catalyst (acid and alkali) and 90 min reaction time are the optimal conditions along with 70 °C reaction temperature, 6 mL methanol volume, and 50 rpm stirring speed for high UPNO biodiesel yield of 95.9%. In addition, the fatty acid profile of UPNO biodiesel contains oleic acid and linoleic acid as dominant fatty acids in the range of 55–56 % and 25–27%, respectively in KOH and H2SO4 catalysis. Further, MUFAs, PUFAs, and SFAs levels of UPNO biodiesel produced by H2SO4 catalyst were 55.44, 25.66 and 16.43 %, respectively while they were 56.12, 26.32 and 14.53%, respectively for KOH catalysis. Based on the results of high UPNO biodiesel and MUFA levels, it is contemplated that UPNO biodiesel could be a promising alternative fuel from a commercialization perspective.

Dietary fat and fatty acid consumptions and the odds of asthenozoospermia: a case-control study in China.

Are dietary fat and fatty acid (FA) intakes related to the odds of asthenozoospermia? Plant-based fat consumption was associated with decreased asthenozoospermia odds, while the consumption of animal-based monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) was positively related to asthenozoospermia odds. Dietary fat and FA are significant ingredients of a daily diet, which have been demonstrated to be correlated to the reproductive health of men. However, to date, evidence on fat and FA associations with the odds of asthenozoospermia is unclear. The hospital-based case-control study was performed in an infertility clinic from June 2020 to December 2020. Briefly, 549 asthenozoospermia cases and 581 controls with normozoospermia were available for final analyses. We collected dietary data through a verified food frequency questionnaire of 110 food items. Asthenozoospermia cases were ascertained according to the World Health Organization guidelines. To investigate the correlations of dietary fat and FA consumptions with the odds of asthenozoospermia, we calculated the odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% CIs through unconditional logistic regression models. Relative to the lowest tertile of consumption, the highest tertile of plant-based fat intake was inversely correlated to the odds of asthenozoospermia (OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.50-0.91), with a significant dose-response relation (OR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.75-0.97, per standard deviation increment). Inversely, animal-based MUFA intake (OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.04-2.14) was significantly correlated to increased odds of asthenozoospermia, and an evident dose-response relation was also detected (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.05-1.45, per standard deviation increment). Subgroup analyses showed similar patterns of associations to those of the primary results. Moreover, we observed significant interactions on both multiplicative and additive scales between animal-based MUFA and cigarette smoking. Selection bias and recall bias were unavoidable in any of the observational studies. As we failed to obtain the information of trans-fatty acid (TFA) consumption, the relation of TFA intake and asthenozoospermia odds was unclear. This study indicated that different sources of fat and FAs might exert different effects on the etiology of asthenozoospermia, and cigarette smoking could exacerbate the adverse effect of high animal-based MUFA intake on asthenozoospermia. Our findings provide novel evidence pertaining to the fields of prevention of asthenozoospermia through decreasing animal-derived fat and FA consumptions and smoking cessation. This work was supported by the JieBangGuaShuai Project of Liaoning Province, Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province, Clinical Research Cultivation Project of Shengjing Hospital, and Outstanding Scientific Fund of Shengjing Hospital. All authors have no conflict of interest to declare. N/A.

Fuel characterization, engine performance characteristics and emissions analysis of different mustard seed biodiesel: An overview.

The current new technology in the automotive sector depends on the primary energy source because the power source is from the secondary energy source. Besides, the interest in biofuels is increasing due to the weaknesses of fossil fuels that have been voiced for years. The feedstock is important in biodiesel production and its use in the engine. Mustard oil is non-edible, high mono-unsaturated fatty acid value, conveniences in cultivation conditions, and worldwide use that offer significant advantages to biodiesel producers. The presence of erucic acid, which forms the basis of mustard biodiesel, makes itself felt in the prevention of the fuel-food debate, its effect on biodiesel fuel properties, and its relationship to engine performance and exhaust emissions. Along with the minuses of mustard biodiesel in kinematic viscosity and oxidation ability, the problems experienced in engine performance and exhaust emissions compared to diesel fuel offer new studies to policymakers, industrialists and researchers. Accordingly, this review focuses on the recent finding in fuel properties, engine performance and emission characteristic of mustard seed biodiesel as well as its types, geographical distribution, and biodiesel production. It can be stated that this study will be an important supplementary reference to the above-mentioned groups.