High Molecular Weight Ribonucleic Acid Research Articles

Molecular Evidence of Viral-Like Biochemical Activities in Human Genitourinary Malignancies

We have demonstrated previously that core structures of urine samples from patients with genitourinary malignancies contain ribonucleic acid-directed deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase and a high molecular weight ribonucleic acid. If these particles originated from the existing genitourinary malignancies then the malignancies should contain similar characteristics. We examined 13 prostatic carcinomas, 4 bladder carcinomas, 1 urethral carcinoma and 1 hypernephroma. Positive reactions were noted in 10 of the 13 prostatic carcinomas (77 per cent), all 4 bladder carcinomas, the 1 urethral carcinoma and the hypernephroma with the simultaneous detection assay. The control samples consisted of 7 tissues of benign prostatic hypertrophy, and tissue from 2 normal bladders and 1 normal kidney. None of these tissues showed a positive response. Tritium labeled deoxyribonucleic acid probes synthesized from the malignant tissues hybridized to the polysomal ribonucleic acids but not to the corresponding normal tissues. Particles derived from the probes have a density of 1.1620 in sucrose gradient. No sequence homology could be demonstrated with various known oncogenic ribonucleic acid viruses nor with malignancies arising from other organs.

Determination of toxin-induced leakage of different-size nucleotides through the plasma membrane of human diploid fibroblasts

Human diploid lung fibroblasts were treated with cytolytic bacterial toxins and the nature of the membrane damage was investigated. [3H] uridine was used for differential labeling of cytoplasmic components of small or large molecular size. Two principal size categories were achieved by labeling the fibroblasts in either early growth phase or stationary phase, a high-molecular weight ribonucleic acid label and a low-molecular-weight nucleotide label. The size of the labeled molecules was determined by perchloric acid precipitation and gel chromatography. Leakage of labeled molecules of different size indicated the size of the "functional pores" in the plasma membrane caused by the test substance. The nonionic detergent Triton X-100 produced large functional pores in the fibroblast membrane as evidenced by rapid leakage of both large and small labeled molecules. Theta-toxin from Clostridium perfringens and the polyene antibiotic filipin both gave rise to considerably small functional pores in the plasma membrane. Although small molecules easily passed the treated membrane, large molecules could not escape from the cells even after prolonged treatment with these substances or by increasing their concentration. By the contrast, the leakage profiles obtained with melittin from bee venom or with delta-toxin from Staphylococcus aureus in each case suggested the formation initially of pores of intermediate size that increased upon prolonged incubation or when higher concentrations were used.

Some properties of high molecular weight ribonucleic acid isolated from chick embryo polysomes.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTProperties of high molecular weight ribonucleic acid isolated from chick embryo polysomesHelga Boedtker, Radomir B. Crkvenjakov, Kathryn F. Dewey, and Karl LanksCite this: Biochemistry 1973, 12, 22, 4356–4360Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1973https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00746a009RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views16Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (534 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Molecular probes in studies of the relationship of viruses to human neoplasia.

Extensive studies in a number of laboratories have established the role of ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses in the origin of animal neoplasms of diverse types. Recent studies have characterized the viruses biochemically and have developed biochemical tools for study of human tumors. These technics have been applied to an analysis of the role of viruses in human solid tumors and leukemia. In a series of studies based on the animal leukemia–sarcoma virus model system, cultures derived from human fibrosarcoma desmoides and from giant cell tumor of bone were inoculated with fresh bone marrow aspirates from patients with acute, lymphocytic leukemia. Foci of morphologically altered cells appeared in these cultures several tissue culture passages after inoculation. Cell lines were derived from the altered cells and were characterized biologically and biochemically. The cells exhibited growth properties and tumorigenicity characteristic of malignant cells in immunosuppressed mice. The cells were also found to release particles (buoyant density 1.15 to 1.17 Gm. per ml.) containing reverse transcriptase and high molecular weight RNA. The data obtained suggest that genetic information similar to that of animal RNA tumor viruses was present in the cells and was activated during transformation. The results add further evidence implicating RNA tumor viruses in the etiology of some types of human neoplasia, such as leukemia, giant cell tumor, and fibrosarcoma desmoides.

Analysis of high-molecular-weight ribonucleic acid associated with intracisternal A particles.

Intracisternal A particles, known primarily for their association with various tumors, have been shown to contain high-molecular-weight (HMW) ribonucleic acid (RNA) by velocity centrifugation, using linear glycerol gradients. This HMW RNA is sensitive to ribonuclease digestion and alkali treatment but is resistant to Pronase treatment. By a double-labeling experiment, HMW RNA was shown to be intrinsic to intracisternal A particles and not to have resulted from cytoplasmic polysomal RNA aggregation. By a reconstitution experiment, it was determined that the results were not due to C-type virus contamination. The synthesis of HMW RNA in intracisternal A particles is inhibited by actinomycin D and ethidium bromide. These observations emphasize that there are probably some taxonomic relationships between intracisternal A particles and oncogenic RNA viruses.

Corrections - Terminal Labeling of High Molecular Weight Ribonucleic Acid with Dimedone

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleCorrections - Terminal Labeling of High Molecular Weight Ribonucleic Acid with DimedoneDohn Glitz and David SigmanCite this: Biochemistry 1971, 10, 20, 3810Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1971Publication History Published online6 November 2003Published inissue 1 September 1971https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00796a602RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views21Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (68 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Terminal labeling of high molecular weight ribonucleic acid with dimedone.

Terminal labeling of high molecular weight ribonucleic acid with dimedone.

Polyacrylamide Gel Analysis of High Molecular Weight Ribonucleic Acid from Etiolated and Green Cucumber Cotyledons

Cucumis sativus L. seeds and 5-day-old dark-grown cotyledons contain 25 and 18 S cytoplasmic ribosomal RNAs as main components. The major increase in nucleic acid content in both green and etiolated cotyledons occurs between days 5 and 7 of germination. This increase is characterized by an important synthesis of 23 and 16 S plastid (chloroplast and proplastid) ribosomal RNAs. Proplastid RNA synthesis appears to continue for a longer period in the dark-grown cotyledons, despite a total RNA content considerably less than in the light-grown cotyledons.The nonribosomal distribution of the chloroplast and proplastid ribosomal RNAs observed in all cases (after extraction and fractionation) results from the lability of the 23 S component. This degradation increases if the chloroplasts and proplastids are isolated prior to extraction of their nucleic acid.

Characterization of intracellular ribonucleic acid specific for the murine sarcoma-leukemia virus complex.

Virus particles were continuously produced by a cell line (78A1) of rat embryo fibroblasts that had been transformed by the murine sarcoma-leukemia virus complex. Since most of the mature virions were found in the extracellular fluid and were not cell-associated, a measurable quantity of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) could not be extracted from these cells. Cycloheximide, a protein inhibitor, was successfully used to accumulate viral RNA within the cells. This ribonuclease-sensitive RNA, with a sedimentation coefficient of 71S, had the same base composition as the high molecular weight RNA (S(20,w) = 71) isolated from purified virions released by the transformed cells.

Further studies on the heterogeneity of lens ribonucleic acid

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) from separated parts of cattle lenses, i.e. epithelial cells, cortical and nuclear fibres was prepared by phenol treatment. The heterogeneity of ribonucleic acid was studied by sucrose density-gradient ultracentrifugation and methylated albumin kieselguhr column chromatography. Due to the differentiation of epithelial cells to lens fibres, marked decrease in relative amounts of high molecular weight RNA and an increase of low molecular weight RNA were observed by both methods. Similar distribution was shown when RNA heterogeneity of chick lenses during ontogenesis, starting from the embryonic stage, was studied. The method of methylated albumin chromatography proved to be more advantageous when the features of low molecular weight RNA, present in large quantity in lens, are studied.

Production of virus by mammalian cells tranformed by Rous sarcoma and murine sarcoma viruses.

Cultured cells of mammalian tumors induced by ribonucleic acid (RNA)-containing oncogenic viruses were examined for production of virus. The cell lines were established from tumors induced in rats and hamsters with either Rous sarcoma virus (Schmidt-Ruppin or Bryan strains) or murine sarcoma virus (Moloney strain). When culture fluids from each of the cell lines were examined for transforming activity or production of progeny virus, none of the cell lines was found to be infectious. However, electron microscopic examination of the various cell lines revealed the presence of particles in the rat cells transformed by either Rous sarcoma virus or murine sarcoma virus. These particles, morphologically similar to those associated with murine leukemias, were found both in the extracellular fluid concentrates and in whole-cell preparations. In the latter, they were seen budding from the cell membranes or lying in the intercellular spaces. No viruslike particles were seen in preparations from hamster tumors. Exposure of the rat cells to (3)H-uridine resulted in the appearance of labeled particles with densities in sucrose gradients typical of virus (1.16 g/ml.). RNA of high molecular weight was extracted from these particles, and double-labeling experiments showed that this RNA sedimented at the same rate as RNA extracted from Rous sarcoma virus. None of the hamster cell lines gave radioactive peaks in the virus density range, and no extractable high molecular weight RNA was found. These studies suggest that the murine sarcoma virus produces an infection analogous to certain "defective" strains of Rous sarcoma virus, in that particles produced by infected cells have a low efficiency of infection. The control of the host cell over the production and properties of the RNA-containing tumorigenic viruses is discussed.

Stimulatory Activity of High Molecular Weight Ribonucleic Acid in the Rabbit Reticulocyte Cell-Free System*

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStimulatory Activity of High Molecular Weight Ribonucleic Acid in the Rabbit Reticulocyte Cell-Free System*J. A. Hunt and B. R. WilkinsonCite this: Biochemistry 1967, 6, 6, 1688–1693Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1967https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00858a017RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views25Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (538 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Electric Birefringence in Solutions of High Molecular Weight Ribonucleic Acid

The electric birefringence of low ionic strength solutions of high molecular weight ribonucleic acids from various sources was studied. RNA preparations with a high helical content were found to have negative electric birefringence as a result of the segment anisotropy of the helical portions of the RNA molecule. For completely unfolded molecules of RNA, the electric birefringence is positive and results from the orientation of the macromolecular coil. In intermediate cases, the observed electric birefringence is the sum of negative and positive birefringence. The negative birefringence is caused by the segment orientation of helical sections, and the positive birefringence is caused by the orientation of the macromolecular coil as a whole. Different relaxation times for the positive and negative birefringence permit the pulsed electric birefringence method to analyze these separate phenomena.

Preparation of large oligonucleotides from high molecular weight ribonucleic acid.

Preparation of large oligonucleotides from high molecular weight ribonucleic acid.

A simple method for the quantitative isolation of undegraded high molecular weight ribonucleic acid

A simple method for the quantitative isolation of undegraded high molecular weight ribonucleic acid

Chromatography of Ehrlich ascites tumor cell high molecular weight ribonucleic acid on calcium phosphate

Chromatography of Ehrlich ascites tumor cell high molecular weight ribonucleic acid on calcium phosphate

The Structure of High Molecular Weight Ribonucleic Acid in Solution: A Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering Study

Small-angle x-ray scattering studies on an absolute scale have been carried out on isotropic solutions of high molecular weight RNA obtained from ascites tumor cells, E. coli, and yeast. It was found that in all three cases the RNA is composed of short rigid rods (50 to 150A in length) joined by small flexible regions. The rods account for almost the entire structure (at least 90 per cent); their radius of gyration about the axis and their mass per unit length are similar to those of DNA, suggesting a double-stranded helical structure. The rods are joined in an array forming the compact RNA molecule. On thermal degradation, the molecular superstructure disappears while the rods persist.

Properties of infectious ribonucleic acid preparations obtained from tobacco mosaic virus by a heat method

A method is described for obtaining ribonucleic acid preparations from tobacco mosaic virus by a brief heat treatment. Such preparations are several times more infectious than previously reported tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid preparations. This level of infectivity, nevertheless, is still low in comparison with natural or reconstituted tobacco mosaic virus. The infectious agent in these preparations differs from tobacco mosaic virus with respect to a number of physical, chemical, and biological characteristics which suggest that a high molecular weight ribonucleic acid is necessary for the infectivity of these preparations. Fractionation of ribonucleic acid preparations by elution from columns of Ecteola or by ultracentrifugation indicates that most of the infectivity in these preparations is associated with only a portion of the ribonucleic acid present. This, and the presence of about 0.5% protein in the RNA preparations, allows the possibility that ribonucleic acid may not be a self-sufficient agent of infection. The infectivity of both tobacco mosaic virus and ribonucleic acid preparations from the virus was found to depend on the total ionic strength of the inoculating medium, the pH, and the presence of phosphate. On the local lesion host Nicotiana glutinosa L., the optimum total ionic strength for infectivity of ribonucleic acid preparations was twice that for optimum tobacco mosaic virus infectivity.

VIII. ‐ Analyse chimique et électrotitrimétrique de l'acide ribonucléique de la levure

AbstractSummary. ‐ The fractions of different molecular weights of yeast ribonucleic acid have been analyzed by chromatography and by the electrotitration curves. The results obtained by these two methods are practically the same if we assume that there is 0, 65 secondary phosphoric acid group per four purine and pyrimidine bases. The chemical composition of all the fractions obtained by fractional‐extraction, is practically the same, so that there must be a statistical distribution of the bases in the high molecular weight ribonucleic acid. The depolymerisation to very low molecular weight degradation products does not seem to liberate free secondary phosphoric acid groups.It appears that in a “native” yeast ribonucleic acid, the molecular proportions of the four bases are nearly identical.