High Levels Of Nitrogen Fertilization Research Articles

Response of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) to Nitrogen Availability

ABSTRACT A greenhouse hydroponics system was used to analyze biomass partitioning between primary and secondary metabolites in coriander at different levels of nitrogen availability and a field fertilization experiment was used to evaluate the response of coriander to supplemental nitrogen. Resource partitioning in an Argentinian land-race between primary and secondary metabolites at different levels of nitrogen treatment was asymptotic for biomass, fruit yield, and essential oil production. In a European land-race, resource partitioning was asymptotic to nitrogen treatment for biomass and fruit yield, but parabolic for essential oil production. The response to nitrogen was related to genotypic characteristics of the two land-races and suggest that relatively high levels of nitrogen fertilizer should be used in production of Argentinian land-race coriander and relatively moderate levels of nitrogen fertilizer should be used in production of European land-race coriander.

The Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization and Population Density of the Field Bean (Vicia faba L. minor) of Indeterminate and Determinate Growth Habit on the Symbiosis with Root Nodule Bacteria and on the Seed Yield

AbstractField beans of indeterminate (cv. Nadwiślański) and determinate (cv. Tibo) growth habits were grown on field plots with a density of 20, 40 and 80 plants m−2 at two levels of nitrogen fertilization: low (20 kg N ha−1) and very high (150 kg N ha−1). At the phase of intense pod growth the number and the dry matter weight of root nodules as well as their nitrogenase activity and some features of the plants growth were determined, and in the period of ripeness the components of seed yield were established.It was found that increased density of sowing as well as the high level of nitrogen fertilization inhibited the growth and development of root nodules and limited their nitrogenase activity in both cultivars. Plants of both varieties were characterized by a similar potential of forming the root nodules, however, in plants of the cv. Tibo the nitrogenase activity of nodules was much lower than in the cv. Nadwiślański.Increased population density of the plants has in both varieties given increased seed yield when calculated per m2 of the soil, compensating in excess the depression of the seed yield from one plant. Such compensation did not occur in the case of the depression of nitrogen fixation under intense nitrogen fertilization.

Modelling growth and nitrogen balance of barley under ambient and future conditions

According to current scenarios, atmospheric CO2 -concentration ([CO2]) and average air temperature will rise in the future. The predicted longer growing season in Finland would imply that more productive cultivars and even new crop species could be grown. Moreover, higher [CO2] is also likely to increase dry matter production of crops. This study analyzed the growth of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under ambient and suggested future conditions, and its response to N fertilization. Model simulations of soil temperature and of snow accumulation and melting were also studied. The calibration and validation results showed that the model performed well in simulating snow dynamics, soil temperature, the growth of barley, and the response of crop growth to N fertilization under present conditions. According to the simulation runs, if a cultivar was adapted to the length of the growing period, the increase in dry matter production was 23% in a low estimate scenario of climate change, and 56% in a high estimate scenario under a high level of nitrogen fertilization. The simulation study showed that the shoot dry weight increased by 43%, on average, under high N fertilization (150-200 kg N/ha), but by less (20%) under a low level of N (25-50 kg N/ha) when the conditions under a central scenario for the year 2050 were compared with the present ones.

Excess nitrogen fertilization and the structure of Scots‐pine needles

SummaryThe effects of excess nitrogen fertilization on the structure of Scots‐pine needles (Pinus sylvestris) were examined in Finnish Lapland. The trees were fertilized with calcium ammonium‐nitrate, and the levels of nitrogen applied were 0, 75, 150, 250, 500 and 1000 kg N/ha, respectively. The thickness and width of the needle and thicknesses of the tissues were measured, and the conditions of various celltypes were classified at the light‐microscopy level. In addition, the areas of the cell organelles were measured and the conditions of the chlomplasts and other cell compartments observed at the ultrastructural level. Larger needles and a thicker adaxial mesophyll were observed following excess N application (250–1000 kg N/ha). The natural xeromorphic structure of the conifer needles became more mesomorphic, possibly influencing the protection afforded against environmental stresses. A high level of nitrogen fertilization caused changes in the central cylinder, especially in the vascular bundle and the sclerenchyma. The needle nitrogen concentration was high in the highly fertilized trees and the boron concentration was simultaneously extremely low. As a consequence of the changes in the central cylinder, photoassimilate transport from the mesophyll to the phloem may be disturbed at high fertilization levels. The changes at the ultrastructural level, i.e. injuries to the chloroplast thylakoids and the plasma membrane, and the formation of lipid accumulations, were indicators of the adverse effects of excess nitrogen. With an increasing atmospheric‐nitrogen load, lower nitrogen fertilization levels in pine forests naturally adapted to low soil N should be considered in forest management.

Biomass production and nitrogen content of C3- and C4- grasses in pure and mixed culture with different nitrogen supply

Two C3 grasses (Hordeum vulgare L., Avena sativa L.) and two C4 grasses (Panicum miliaceum L., Panicum crus-galli L.) were cultivated in standard soil in the open air in pure cultures and in various mixed cultures at low and high nitrogen fertilization levels. After three months the dry weight, length and nitrogen content of the aboveground and below-ground parts of the plants and the shoot/root ratios were determined. Hordeum vulgare was the most successful species irrespective of the nitrogen fertilization level, and also exhibited in most cases the highest nitrogen concentrations. Panicum miliaceum, on the other hand, was the species least able to compete. The production of biomass was reduced in cultures growing under nitrogen starvation conditions, this phenomenon being more pronounced with respect to the C4 than to the C3 species. The decrease in the production of biomass at low N conditions was most drastic with Panicum crus-galli, the species with the lowest nitrogen content and thus assumed to be best adapted to nitrogen starvation conditions. In cultures growing at low nitrogen fertilization levels the shoot/root ratios of all species.shifted in favour of an increasing root proportion. The extent of this shift, however, differed from species to species.

Comparison of net pasture yield with continuous and rotational grazing at a high level of nitrogen fertilization

Bij een veebezetting van 3,0 tot 3,4 gve per ha en een N-bemesting van 440 kg per ha per jaar bleek geen verschil in netto weide-opbrengst (melk en graskuil) tussen stand- en omweiden. Gesteld wordt dat de optimale gemiddelde graslengte bij standweide 7 cm is

The effect of additions ofAegilops longissima chromosomes on grain protein in common wheat

The effect of various chromosomes ofAegilops longissima when added to the common wheat cultivar 'Chinese Spring' was evaluated at two levels of nitrogen fertilization for absolute and relative amount of protein in the grain. All the added chromosomes ofAe. longissima increased protein percentage: protein increase by chromosomes D, C and A averaged 3.8% while that by chromosomes F, E, G and B averaged 1.7%. Addition lines F, D and C had a significantly higher protein weight per grain. On the other hand, lines A, E and G had reduced grain protein weight per grain as compared with that of 'Chinese Spring'. Line C carries the HMW glutenin and some of the gliadin subunits ofAe. longissima. The effect of this line, however, and obviously that of the other lines on protein content was through genes controlling the level of storage protein rather than through genes that code directly for these proteins. Nitrogen fertilization affected protein content and the relative amount of the various protein fractions in a similar manner in every addition line. When high levels of nitrogen fertilization were compared to low ones, the relative amount of the HMW glutenins remained constant while that of HMW gliadins increased and that of the LMW subunits decreased. In contrast to the nitrogen effect, increase in protein content by the addition oflongissima chromosomes did not change the relative amounts of the various protein fractions.

Water deficits and nitrogen uptake as affected by water table depth in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Nitrogen responsiveness of modern rice cultivars was a key factor in their success in irrigated fields. However, these cultivars and the associated high level of nitrogen fertilization have generally not been adopted in poorly irrigated and rainfed rice sectors. Rice crops grown with inadequate water show less nitrogen uptake although contradictory results are to be found in the literature. In the current study, varying degrees of inadequate irrigation decreased both nitrogen uptake and grain yield in the modern semidwarf rice cultivar IR36. Although there was a linear relationship between nitrogen uptake and grain yield across the two experimental locations, the response functions of nitrogen uptake and grain yield regressed on nitrogen rate and irrigation treatment varied greatly between the two sites. The most significant difference in the locations was the depth to the water table during the crop season. Although the soil surface dried and cracked in both locations because of inadequate surface irrigation, the lower profile must have been affected by water table depth. These findings illustrate the importance of understanding the role of subsurface water depth in soil nitrogen management of partially irrigated and rainfed rice. In addition they provide an explanation for past contradictory reports on the interaction of nitrogen fertilization and irrigation inadequacy on rice crop yield.

Protein extraction from tobacco leaves: technological, nutritional and agronomical aspects

The goals of the present studies were: (1) to obtain smoking material from tobacco with reduced toxicity; (2) to use the tobacco leaf, as an alternative to other plants, as a source of food protein. On the grounds of technological, nutritional and agronomical results, the following observations can be made: (1) It is feasible to lower the toxicity of the tobacco smoke by extracting protein from the green leaves before curing. (2) The cured deproteinized tobacco can easily be utilized for the production of smoking material without any important alteration of its taste. (3) The composition of the tobacco protein concentrate is very interesting and is superior to other protein concentrates. (4) Itsin vivo andin vitro digestibility is one of the highest among the vegetable protein sources which have been studied. (5) Use of high planting densities and high levels of nitrogen fertilization per hectare results in high yields of total protein from tobacco (1794 Kg/ha).

Título en español

Los registros de producción de leche, porcentaje de grasa láctea, peso del animal, reproducción y salud de 362 vacas en 506 partos se utilizaron para estimar la eficiencia de utilización de los pastos tropicales por vacas lactantes pastando exclusivamente o pastando con suplementación. Se evaluaron 7 sistemas de alimentación: pasto exclusivamente (T1); pasto más suplementación con maíz molido (T2); con melaza (T3); con alimento concentrado (T5) o con urea-melaza (T6); a razón de 1.0 kg por cada 2.0 kg de leche en exceso de 10 kg de leche por día; o pasto más alimento concentrado a razón de 1.0 kg par cada 2.0 kg de leche, independientemente de la producción de leche, al usar una densidad de pastoreo de 2.5 (T4) 65.0 (T7) vacas por ha. Todos los sistemas de suplementación arrojaron producciones significativamente mayores de leche, grasa, y leche corregida para contenido de grasa, que las en el sistema de pasto exclusivamente (T1). El contenido de grasa parece depender del consumo de los pastos. La suplementación también extendió el período de producción lechera. Se obtuvieron diferencias significativas entre los efectos de los sistemas de alimentación en cuanto a la ganancia de peso, el tiempo que tomó alcanzar la máxima producción de leche, el nivel de la producción máxima, la persistencia en la producción de leche, el intervalo entre el parto y la concepción subsiguiente, el tiempo desde el primer cruzamiento hasta la concepción y el intervalo entre partos. Los elevados niveles de suplementación (T4, T7), aumentaron la ganancia de peso, la persistencia productiva y el tiempo necesario para alcanzar la producción máxima, pero disminuyó la eficiencia reproductiva. En los niveles medianos de suplementación (T3, T5, T6), la eficiencia (Meal/kg materia seca) de la utilización del suplemento para la producción de leche fue satisfactoria. Sin embargo, no ocurrió lo mismo en los niveles elevados de suplementación (T4, T7). Los suplementos (concentrados) tan o más ricos en nitrógeno no proteínico o proteína bruta que el maíz o la melaza, proveyeron una mejor eficiencia de utilización. Durante los primeros 150 días de lactancia (T1), las vacas consumieron una media de 14.3 kg de materia seca del pasto por día, 62.9% del peso corporal. Las vacas en suplementación baja (T2, T3, T5, T6) arrojaron de 24 a 29% menos, y las que recibieron suplementación alta casi el 60% menos de consumo. El tipo de suplementación influyó limitadamente el consumo de la materia seca del pasto. Cuando el potencial genético para producir leche sobrepasó los 3000 kg, la alimentación suplementaria pareció económicamente factible. Aun con fertilización intensiva, se obtuvo una respuesta lineal con el nivel de suplementación proteínica. La alimentación suplementaria causó una alta tasa de sustitución en los pastos tropicales. Por esta razón, se reduce la eficiencia en el uso de la materia seca del pasto a menos que la densidad de pastoreo sea cuidadosamente ajustada.

Effects of Seed Orchard Fertilization on Seed and Seedling Characteristics of Four Longleaf Pine Families

Abstract Seed orchard treatments involving high levels of nitrogen fertilization decreased percent filled seed and seed germination in four open-pollinated families from a longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seed orchard. While fertilizer increased seed weights, it was of no apparent benefit to seedling size 5½ months after sowing.

Influence of Temperature, Solar Radiation and Nitrogen on Coloration and Composition of Emperor Grapes

Fruit coloration was investigated in Emperor vines grown in pots in sunlit phytotron, lathhouse, and field conditions under various temperature and light regimes in combination with different levels of nitrogen. At day/night temperatures of 37/32°C no anthocyanins were formed in fruits under either high light (HL; 66.5% sunlight) or low light (LL; 9.5% sunlight), whereas at field temperatures (FT; mean daily temperature 20.3°C), considerable anthocyanins formed under HL (100% sun) or LL (8.9% sun). At 37/32°C, soluble solids in fruits did not increase above 12.9° Brix, whereas at FT, 21° Brix was obtained under HL. The inhibition of anthocyanin formation and sugar accumulation in berries at 37/32°C and HL could not be reversed by transferring vines to temperature favorable for anthocyanin synthesis (FT), whereas when vines at 37/32°C and LL were transferred to FT at HL there was rapid accumulation of sugars but only slight formation of anthocyanin. Anthocyanin in berries decreased 59% in 20 days when the vines were transferred from FT-HL to 37/32°C-HL. Anthocyanin and soluble solids were significantly greater (P<0.01) in fruits ripened under FT-HL than under FT-LL. Anthocyanin and soluble solids were significantly less (P<0.05) in berries that received 15% sunlight than 54 or 100% sunlight. Anthocyanin formation did not occur in the complete absence of light, whereas °Brix did not differ significantly between 15%, 3%, and 0% sunlight. Fruit color and soluble solids were significantly less (P<0.05) and arginine and total free amino acids greater with high levels of nitrogen fertilization than with low levels. The reduced fruit coloration at high nitrogen fertility conditions was attributed mainly to reduction in carbohydrate accumulation and an increase in nitrogenous substances stored in fruits.

Influence of Temperature, Solar Radiation and Nitrogen on Coloration and Composition of Emperor Grapes

Fruit coloration was investigated in Emperor vines grown in pots in sunlit phytotron, lathhouse, and field conditions under various temperature and light regimes in combination with different levels of nitrogen. At day/night temperatures of 37/32°C no anthocyanins were formed in fruits under either high light (HL; 66.5% sunlight) or low light (LL; 9.5% sunlight), whereas at field temperatures (FT; mean daily temperature 20.3°C), considerable anthocyanins formed under HL (100% sun) or LL (8.9% sun). At 37/32°C, soluble solids in fruits did not increase above 12.9° Brix, whereas at FT, 21° Brix was obtained under HL. The inhibition of anthocyanin formation and sugar accumulation in berries at 37/32°C and HL could not be reversed by transferring vines to temperature favorable for anthocyanin synthesis (FT), whereas when vines at 37/32°C and LL were transferred to FT at HL there was rapid accumulation of sugars but only slight formation of anthocyanin. Anthocyanin in berries decreased 59% in 20 days when the vines were transferred from FT-HL to 37/32°C-HL. Anthocyanin and soluble solids were significantly greater (P<0.01) in fruits ripened under FT-HL than under FT-LL. Anthocyanin and soluble solids were significantly less (P<0.05) in berries that received 15% sunlight than 54 or 100% sunlight. Anthocyanin formation did not occur in the complete absence of light, whereas °Brix did not differ significantly between 15%, 3%, and 0% sunlight. Fruit color and soluble solids were significantly less (P<0.05) and arginine and total free amino acids greater with high levels of nitrogen fertilization than with low levels. The reduced fruit coloration at high nitrogen fertility conditions was attributed mainly to reduction in carbohydrate accumulation and an increase in nitrogenous substances stored in fruits.

Effect of Nitrogen Nutrition on Alkaloid Metabolism in Plants

It is possible to produce 2–10 fold increases of alkaloids when the plants have been treated with high levels of nitrogen fertilization. The exceptions to this finding were the indole alkaloids and the Solanum glycoalkaloids. We propose a hypothesis to explain how the alkaloid biosynthesis may occur from amino acids in a nitrogen rich and a nitrogen poor plant and this also explains why and how that certain amino acids can be prevented from becoming toxic to the plant by synthesizing a secondary metabolite such as an alkaloid.

The effect of plant structure on the intake of tropical pasture. III.* Influence of fertilizer nitrogen on the size of bite harvested by Jersey cows grazing Setaria anceps cv. Kazungula swards

The effect of fertilizing Setaria anceps cv. Kazungula swards with nitrogen on the size of bite harvested by cattle was determined and the influence of sward canopy structure upon bite size was investigated in two experiments. The first experiment measured the effect of nitrogen at 0, 40, 60 and 100 kg/ha on 6-week regrowth, and the second measured the effect at 50 and 100 kg/ha on 4- and 6-week regrowths of both unfertilized swards and others which had received 350 kg nitrogen per hectare in each of the previous three years. The mean bite size of cows grazing immature (4-week) regrowths increased linearly with increasing applications of nitrogen, averaging 0.29, 0.33 and 0.37 g organic matter (OM) per bite on the 0, 50 and 100 kg/ha treatments respectively. Swards which allowed the largest bites to be prehended had the highest leaf yields and the highest leaf bulk densities. The mean bite size on 6-week regrowths was lower (0.28 g OM/bite) than on 4-week regrowths (0.33 g OM/bite). Cows selected leaf from the upper layers of the swards, and inaccessibility of leaf resulting from a high stem and inflorescence content prevented animals from taking larger bites. In both experiments high levels of nitrogen fertilizer advanced the maturity of 6-week regrowths, and the bite size of cows grazing these pastures did not increase beyond the level recorded at intermediate nitrogen levels. It was concluded that fertilizer nitrogen increases dry matter and leaf yields, particularly in the uppermost layers of the sward, allowing cows to harvest large bites of immature herbage. A higher stem and inflorescence content in heavily fertilized swards can result in inaccessibility of leaf when mature herbage is grazed. ________________ *Part II, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 24: 821 (1973).

Evergreen Foliage Contributions to the Spring Growth of Taxus

Abstract Taxus media cv. Hicksii plants were grown one season under a low and high level of nitrogen fertilization. Before growth in the spring the plants were divided into two groups, one of which was defoliated and the other left intact. The growth and spring utilization of the nitrogen and carbohydrate reserves of defoliated plants were compared to the intact plants 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks after growth started in the spring. The plants were separated into buds (all new growth), roots and stems and analyzed for changes in total nitrogen, basic and non‐basic amino acids, hemicelluloses, soluble sugars, organic acids and chlorophyll.The older evergreen needles from plants grown under low nitrogen levels contain 20 % of the carbohydrate and 24% of the nitrogen used in spring growth. The needles from plants grown under high nitrogen levels contained 56% of the carbohydrate and 49% of the nitrogen used in spring growth. Removal of the old needles before spring growth removed this nitrogen and carbohydrate reserve and reduced the total plant chlorophyll content after 6 weeks of growth to 50% of that found in intact plants, with the result that defoliated plants did not show a growth response to nitrogen. Amino acids accumulated in the stems and buds of defoliated plants as carbohydrates became limiting. The defoliated plants removed 25% more available carbohydrates from the roots and stems than intact plants and their buds contained 50% less available carbohydrates.Plants without old needles showed similar growth rates under low and high nitrogen regimes and produced 33% of the dry weight of intact plants grown under high nitrogen levels and 66% of the dry weight of intact plants grown under low nitrogen levels.The old needles of taxus plants contain substantial amounts of reserve nitrogen and carbohydrate and these needles greatly influence the extent and rapidness of growth in the spring. When the needles are removed, the other tissues can supply an adequate amount of nitrogen but the carbohydrate supply becomes limiting for spring growth.

Effect of Light Intensity, Temperature, Nitrogen, and Stage of Growth on Nitrate Accumulation and Dry Matter Production of a Sorghum‐Sudangrass Hybrid1

AbstractTwo growth chamber experiments were conducted to study short‐ and long‐term effects of environment and nitrogen on nitrate accumulation in the sorghum‐sudangrass ‘Sudax SX‐11.’ Plants receiving high rates of nitrogen and grown under 43 klux light intensity at 22.5 C increased nearly twofold in nitrate content overnight when moved to 4.3 klux light intensity. Nitrate accumulation was progressively greater at high temperatures, and continued to increase during the next 7 days at high levels of nitrogen fertilization. In a second experiment, there was a decreasing trend in nitrate accumulation for plants grown under environmental regimes of 4.3 klux at 22.5 C, 4.3 klux at 30 C and 43 klux at 22.5 C. An extended period of cool temperature and low light intensity decreased dry matter production and increased nitrate accumulation. Although higher levels of nitrate were found to accumulate with increasing rates of nitrogen fertilization, the level of plant nitrate was observed to be lower at later stages of growth.

Early Seedling Growth of Italian Ryegrass and Smilo as Affected by Nutrition

The effect of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on the seedling vigor of two important but dissimilar grass species, Lolium multiflorum and Oryzopsis miliacea is reported. There was significant reduction in seedling growth at high concentrations of NH,NO, + NH,H,PO, but with NH,NO, alone the high concentrations neither increased nor decreased seedling growth. Nitrogen uptake of seedlings increased as the level of nitrogen increased. Rapid depletion of endosperm starch and low concentrations of total sugars and reducing sugars in seedlings were associated with the high levels of nitrogen fertilization.

Studies on Nitrate Nitrogen Contents in Forage Crops : I. Effects of Varying Levels of Nitrogen on Nitrate Nitrogen Contents in Some Forage Crops

One possible method of increasing yields of grasses would be to grow at high levels of nitrogen fertilization. However, nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) has at times been observed to accumulate within plants to abnormally high concentrations, with results disastrous to animals fed these plants, or to animals and humans exposed to the gaseous decomposition products. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of rate of nitrogen application on the nitrate nitrogen contents in some grasses. The nitrate nitrogen contents were determined in orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and hybrid sorgo (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), grown in National Hokkaido, Shikoku and Chugoku Agricultural Experiment Stations respectively. Those grasses were fertilized with various rates of nitrogen. Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon Pers.) were planted in pots and grown under 15°, 20° and 30°C temperature glass chambers in phytotron, and NO3-N contents were determined in those grasses. The NO3-N contents increased with increasing rates of nitrogen application in these grasses, and this tendency was shown markedly in the grasses grown in warm season than those grown in cool ones. There were two types in accumulation patterns of NO3-N in those grasses. Orchardgrass, hybrid sorgo and bermudagrass increased in NO3-N contents with increasing rates of nitrogen, but Italian ryegrass and bahiagrass did not increased in NO3-N contents at lower levels of nitrogen and increased rapidly in the contents at higher levels of nitrogen. In bermudagrass and bahiagrass, application of nitrification inhibitor (N-serve) with nitrogen fertilizer did not increased in NO3-N contents for the effective period of N-serve in this experiment.