Higher Levels Of Negative Affect Research Articles

A multidimensional approach to acting out of character: How deviating from one’s personality profile relates to resource depletion and affect

Research on the consequences of acting out of character yielded mixed findings. One reason might be that these studies have typically focused on one personality dimension a time, while personality is multidimensional. In the present paper, we study the affective consequences of acting out of character, accounting for personality’s multidimensional nature. Additionally, we study the mechanisms underlying this association by examining the mediating role of depletion. In three repeated measures datasets, we show that within-person fluctuations in the extent to which one acts out of character are associated with lower levels of positive affect and higher levels of negative affect. Moreover, in one of the three studies we demonstrate that this association might be explained by the higher levels of depletion associated with acting out of character. These findings are one of the first to show that deviating from one’s personality profile can be depleting, and that this is associated with affective costs.

Validation And Measurement Invariance Of The Ukrainian Version Of The Scale Of Positive And Negative Experiences (SPANE)

Psychological well-being is determined from different positions in positive psychology, one of which is the concept of subjective well-being as a three-factor construct – global satisfaction with life, positive affect and negative affect. In this crossover study, the Ukrainian version of the Scale of Positive and Negative Experiences (SPANE) has been adapted Ukrainian population and validated as an improved diagnostic tool for emotional component of subjective well-being. The sample consisted of 458 Ukrainians aged from 18 to 55 years (Md = 19; 42,4% were men). The questionnaire has been translated using forward-backward method. Confirmatory factor analysis has been performed to estimate factorial structure of the questionnaire, reliability and measurement invariance. It has confirmed that a two-factor model in which a positive affect (SPANE-P) and a negative affect (SPANE-N) have a moderate negative correlation (r = -0,594) fits empirical data better than one-factor model, model with two uncorrelated factors and bifactor model. The composite reliability is 0,909 for SPANE-P and 0,861 for SPANE-N. The convergent validity has been determined by the average variance extracted index, which is 0,630 for SPANE-P and 0,533 for SPANE-N. Discriminatory validity, determined by the Furnell’s and Larker method and the Heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT) ratio of correlation, is satisfactory for both SPANE subscales. The measurement invariance for gender and age (early maturity and middle-aged) has been estimated. Measurement strong invariance has been confirmed that allows us to compare mean values of latent constructs across these groups. It has been found that women reports higher levels of negative affect than men. The results of the study showed that he Ukrainian version of the Scale of Positive and Negative Experiences (SPANE) has acceptable psychometric properties, shows measurement invariance for age and gender and can be used as effective tool for studying affective well-being of Ukrainians.

Cholecystokinin B receptor gene polymorphism (rs2941026) is associated with anxious personality and suicidal thoughts in a longitudinal study.

Cholecystokinin is a neuropeptide with a role in the neurobiology of adaptive behaviour that is implicated in anxiety disorders, while the underlying mechanisms currently remain insufficiently explained. The rs2941026 variation in the cholecystokinin B receptor gene has previously been associated with trait anxiety. Our aim was to investigate associations between the CCKB receptor gene polymorphism rs2941026 with anxiety, personality, depressiveness and suicidality in a longitudinal study of late adolescence and early adulthood. We used reports on trait and state anxiety, depressiveness and suicidal thoughts, as well as Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales, from the two birth cohorts of the Estonian Children Personality, Behaviour and Health Study. We measured associations between the CCKBR gene rs2941026 and anxiety-related phenotypes both longitudinally and cross-sectionally at ages 15, 18, 25 and 33. Homozygosity for both alleles of the CCKBR rs2941026 was associated with higher trait and state anxiety in the longitudinal analysis. Cross-sectional comparisons were statistically significant at ages 18 and 25 for trait anxiety and at ages 25 and 33 for state anxiety. Higher depressiveness and suicidal thoughts were associated with the A/A genotype at age 18. Additionally, homozygosity for the A-allele was related to higher FEAR and SADNESS in the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales. The genotype effects were more apparent in females, who displayed higher levels of negative affect overall. CCKBR genotype is persistently associated with negative affect in adolescence and young adulthood. The association of the CCKBR rs2941026 genotype with anxiety-related phenotypes is more pronounced in females.

Both negative and positive task-irrelevant stimuli contract attentional breadth in individuals with high levels of negative affect

ABSTRACT Emotionally-salient stimuli can capture attention to their spatial location, even when they are not relevant to a prescribed task. Here we tested whether they can influence the spatial breadth of attention. Experiment 1 tested whether small task-irrelevant emotionally-salient stimuli contracted attentional breadth when the task required a broad focus, while Experiment 2 tested whether large task-irrelevant emotionally-salient stimuli expanded attentional breadth when the task required a narrow focus. Both experiments compared the effect of negative and positive emotionally-salient images against neutral, and examined the role of participants’ self-reported experiences of negative affect. Both experiments revealed slower responses following large emotionally-salient images, an effect unrelated to attentional breadth. Experiment 1 demonstrated an interaction between accuracy and negative affect, such that individuals with high levels of negative affect were less accurate at identifying global targets following both negative and positive small images, but not following neutral small images. This suggests that these small task-irrelevant emotionally-salient images contracted attentional breadth. Experiment 2 suggested that large task-irrelevant emotionally-salient images did not expand attentional breadth. We discuss how these results cannot be explained by existing models of emotion-based effects on attention and cognition, and the important implications they have for the practicalities of model-testing.

Multifaceted volunteering: The volunteering experience in the first wave of the COVID‐19 pandemic in light of volunteering styles

AbstractThe goal of the present study was to investigate differences in the volunteering experience during the COVID‐19 pandemic according to three volunteering styles: traditional volunteering that takes place mainly face‐to‐face, virtual volunteering that occurs through digital means and hybrid volunteering that combines virtual and traditional volunteering. The research sample included 657 volunteers during the first wave of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Four aspects of the volunteering experience were tested: the motivational, the affective, the cognitive and the behavioral. The experience of the hybrid volunteers was more positive in some aspects compared to the others: hybrid volunteers are motivated more by social solidarity, feel that they make a greater contribution to the community, and exhibit greater commitment to volunteer. However, they are less satisfied than the others from the professional accompaniment during their volunteering and experience higher levels of negative affect. The virtual volunteers exhibit relatively low commitment to volunteering and are less satisfied with the feedback they receive from the clients. The content of the special moments of the traditional and hybrid volunteers is usually emotional and focuses on the self, whereas the special moments for the virtual volunteers are purposeful and focused on the client. It is recommended to hold explanatory activities for clients that will encourage expression of thankfulness to the volunteers. Communication channels should be developed in order to afford constant feedback to the virtual volunteers via the digital means by which it takes place. Adaptation of the volunteering styles to the volunteers’ needs and to their technological abilities will ensure commitment to volunteer over time for the benefit of the volunteers and their clients.

Fibromyalgia: Evidence for Deficits in Positive Psychology Resources. A Case-Control Study from the Al-Ándalus Project.

Positive psychology is the study of positive subjective experience and individual traits. Identifying deficits in positive psychology regarding fibromyalgia may inform targets for management. Therefore, the aim of the present case–control study was to compare the levels of positive affect, negative affect, satisfaction with life, optimism and emotional repair in a large sample of women with fibromyalgia (cases) and age-matched peers without fibromyalgia (controls). This case–control study included 437 women with fibromyalgia (51.6 ± 7.1 years old) and 206 age-matched women without fibromyalgia (50.6 ± 7.2 years old). Participants self-reported their levels of (i) subjective well-being on the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and the Satisfaction with Life Scale, (ii) dispositional optimism on the Life Orientation Test-Revised and (iii) emotional repair on the Trait Meta-Mood Scale. Women with fibromyalgia showed lower levels of positive affect, satisfaction with life, optimism and emotional repair and higher levels of negative affect. Large effect sizes were found for positive affect, negative affect and satisfaction with life (all, Cohen’s d ≥ 0.80) and small-to-moderate for emotional repair and optimism (both, Cohen’s d ≥ 0.50). Women with fibromyalgia experience deficits of positive psychology resources. Thus, developing tailored therapies for fibromyalgia focusing on reducing deficits in positive psychology resources may be of clinical interest, though this remains to be corroborated in future research.

Do positive events and emotions offset the difficulties of stressful life events? A daily diary investigation of depressed adults

Can positive events and positive emotions reduce the impact of a stressful event in people with depression? In previous research, studies have found that positive events and positive affect (PA) that co-occur with daily stressors can reduce – or offset – the emotional impact of the stressors. However, this effect has not been examined in people with depression, an emotional disorder characterized by higher levels of negative affect (NA) and lower levels of PA. This study examined whether depression is an individual difference variable in affective offset through testing whether depression reduces or eliminates affective offset. Using a nationally representative sample with daily assessments across eight days, we examined reports of positive events, stressors, and PA and NA from 121 adults with a depression diagnosis versus 839 adults with no depression symptoms. For depressed persons, when a stressor occurred, same day number of positive events, but not PA, offset next day NA. At the same time, depressed participants who reported higher average daily PA also reported lower NA the day after a stressor occurred. Our study provides evidence that some depressed persons exhibit affective offset and some depressed persons do not. We offer several explanations for the heterogeneous reactions of depressed individuals.

Deconstructing emotion regulation in schizophrenia: the nature and consequences of abnormalities at the identification stage.

Existing evidence suggests that emotion regulation is abnormal in schizophrenia and associated with undesirable clinical outcomes. However, this literature is based predominantly on trait self-report and does not indicate which stages of emotion regulation (identification, selection, implementation) are impaired. The current study focused on determining the nature of abnormalities at the identification stage using ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Participants included clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia (SZ; n = 48) and healthy controls (CN; n = 52) who completed 6days of EMA. The EMA surveys assessed emotional experience, emotion regulation, and symptoms. Results indicated that SZ identified the need to regulate at a higher rate than CN. Specifically, SZ displayed an inefficient threshold for identifying the need to regulate, such that they regulated too much when negative affect was low and too little when negative affect was high. Emotion regulation effort exertion was also inefficient, such that effort was too high at low levels of negative affect and too low at high levels of negative affect in SZ. These identification stage abnormalities also demonstrated differential associations with positive and negative symptoms. Findings suggest that identification stage abnormalities may create a bottleneck that feeds forward and impacts subsequent stages of emotion regulation in SZ that are critically related to symptoms. Targeting the psychological processes underlying these identification stage abnormalities might offer a novel means of treating positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia.

Does CWB repair negative affective states, or generate them? Examining the moderating role of trait empathy.

Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) is a topic of considerable importance for organizational scholars and practitioners. Yet, despite a wide-ranging consensus that negative affect (NA) is a precursor to CWB, there is surprisingly little consensus as to whether CWB enactment will subsequently lead to lower or higher levels of NA. That is, scholars disagree as to whether CWB has a reparative (negative) or generative (positive) effect on subsequent NA. We submit that both perspectives have validity, and thus the question should not be whether CWB is associated with lower or higher subsequent levels of NA, but rather for whom. This article is dedicated to answering this question. Drawing from the behavioral concordance model, we position empathy as a moderator of this relationship, such that CWB will be reparative for those with lower levels of empathy and generative for those with higher levels of empathy. Findings across 3 experience-sampling studies support our hypotheses and highlight a number of interesting directions for future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

ORGANIZATIONAL CONFLICT: IS WHAT WE LOOK AT OR THE PERSPECTIVE WE LOOK FROM MORE IMPORTANT?

This study examined organizational conflict using two alternative research methods. In Study I qualitative data was raised via interviews on workplace conflicts from 40 faculty members and research assistants employed in a public university. In Study II vignettes of conflict scenarios were presented to participants and data were raised from 170 graduate and doctorate students. Vignettes differed in terms of the perspective it assumed; consisting of the subordinate, manager, and the neutral observer perspective. Participants were asked to report their affective reactions (negative and positive), conflict management style (collaborating, compromising, accomodating, avoiding and competing) and ethical evaluations (employee and manager) with regards to the vignettes. Content analysis of interviews revealed that injustice, differences of opinions and miscommunication were among the most frequently reported themes of conflict. Variance analyses were carried out for the vignette study on the above mentioned dependent variables. Main effect of perspective was found for most of the variables, such that subordinate perspective participants experienced higher levels of negative affect in reponse to the conflict; neutral perspective reported higher levels of the use of compromising strategy while subordinate perspective had significantly higher levels of avoiding, accomodating, and competing. In terms of the ethical evaluations of the subordinate and manager characters of the scenarios, each perspective perceived itself as more ethical than the other party. These findings point out the importance of perspective taking and empathy in organizational conflict. Practical implications for conflict resolution are discussed in light of the study findings. Keywords Organizational conflict, qualitative research, business ethics, affect, perspective taking

Ambulatory assessment of rumination and worry: Capturing perseverative cognitions in children's daily life.

Rumination and worry are common forms of perseverative cognition in children. Research has started to target perseverative cognitions in the everyday life of children, however, valid measurement instruments reliably capturing rumination and worry in children's daily life are still missing. We conducted two ambulatory assessment studies validating short scales suitable for the measurement of rumination and worry in children's daily life. Results of the first study (N = 110, 8-11 year-olds, 31 days, up to 4 daily measurements) supported a unidimensional structure of the rumination scale. Rumination was associated with negative affect (but not positive affect) on the within- and on the between-person level. On the between-person level, children who ruminated more showed poorer working memory performance. In the second study (N = 84, 8-10 year-olds, 21 days, up to 3 daily measurements), findings of Study 1 were largely replicated. Moreover, we established a unidimensional worry scale in Study 2 reliably capturing worry in children's daily life. Importantly, Study 2 showed that worry and rumination share common variance but can be differentiated in children. On the within-person level, higher levels of worry were associated with higher levels of negative affect and lower levels of positive affect. On the between-person level, worry was associated with higher levels of negative affect and lower working memory performance. Altogether, findings of both studies demonstrated that the short scales had excellent psychometric properties suggesting that they are helpful tools for the assessment of rumination and worry in children's daily life.person level, worry was associated with higher levels of negative affect and lower working memory performance. Altogether, findings of both studies demonstrated that the short scales had excellent psychometric properties suggesting that they are helpful tools for the assessment of rumination and worry in children's daily life (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

The prevalence of hope, subjective well-being, and psychopathology among trauma survivors at community-based clinics in Gauteng

This study examined the prevalence of hope and subjective well-being as well as symptoms of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder among trauma survivors at community-based clinics in Gauteng. We further explored traumatic events and help-seeking behaviour in this context. Using a cross-sectional survey design, we collected demographic information and administered questionnaires measuring hope, well-being, depression, and post-traumatic stress. The sample comprised 120 adults, of whom the majority were Black females. Results showed that participants experienced low levels of hope, positive affect, and life satisfaction as well as high levels of negative affect, depression, and post-traumatic stress. In addition, the majority of participants experienced multiple traumatic events in the past 5 years, which had a negative impact on their well-being. However, receiving professional help and being able to cope in the aftermath of trauma may contribute towards higher levels of well-being and fewer psychopathological symptoms. Our findings thus highlighted the need for effective therapeutic interventions among trauma survivors.

Using the Ball-in-Bowl Metaphor to Outline an Integrative Framework for Understanding Dysregulated Emotion.

Dysregulated emotion plays an important role for mental health problems. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, researchers have focused on the domains of strategy-based emotion regulation, psychophysiological self-regulation, emotion evaluations, and resulting emotion dynamics. So far, these four domains have been looked at in relative isolation from each other, and their reciprocal influences and interactive effects have seldom been considered. This domain-specific focus constrains the progress the field is able to make. Here, we aim to pave the way towards more cross-domain, integrative research focused on understanding the raised reciprocal influences and interactive effects of strategy-based emotion-regulation, psychophysiological self-regulation, emotion evaluations, and emotion dynamics. To this aim, we first summarize for each of these domains the most influential theoretical models, the research questions they have stimulated, and their strengths and weaknesses for research and clinical practice. We then introduce the metaphor of a ball in a bowl that we use as a basis for outlining an integrative framework of dysregulated emotion. We illustrate how such a framework can inspire new research on the reciprocal influences and interactions between the different domains of dysregulated emotion and how it can help to theoretically explain a broader array of findings, such as the high levels of negative affect in clinical populations that have not been fully accounted for by deficits in strategy-based emotion regulation and the positive long-term consequences of accepting and tolerating emotions. Finally, we show how it can facilitate individualized emotion regulation interventions that are tailored to the specific regulatory impairments of the individual patient.

How can age-related coping strategies reduce supervisor incivility’s negative effect on commitment?

This study aims at investigating the emotional mechanism linking supervisor incivility to reduced affective commitment. According to Affective Events Theory, it was predicted that, first, supervisor incivility impacts employees’ affective commitment negatively through engendering negative affect. Second, drawing on socioemotional selectivity theory, it was hypothesized that the negative impact of negative affect on commitment is weaker when employees are older. Additionally, it was proposed that the moderating impact of age is mediated through two coping strategies of reappraisal and distraction in a way that older employees, relative to young employees, would demonstrate an increased tendency for distraction over reappraisal in the face of negative affect caused by incivility. The sample comprised 297 employees (75.1%female) aged from19 to 55 in diverse businesses. The results revealed that high supervisor incivility was significantly associated with higher levels of negative affect and less employee commitment. In this regard, more committed employees felt more negative affect when they faced supervisor incivility. Confirming the moderating role of age, this research also showed that the older the employees are, the more reappraisal (not distraction) is used. Additionally, up to an age, more commitment causes more negative affect while being exposed to incivility; however, from an age onward, more negativity harms commitment. These results have implications for managers and future researchers.

Voice and Insomnia: A Daily Study of Underlying Affective and Cognitive Mechanisms

In this study, we examined whether the expression of voice, as a prosocial yet psychologically costly behavior, during the day affects employee sleep quality at night and whether sleep quality affects the expression of voice on the next workday. Having surveyed 113 full-time employees twice a day over the course of two weeks, we found that the same-day effect of voice on sleep and the effect of sleep on the next day voice depend on the type of voice. Specifically, we found that employees who express promotive voice experience higher levels of positive affect at the end of the workday, more effectively detach from work at home, and as a result are less likely to suffer from insomnia at night. We also found that employees who express prohibitive voice tend to experience higher levels of negative affect at the end of the workday, are unable to effectively detach from work at home, and consequently are more likely to experience insomnia at night. Our study further demonstrates that, while there is no association between insomnia and next-day prohibitive voice, sleep-deprived employees are less likely to engage in promotive voice on the next day because of being psychologically depleted.

Resilience as a protective factor for well-being and emotional stability in elite-level football players during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic

ABSTRACT Background: In Denmark, the first COVID-19 pandemic lockdown resulted in a compact season finisher for elite footballers, potentially impacting their mental health.Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the protective role of resilience and the impeding role of trait anxiety on elite footballers’ level and variability of well-being and emotional stability.Material and Methods: One hundred and twenty-five male elite-level players (Mage = 25.04 ± 4.82) completed baseline measures on trait anxiety and resilience. Additionally, well-being and positive and negative affect were assessed before games (n = 24) over 62 days. Separate two-level regression analysis using Bayesian statistics was conducted to test potential relationships. Results: Results show a credible positive relationship between the average level of well-being and within-person variability over time as well as the average level in positive affect. This indicates that resilience might be a protector for mental health. In addition, higher levels of trait anxiety (i.e., subscale concentration disruption) were associated with higher levels of negative affect and higher variability over time. This indicates that trait anxiety might facilitate negative affect. No other credible relationships were found. Conclusion: High resilience and low trait anxiety are identified as relevant factors for mental health within elite footballers during COVID-19. Implications for practice are discussed.

Subjective social status and physical health: The role of negative affect and reappraisal

RationaleHaving low subjective social status is associated with an array of negative health outcomes. However, the mechanisms linking subjective social status to health are not yet clear. One candidate mechanism is negative affect. Researchers have proposed that having low subjective social status may be associated with higher levels of negative affect, and these higher levels of negative affect may be associated with poor health. However, research demonstrating that status-related negative affect is prospectively associated with health in humans is limited. ObjectiveWe examined whether negative affect prospectively mediates the relationship between subjective social status and physical health. In addition, we tested whether reappraisal – an affect regulation strategy used to downregulate negative affect – moderates the links among subjective social status, negative affect, and physical health. MethodWe used two-wave longitudinal data from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) project to conduct a series of regression, mediation, and moderated mediation analyses to examine the relationships among subjective social status, negative affect, reappraisal, and health (i.e., four outcomes, chronic conditions, somatic symptoms, self-reported health and mortality). ResultsNegative affect mediates the relationship between status and change in morbidity (n = 3289; i.e., change in number of chronic conditions, somatic symptoms, self-reported health) and mortality (n = 4953), such that subjective social status is inversely associated with negative affect, and negative affect is positively associated with poor health. Reappraisal moderates each of these relationships, such that individuals who are low on subjective social status and have high scores on a novel measure of reappraisal experience lower levels of negative affect and better health than individuals who are low on subjective social status but who have low scores on this measure. ConclusionThese results have important implications for our understanding of subjective social status and how it relates to physical health.

Four years stability of type D personality in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis and its implications for psychological impairment

BackgroundPsoriasis is a systemic auto-inflammatory disease that is related to an increased risk of organic and psychological comorbidities. Type D is a stable personality trait in healthy subjects but there is no data regarding its stability in patients with moderate-severe psoriasis. ObjectivesTo assess the stability of type D personality in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis as well as assessing the influence of type D personality on anxiety and depression. MethodsProspective cohort study. Forty psoriasis patients with type D personality and sixty-six patients with psoriasis without type D personality were included in the study. Participants completed the DS14 test and HADS at baseline and four years later. ResultsAt baseline, the prevalence of type D personality was 37.7% and at week 208 it was 27.3%. The stability of type D personality was higher in patients with an incomplete education level and in those who were separated/divorced or windowed. During follow-up, 15% of patients developed type D personality. Male sex, having topical treatment, the presence of previous depression, anxiety, and high levels of negative affectivity at baseline increase the risk of developing type D personality. Study limitationsSample size, psoriasis severity restricted to moderate and severe and all patients being under treatment for psoriasis. ConclusionsThe presence of type D personality varies over time in psoriasis patients. Therefore, type D personality is possibly more a state than a trait phenomenon, modified by environmental factors. Type D personality is associated with a higher risk of anxiety.

Fear conditioning in women with anorexia nervosa and healthy controls: A preliminary study.

Anorexia nervosa is characterized by anxiety-driven behaviors, such as food avoidance and distressing persistent thoughts about weight gain and body image. The present study used a classical fear conditioning procedure to test the processes of fear acquisition and generalization, extinction, and renewal in patients with anorexia nervosa and healthy controls. An app-based fear conditioning procedure was administered remotely to 64 patients and 60 healthy controls, over two sessions. A human female scream served as the unconditioned stimulus (US) and two neutral shapes were used as either the paired conditioned stimulus (danger cue; CS+) or the unpaired conditioned stimulus (safe cue; CS-). Patients with anorexia nervosa reported greater threat expectancy in response to the danger cue during the extinction and renewal phases and overall higher levels of negative affect throughout the task, compared with controls. Future research is warranted to replicate these findings and highlight the role that anxiety plays in explaining fear conditioning responses in patients with anorexia nervosa. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

A replication and extension of the interpersonal process model of demand/withdraw behavior: Incorporating subjective emotional experience.

The demand/withdraw (D/W) interaction pattern is a maladaptive cycle of behavior that is associated with a wide range of deleterious individual and relational outcomes. Partners' emotional responding during couple conflict has long been theorized to play a central role in the occurrence of D/W. The interpersonal process model of D/W behavior suggests that each partner's emotional responses are associated with their own as well as the other partner's behavior in the D/W cycle and that the nature of these associations varies across partners. A prior test of the interpersonal process model provided support for sex- and role-specific associations between vocal emotional expression and demanding and withdrawing behaviors. The current study expands the conceptual frame of the interpersonal process model by incorporating subjective emotional experience. Hypothesized associations between subjective emotional experience, emotional expression, and role-specific demanding and withdrawing behaviors were tested in a sample of 59 couples using an actor-partner interdependence model. Results reveal that spouses experience and express nonsignificantly different levels of negative affect but strongly differ in how the experience and expression of those emotions are related to demanding and withdrawing behaviors. High levels of women's demanding behavior were associated with the combination of experiencing and expressing high levels of negative affect, while high levels of men's withdrawing behavior were associated with experiencing high levels of negative affect but expressing low levels of negative affect. Implications of results for understanding emotional processes in maladaptive cycles and for clinical practice are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).