High Level Of Immunity Research Articles

Antibodies to Influenza A Virus in Lesser (Aythya affinis) and Greater Scaup (Aythya marila) in the USA.

Scaup, including both Lesser and Greater (Aythya affinis and Aythya marila, respectively), are a grouping of populous and widespread North American diving ducks. Few influenza type A viruses (IAV) have been reported from these species despite a high prevalence of antibodies to IAV being reported. Existing virologic and serologic data indicate that IAV infection routinely occurs in scaup, yet it is unknown which IAV subtypes are linked to these infections. In this study, we aimed to gain a more complete picture of IAV natural history in Lesser and Greater Scaup from two coastal flyways in North America in 2015-18 (302 samples from California in the Pacific Flyway and 471 samples from Maryland in the Atlantic Flyway). Low prevalence of active IAV infection was detected by real-time reverse-transcription PCR in Lesser Scaup sampled in Maryland and California (2.8% and 8.1%, respectively). A single IAV (H1N1) was isolated in embryonated chicken eggs from a bird sampled in California. Similarly low levels were observed in Greater Scaup in California (3.3%). Antibodies to the nucleoprotein as detected with a commercial blocking ELISA were observed in all species and flyway combinations. Antibody seroprevalence estimates were higher in adult Lesser Scaup than in juveniles at both the ≤0.5 (P<0.001, z=-3.582) and ≤0.7 serum-sample-to-negative-control absorbance thresholds (P=0.003, z=-2.996). Neutralizing antibodies to H1-H12, H14, and H15 were detected using a microtiter virus neutralization assay, with the highest prevalence of antibodies against H1 (38%), H6 (36%), and H11 (35%). The high prevalence of antibodies to IAV and evidence of previous exposure to numerous subtypes are consistent with a high level of population immunity and a low prevalence of infection. These results must be interpreted in the context of season (winter sampling), as results may vary with the annual influx of naïve juvenile birds.

The Trajectory of Antibody Responses One Year Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection among Indigenous Individuals in the Southwest United States

SARS-CoV-2 antibody kinetics based on immunologic history is not fully understood. We analyzed anti-spike and anti-nucleocapsid antibody responses following acute infection in a cohort of Indigenous persons. The models of peak concentrations and decay rates estimated that one year after infection, participants would serorevert for anti-nucleocapsid antibodies and remain seropositive for anti-spike antibodies. The peak anti-spike concentrations were higher for individuals vaccinated prior to infection, but the decay rates were similar across immunologic status groups. Children had significantly lower peak anti-spike concentrations than adults. This study affirms the importance of continued vaccination to maintain high levels of immunity in the face of waning immunity.

A Dual-Adjuvanted Parenteral-Intranasal Subunit Nanovaccine generates Robust Systemic and Mucosal Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2 in Mice.

Existing parenteral SARS-CoV-2 vaccines produce only limited mucosal responses, essential for reducing transmission and achieving sterilizing immunity. Appropriately designed mucosal boosters can overcome the shortcomings of parenteral vaccines and enhance pre-existing systemic immunity. Here, a new protein subunit nanovaccine is developed by utilizing dual-adjuvanted (RIG-I: PUUC RNA and TLR-9: CpG DNA) polysaccharide-amino acid-lipid nanoparticles (PAL-NPs) along with SARS-CoV-2 S1 trimer protein, that can be delivered both intramuscularly (IM) and intranasally (IN) to generate balanced mucosal-systemic SARS-CoV-2 immunity. Mice receiving IM-Prime PUUC+CpG PAL subunit nanovaccine, followed by an IN-Boost, developed high levels of IgA, IgG, and cellular immunity in the lungs and showed robust systemic humoral immunity. Interestingly, as a purely intranasal subunit vaccine (IN-Prime/IN-Boost), PUUC+CpG PAL-NPs induced stronger lung-specific T cell immunity than IM-Prime/IN-Boost, and a comparable IgA and neutralizing antibodies, although with a lower systemic antibody response, indicating that a fully mucosal delivery route for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination may also be feasible. The data suggest that PUUC+CpG PAL subunit nanovaccine is a promising candidate for generating SARS-CoV-2 specific mucosal immunity.

Chimeric adenovirus-based herpes zoster vaccine with the tPA signal peptide elicits a robust T-cell immune response

Herpes zoster (HZ), or shingles, is caused by reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which remains latent in the sensory ganglia until immunity wanes with age. The representative HZ vaccine, Shingrix is efficacious but causes side effects due to vaccine adjuvants. Therefore, the development of highly efficacious vaccines with minimal side effects is required. We developed chimeric adenovirus vector (ChimAd)-based HZ vaccine candidates encoding the VZV glycoprotein E (gE). These candidates include ChimAd-tPAgE, in which the signal peptide is replaced with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and ChimAd-WTgE, which retains the original signal peptide. C57BL/6 mice were immunized with VZV-vaccine candidates, and cellular and humoral immune responses were evaluated using interferon-γ ELISPOT and ELISA. The ChimAd-based HZ vaccines induced high levels of gE-specific antibodies and cell-mediated immunity. ChimAd-tPAgE (optimal dose: 1 × 107 IFU) elicited a more robust gE-specific T-cell response than Shingrix and Zostavax, showing potential as HZ prophylactic vaccines.

Measles Population Immunity Profiles: Updated Methods and Tools.

Measles is a highly contagious disease and remains a major cause of child mortality worldwide. While measles vaccine is highly effective, high levels of population immunity are needed to prevent outbreaks. Simple but accurate tools are needed to estimate the profile of population measles immunity by age to identify and fill immunity gaps caused by low levels of vaccination coverage. The measles immunity profile estimates and visualizes the percentage of each birth cohort immune or susceptible to measles based on measles vaccination coverage. Several tools that employed this approach have been developed in the past, including informal unpublished versions. However, these tools used varying assumptions and produced inconsistent results. We updated the measles population immunity profile methodology to standardize and better document the assumptions and methods; provide timely estimates of measles population immunity; and facilitate prompt actions to close immunity gaps and prevent outbreaks. We recommend assuming that the second dose of the measles-containing vaccine (MCV2) and doses given during supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) first reach children who have been previously vaccinated against measles, so that previously unvaccinated children are reached only when the coverage of MCV2 or SIA is higher than the coverage achieved by all previous measles vaccination opportunities. This updated method provides a conservative estimate of immunization program impact to assess measles outbreak risk and to facilitate early planning of timely preventive SIAs to close population immunity gaps.

Diversified humoral immunity and impacts of booster vaccines: SARS-CoV-2 antibody profile and Omicron BA.2 neutralization before and after first or second boosters.

This study aims to investigate humoral immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and assess the impact of booster vaccines. We recruited individuals scheduled to receive either the first (original formula) or the second (bivalent) booster following the initial two-dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. We tested for IgG antibodies targeting the spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD), S1, S2, and nucleocapsid protein, as well as for neutralizing antibodies against Omicron BA.2, before and 14-28 days after receiving the boosters. One year after receiving the initial series of vaccinations, all participants maintained anti-RBD/S1 antibodies. However, levels were lower in individuals who were vaccinated only compared to those who had both vaccination and prior infection (hybrid immunity). Participants with hybrid immunity also showed higher retention of neutralizing antibodies (93% compared to 24% in vaccine-only individuals). Even before receiving any booster shots, participants with hybrid immunity had antibody levels similar to those of vaccine-only individuals after their first booster. After receiving booster shots, antibody levels at 14-28 days were similar regardless of the number of boosters or the type of immunity. About 1 year after the first booster, all participants maintained neutralizing antibodies, and vaccine-only individuals retained about 10 times higher levels of binding antibodies than those without a booster. Humoral immunity varies widely among individuals, and vaccination planning should consider both vaccination and infection history. Boosters are beneficial for increasing antibody levels to ensure sufficient protection against infection and helping bridge the immunity gap between vaccine-only and hybrid immunity.IMPORTANCEAs we move into the era of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine boosters and shifting from pandemic to endemic, the landscape has changed for both the circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants and population immunity. Even though recent waves of infection have been clinically milder than earlier variants due to the high levels of population immunity and the properties of the Omicron subvariants, vaccination remains crucial for managing COVID-19 in the post-pandemic era. Our study unveils significant variations in the retention of anti-SARS-CoV-2 binding antibody profiles and neutralizing antibody levels 1 year after the primary and the first booster mRNA vaccination. It adds new information regarding how boosters change antibody levels and durability in individuals with hybrid (vaccination plus infection) or vaccine-only (never-infected) immunity. The findings can shed light on future vaccination planning.

Cellulose-based yellow-green emitting carbon dots with large Stokes shift as effective “turn off-on” fluorescence platforms for Cr (VI) and AA dual efficacy detection

BackgroundHexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) is highly carcinogenic to humans. Ascorbic acid (AA) deficiency can be hazardous to health. And the dual-effect fluorescence detection of them is an important research topic. Carbon dots (CDs) based on cellulose are excellent candidates for the fluorescence probes due to their low cost and environmental friendliness. But most of them exhibit shortwave emission, small Stokes shift and poor fluorescence performance, all of which limit their use. Therefore, there is an urgent need for cellulose CDs with longer emission wavelengths and larger Stokes shifts in dual-effect fluorescence detection of Cr (VI) and AA. ResultsUnder optimal conditions (180 °C, 12 h), we prepared cellulose-based nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) by a simple one-step hydrothermal process, which display longer emission wavelengths (ex: 370 nm, em: 510 nm), larger Stokes shifts (140 nm) and high fluorescence quantum yield (QY: 19.27 %). The continuous “turn-off” and “turn-off-on” fluorescence detection platforms were constructed based on the internal filtering effect (IFE) between Cr6+ and N-CDs, and Cr6+ reduced to Cr3+ by AA at pH = 6. The platform has been successfully simultaneous detect Cr (VI) and AA with a wide range of 0.01–40 μM and 0.1–100 μM. And the lowest limits of detection (LOD) are 0.0303 μM and 0.072 μM, respectively. In the presence of some other metals, non-metal ions and water-soluble acids in the fruits, this fluorescent platform can demonstrate a high level of interference immunity. Significance and noveltyThis represents the first yellow-green cellulose-based N-CDs with large Stokes shift for dual-effect detection of Cr (VI) and AA in real water samples and fresh fruits. The fluorescence detection platform has the advantage of low volume detection. Less than 2 mL of sample is required for testing and results are available in <5 min. This method is rare and supply a novel idea for the quantitative monitoring of Cr (VI) and AA.

STRUCTURE FEATURES OF MINIMUM FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING SIGNAL MODEMS

The article discusses specific features of constructing modems for minimum frequency shift keying signals using various schemes with high noise immunity levels. An analysis of the formation of these signals and frequency modulation signals, which are orthogonal if enhanced, is provided, including quantitative indicators and comparative characteristics. Two schemes of minimum frequency shift keying signal demodulators (coherent and autocorrelation) are examined, including their comparative features. Operation principles of these demodulator circuits with the use of timing diagrams are described, requirements for the reference oscillator generators included in coherent demodulators are formulated, as well as the requirements for minimum frequency shift keying signals, which ensure the greatest noise immunity in autocorrelation demodulators of minimum frequency shift keying signals with binary signals quantization.

Sea Ice Detection from GNSS-R Data Based on Local Linear Embedding

Sea ice plays a critical role in the Earth’s climate system, and its variations affect ecosystem stability. This study introduces a novel method for detecting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean using bidirectional radar reflections from the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Utilizing delay-Doppler maps (DDM) from the UK TechDemoSat-1 (TDS-1) satellite mission and surface data from the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), we employ the local linear embedding (LLE) algorithm for feature extraction. This approach notably reduces training costs and enhances real-time performance, while maintaining a high accuracy and robust noise immunity level. Focusing on the region above 70° north latitude throughout 2018, we aimed to distinguish between sea ice and seawater. The extracted DDM features via LLE are input into a support vector machine (SVM) for classification. The results indicate that our method achieves an accuracy of over 99% for selected low-noise data and a monthly average accuracy of 92.74% for data containing noise, while the CNN method has a monthly average accuracy of only 77.31% for noisy data. A comparative analysis between the LLE-SVM approach and the convolutional neural network (CNN) method demonstrated the superior anti-interference capabilities of the former. Additionally, the impact of the sea ice melting period on detection accuracy was analyzed.

The State of Immunity of the Population of the Russian Federation to Rubella during the Elimination of Infection

Relevance. Serological monitoring of the state of the population's immunity to the rubella virus is one of the key elements of epidemiological surveillance of the infection, which makes it possible to assess the effectiveness of vaccine prevention, including the level of protection of the population from this infection. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the results of this event in Russia for the period from 2015 to 2022 in individuals vaccinated against this infection, based on data from reports from regional centers and existing statistical models. The aim. To carry out a comprehensive analysis of data on serological monitoring of immunity among indicator groups of the population to rubella virus in the Russian Federation for the period from 2015 to 2022, taking into account the incidence and peculiarities of immunization tactics. Materials and Methods. Serological monitoring was carried out using standardized test systems and techniques, which ensured comparability of data throughout the entire study period (2015-2022). The contingent for the examination was selected with documentary confirmation of the fact of vaccination in the age groups 3–4 years, 9–10, 15–17, 25–29, 30–35 years. Only persons aged 40 years and older were examined without taking into account the vaccination history Results and Discussion. The conducted study confirmed a sufficient, stable level of immunity to the rubella virus in most age groups and regions of the country, which indicates the effectiveness of vaccination and the preservation (stabilization) of the infection elimination process. The slight increase in the average proportion of seronegatives among adults 30–35 and 40 years and older, revealed in the analysis, compared with other groups, requires further observation and clarification of the causes. Conclusions. The study confirmed the high level of immunity to rubella virus among the population of the Russian Federation, which indicates the effectiveness of the current program of vaccination against rubella infection and the infection elimination program. However, groups of the population have been identified, among which there is a slight decrease in the level of immunity, which requires additional attention from health authorities to maintain a stable rubella elimination status in the country. The results of the study will be used as additions to national and regional strategies aimed at maintaining the rubella elimination status.

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated Events, and Nosocomial Respiratory Viral Infections on the Leeside of the Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had an unprecedented impact on population health and hospital operations. Over 7 million patients have been hospitalized for COVID-19 thus far in the United States alone. Mortality rates for hospitalized patients during the first wave of the pandemic were > 30%, but as we enter the fifth year of the pandemic hospitalizations have fallen and mortality rates for hospitalized patients with COVID-19 have plummeted to 5% or less. These gains reflect lessons learned about how to optimize respiratory support for different kinds of patients, targeted use of therapeutics for patients with different manifestations of COVID-19 including immunosuppressants and antivirals as appropriate, and high levels of population immunity acquired through vaccines and natural infections. At the same time, the pandemic has helped highlight some longstanding sources of harm for hospitalized patients including hospital-acquired pneumonia, ventilator-associated events (VAEs), and hospital-acquired respiratory viral infections. We are, thankfully, on the leeside of the pandemic at present; but the large increases in ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), VAEs, bacterial superinfections, and nosocomial respiratory viral infections associated with the pandemic beg the question of how best to prevent these complications moving forward. This paper reviews the burden of hospitalization for COVID-19, the intersection between COVID-19 and both VAP and VAEs, the frequency and impact of hospital-acquired respiratory viral infections, new recommendations on how best to prevent VAP and VAEs, and current insights into effective strategies to prevent nosocomial spread of respiratory viruses.

Evaluation of immunoregulation and immunoprotective efficacy of Glaesserella parasuis histidine kinase QseC

QseC is a membrane sensor kinase that enables bacteria to perceive autoinducers −3, adrenaline, and norepinephrine to initiate downstream gene transcription. In this study, we found that the QseC protein of Glaesserella parasuis can serve as an effective antigen to activate the host's immune response. Therefore, we investigated the immunogenicity and host protective effect of this protein. ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence results showed that QseC protein can induce high titer levels of humoral immunity in mice and regularly generate specific serum antibodies. We used MTS reagents to detect lymphocyte proliferation levels and found that QseC protein can cause splenic lymphocyte proliferation with memory and specificity. Further immunological analysis of the spleen cell supernatant revealed significant upregulation of levels of IL-1β, IL-4 and IFN-γ in the QseC + adjuvant group. In the mouse challenge experiment, it was found that QseC + adjuvant can provide effective protection. The results of this study demonstrate that QseC protein provides effective protection in a mouse model and has the potential to serve as a candidate antigen for a novel subunit vaccine for further research.

High SARS-CoV-2 incidence and asymptomatic fraction during Delta and Omicron BA.1 waves in The Gambia

Little is known about SARS-CoV-2 infection risk in African countries with high levels of infection-driven immunity and low vaccine coverage. We conducted a prospective cohort study of 349 participants from 52 households in The Gambia between March 2021 and June 2022, with routine weekly SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR and 6-monthly SARS-CoV-2 serology. Attack rates of 45% and 57% were seen during Delta and Omicron BA.1 waves respectively. Eighty-four percent of RT-PCR-positive infections were asymptomatic. Children under 5-years had a lower incidence of infection than 18-49-year-olds. One prior SARS-CoV-2 infection reduced infection risk during the Delta wave only, with immunity from ≥2 prior infections required to reduce the risk of infection with early Omicron lineage viruses. In an African population with high levels of infection-driven immunity and low vaccine coverage, we find high attack rates during SARS-CoV-2 waves, with a high proportion of asymptomatic infections and young children remaining relatively protected from infection.

Statistical Assessment of the Effectiveness of Multiple COVID-19 Vaccinations on Daily Confirmed Cases in Seoul City.

This study investigates the effectiveness of multiple COVID-19 vaccinations on daily confirmed cases in Seoul City. Utilizing comprehensive data on vaccinated individuals and confirmed cases sourced from the official website of the Korean Ministry of the Interior and Safety, we conducted detailed statistical analyses to assess the impact of each vaccination dose. The study covers data from April 21, 2021, to September 29, 2022. Statistical multiple linear regression was employed to analyze the relationship between daily confirmed cases (positive outcomes from PCR tests) and multiple vaccine doses, using p-values as the criteria for determining the effectiveness of each dose. The analysis included data from four vaccination doses. The analysis reveals that the first, second, and third doses of the COVID-19 vaccines have a statistically significant positive effect associated with the daily confirmed cases. However, the study finds that the fourth dose does not show a statistically significant impact on the reduction of daily confirmed cases. This suggests that while the initial three doses are crucial for establishing and maintaining high levels of immunity, the incremental benefit of subsequent doses may diminish.

Periodic vaccination for post-pandemic management: Insights from and planning beyond COVID-19

Waning immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the inevitability of viral mutations necessitate a large-scale periodic revaccination program. Rapid mass vaccination may quickly suppress an epidemic, but it may have an unintended downstream effect of creating a surge in population susceptibility later when vaccinated people lose their immunity all at the same time. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a simulation study comparing pulse vaccination, the repeated administration of “booster” vaccines in large pulses occurring at fixed intervals, and constant vaccination, the continuous administration of booster vaccines at a slower, constant pace. We showed that constant vaccination can maintain population susceptibility and therefore incident deaths at a constant, manageable level; while pulse vaccination can induce large recurrent epidemics. The advantage of constant vaccination is only realized, however, in a post-pandemic scenario when a high level of population immunity has already been attained through a combination of vaccination and natural infection. At the beginning of a novel pandemic, aggressive vaccination is recommended to prioritize immediate protection over long-term protection. In a counterfactual analysis, we showed that prematurely switching to constant vaccination would have significantly increased the disease burden during the Delta variant wave in August 2021.

Emerging variants develop total escape from potent monoclonal antibodies induced by BA.4/5 infection

The rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 is driven in part by a need to evade the antibody response in the face of high levels of immunity. Here, we isolate spike (S) binding monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from vaccinees who suffered vaccine break-through infections with Omicron sub lineages BA.4 or BA.5. Twenty eight potent antibodies are isolated and characterised functionally, and in some cases structurally. Since the emergence of BA.4/5, SARS-CoV-2 has continued to accrue mutations in the S protein, to understand this we characterize neutralization of a large panel of variants and demonstrate a steady attrition of neutralization by the panel of BA.4/5 mAbs culminating in total loss of function with recent XBB.1.5.70 variants containing the so-called ‘FLip’ mutations at positions 455 and 456. Interestingly, activity of some mAbs is regained on the recently reported variant BA.2.86.

A prognostic model established using bile acid genes to predict the immunity and survival of patients with gastrointestinal cancer.

The metabolism of abnormal bile acids (BAs) is implicated in the initiation and development of gastrointestinal (GI) cancer. However, there was a lack of research on the molecular mechanisms of BAs metabolism in GI. Genes involved in BAs metabolism were excavated from public databases of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB). ConsensusClusterPlus was used to classify molecular subtypes for GI. To develop a RiskScore model for predicting GI prognosis, univariate Cox analysis was performed on the genes in protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, followed by using Lasso regression and stepwise regression to refine the model and to determine the key prognostic genes. Tumor immune microenvironment in GI patients from different risk groups was assessed using the ESTIMATE algorithm and enrichment analysis. Reverse transcription-quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), Transwell assay, and wound healing assay were carried out to validate the expression and functions of the model genes. This study defined three molecular subtypes (C1, C2, and C3). Specifically, C1 had the best prognosis, while C3 had the worst prognosis with high immune checkpoint gene expression levels and TIDE scores. We selected nine key genes (AXIN2, ATOH1, CHST13, PNMA2, GYG2, MAGEA3, SNCG, HEYL, and RASSF10) that significantly affected the prognosis of GI and used them to develop a RiskScore model accordingly. Combining the verification results from a nomogram, the prediction of the model was proven to be accurate. The high RiskScore group was significantly enriched in tumor and immune-related pathways. Compared with normal gastric mucosal epithelial cells, the mRNA levels of the nine genes were differential in the gastric cancer cells. Inhibition of PNMA2 suppressed migration and invasion of the cancer cells. We distinguished three GI molecular subtypes with different prognosis based on the genes related to BAs metabolism and developed a RiskScore model, contributing to the diagnosis and treatment of patients with GI.

Transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies following immunization with recombinant pertussis vaccines during pregnancy: Real-world evidence

Aim/objectiveThis study investigates placental antibody transfer following recombinant pertussis vaccination in pregnancy in a real-world setting. MethodsThis postmarketing observational study recruited pregnant women vaccinated with monovalent recombinant acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine (aPgen; n = 199) or combined to tetanus-diphtheria (TdaPgen; n = 200), or Td-vaccine only (n = 54). Pregnancy, delivery, and neonatal outcomes were assessed. Cord blood was collected postdelivery and pertussis toxin (PT)-IgG, filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA)-IgG, and PT-neutralizing antibodies (PT-Nab) were assessed. ResultsNo adverse pregnancy, delivery, or neonatal outcomes attributed to aPgen, TdaPgen, or Td vaccination were reported. High anti-PT antibody levels were detected in cord samples from women vaccinated with aPgen (geometric mean concentration [GMC] PT-IgG 206.1 IU/ml, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 164.3-258.6; geometric mean titer [GMT] PT-Nab 105.3 IU/ml, 95% CI: 81.7-135.8) or TdaPgen (GMC PT-IgG 153.1 IU/ml, 95% CI: 129.1-181.5; GMT PT-Nab 81.5 IU/ml, 95% CI: 66.4-100.0). In the Td-only group, anti-PT antibodies were low (GMC PT-IgG 6.5 IU/ml, 95% CI: 4.9-8.8; GMT PT-Nab 3.8 IU/ml, 95% CI: 2.8-5.1). The same was found for FHA-IgG. Recombinant pertussis vaccination at <27 or 27-36 weeks gestation induced similar cord pertussis antibody levels. ConclusionThis first real-world study confirms that recombinant pertussis vaccination in the second or third trimester of pregnancy results in high levels of passive immunity in infants.Thai Clinical Trial Registry: TCTR20200528006.

Duration of Immunity in Cattle to Lumpy Skin Disease Utilizing a Sheep Pox Vaccine.

The transmission of lumpy skin disease (LSD) occurs through ticks, mosquitoes, and flies. The most effective way to combat LSD is to conduct large-scale vaccination, covering the entire cattle population with safe and effective vaccines, while introducing restrictions on the movement of livestock. The first and only LSD cases that occurred in Armenia happened in 2015,and they were controlled with the use of a once yearly heterologous sheep pox vaccine for cattle in high-risk areas. We have previously reported on the safety and immunogenicity of this vaccine in cattle, but information on the duration of immunity is lacking. Our aim was to determine the duration of immunity to the LSD virus (LSDV) in cattle when utilizing a heterologous sheep pox vaccine. We have evaluated antibodies in cattle blood prior to and post-vaccination (1, 6, and 11 months). We have utilized an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to follow the development and waning of LSDV antibodies in vaccinated cattle in two age groups: 1) young unvaccinated cattle ≤12 months of age and 2) adult cattle that had previously been vaccinated. Our results were consistent with our previous study in Armenia, showing a high level of population immunity, 80.0-83.3%, in both age groups at 1 month, with a significant (p = 0.001) drop for young cattle at 6 months. Previously vaccinated adult cattle showed a longer duration of immunity at 11 months for this heterologous sheep pox vaccine. Based on these data, we advise that young cattle receive an additional booster vaccination 4-6 months after their first vaccination, and then yearly vaccinations in high-risk areas.

WITHDRAWN: PIRES2-EGFP/CTB-UreI vaccination activated a mixed Th1/Th2/Th17 immune system defense towards Helicobacter pylori infection in the BALB/c mice model

The occurrence of gastritis, gastric ulcers, distal gastric cancer, and gastric mucosal lymphoma in humans is strongly associated with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Vaccination is an effective preventive measure due to the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance. Fusion vaccination is a potentially practical approach. A fusion vaccine was created in this study by combining the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) with the antigenic H. pylori urease I subunit (CTB-UreI). The CTB-UreI DNA vaccine was chemically cloned into pIRES2-EGFP, and the success of the cloning was validated using PCR and restriction enzyme digestion. An investigation was conducted on the induction of CTB-UreI in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The immunogenicity and immune-protective efficacy of the vaccination were assessed in BALB/c mice. The Western blot assay successfully identified the activation of CTB-UreI.In comparison, BALB/c mice receiving pIRES2-EGFP/CTB-UreI vaccination exhibited higher IgG, IgA, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 levels in their blood samples. In addition, there was a decrease in stomach injuries and bacterial loads. Furthermore, BALB/c mice inoculated with pIRES2-EGFP/CTB-UreI showed a high level of immunity (100%) against the H. pylori challenge. The pIRES2-EGFP/CTB-UreI elicited a combination of Th1/Th2/Th17 immune responses, possibly contributing to an effective defence mechanism. Our data suggests that using this fusion vaccine to prevent H. pylori infection is a promising option.